group 子句 (C# 參考)
group
子句會傳回一系列的 IGrouping<TKey,TElement> 物件,而這些物件包含符合群組之索引鍵值的零或多個項目。 例如,您可以根據每個字串中的第一個字母來分組一序列的字串。 在此情況下,第一個字母是索引鍵、具有類型 char,並儲存在每個 IGrouping<TKey,TElement> 物件的 Key
屬性中。 編譯器會推斷索引鍵類型。
您可以使用 group
子句結束查詢運算式,如下列範例所示︰
// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<char, Student>>
var studentQuery1 =
from student in students
group student by student.Last[0];
如果您想要對每個群組執行其他查詢作業,則可以使用 into 內容關鍵字來指定暫時識別碼。 當您使用 into
時,必須繼續進行查詢,最後以 select
陳述式或另一個 group
子句結束,如下列摘錄所示︰
// Group students by the first letter of their last name
// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<char, Student>>
var studentQuery2 =
from student in students
group student by student.Last[0] into g
orderby g.Key
select g;
本文的<範例>一節中提供使用或未使用 into
之 group
的更完整範例。
列舉群組查詢結果
因為 group
查詢所產生的 IGrouping<TKey,TElement> 物件基本上是清單的清單,所以您必須使用巢狀 foreach 迴圈來存取每個群組中的項目。 外部迴圈會逐一查看群組索引鍵,內部迴圈則會逐一查看群組本身中的每個項目。 群組可能具有索引鍵,但沒有項目。 下列 foreach
迴圈會執行先前程式碼範例中的查詢︰
// Iterate group items with a nested foreach. This IGrouping encapsulates
// a sequence of Student objects, and a Key of type char.
// For convenience, var can also be used in the foreach statement.
foreach (IGrouping<char, Student> studentGroup in studentQuery2)
{
Console.WriteLine(studentGroup.Key);
// Explicit type for student could also be used here.
foreach (var student in studentGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine(" {0}, {1}", student.Last, student.First);
}
}
索引鍵類型
群組索引鍵可以是任何類型,例如字串、內建數值類型,或使用者定義的具名類型或匿名型別。
依字串群組
先前的程式碼範例已使用 char
。 可以改為輕鬆地指定字串索引鍵,例如完整姓氏︰
// Same as previous example except we use the entire last name as a key.
// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<string, Student>>
var studentQuery3 =
from student in students
group student by student.Last;
依 bool 群組
下列範例示範如何使用索引鍵的 bool 值,以將結果分成兩個群組。 請注意,值是由 group
子句中的子運算式所產生。
class GroupSample1
{
// The element type of the data source.
public class Student
{
public required string First { get; init; }
public required string Last { get; init; }
public required int ID { get; init; }
public required List<int> Scores;
}
public static List<Student> GetStudents()
{
// Use a collection initializer to create the data source. Note that each element
// in the list contains an inner sequence of scores.
List<Student> students =
[
new Student {First="Svetlana", Last="Omelchenko", ID=111, Scores= [97, 72, 81, 60]},
new Student {First="Claire", Last="O'Donnell", ID=112, Scores= [75, 84, 91, 39]},
new Student {First="Sven", Last="Mortensen", ID=113, Scores= [99, 89, 91, 95]},
new Student {First="Cesar", Last="Garcia", ID=114, Scores= [72, 81, 65, 84]},
new Student {First="Debra", Last="Garcia", ID=115, Scores= [97, 89, 85, 82]}
];
return students;
}
static void Main()
{
// Obtain the data source.
List<Student> students = GetStudents();
// Group by true or false.
// Query variable is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<bool, Student>>
var booleanGroupQuery =
from student in students
group student by student.Scores.Average() >= 80; //pass or fail!
// Execute the query and access items in each group
foreach (var studentGroup in booleanGroupQuery)
{
Console.WriteLine(studentGroup.Key == true ? "High averages" : "Low averages");
foreach (var student in studentGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine(" {0}, {1}:{2}", student.Last, student.First, student.Scores.Average());
}
}
}
}
/* Output:
Low averages
Omelchenko, Svetlana:77.5
O'Donnell, Claire:72.25
Garcia, Cesar:75.5
High averages
Mortensen, Sven:93.5
Garcia, Debra:88.25
*/
依數字範圍群組
下一個範例使用運算式來建立代表百分位數範圍的數字群組索引鍵。 請注意會使用 let 作為儲存方法呼叫結果的方便位置,因此不需要在 group
子句中呼叫方法兩次。 如需如何在查詢運算式中安全地使用方法的詳細資訊,請參閱處理查詢運算式中的例外狀況。
class GroupSample2
{
// The element type of the data source.
public class Student
{
public required string First { get; init; }
public required string Last { get; init; }
public required int ID { get; init; }
public required List<int> Scores;
}
public static List<Student> GetStudents()
{
// Use a collection initializer to create the data source. Note that each element
// in the list contains an inner sequence of scores.
List<Student> students =
[
new Student {First="Svetlana", Last="Omelchenko", ID=111, Scores= [97, 72, 81, 60]},
new Student {First="Claire", Last="O'Donnell", ID=112, Scores= [75, 84, 91, 39]},
new Student {First="Sven", Last="Mortensen", ID=113, Scores= [99, 89, 91, 95]},
new Student {First="Cesar", Last="Garcia", ID=114, Scores= [72, 81, 65, 84]},
new Student {First="Debra", Last="Garcia", ID=115, Scores= [97, 89, 85, 82]}
];
return students;
}
// This method groups students into percentile ranges based on their
// grade average. The Average method returns a double, so to produce a whole
// number it is necessary to cast to int before dividing by 10.
static void Main()
{
// Obtain the data source.
List<Student> students = GetStudents();
// Write the query.
var studentQuery =
from student in students
let avg = (int)student.Scores.Average()
group student by (avg / 10) into g
orderby g.Key
select g;
// Execute the query.
foreach (var studentGroup in studentQuery)
{
int temp = studentGroup.Key * 10;
Console.WriteLine("Students with an average between {0} and {1}", temp, temp + 10);
foreach (var student in studentGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine(" {0}, {1}:{2}", student.Last, student.First, student.Scores.Average());
}
}
}
}
/* Output:
Students with an average between 70 and 80
Omelchenko, Svetlana:77.5
O'Donnell, Claire:72.25
Garcia, Cesar:75.5
Students with an average between 80 and 90
Garcia, Debra:88.25
Students with an average between 90 and 100
Mortensen, Sven:93.5
*/
依複合索引鍵群組
當您想要根據多個索引鍵來群組項目時,請使用複合索引鍵。 您可以使用匿名型別或具名類型來保存索引鍵項目,以建立複合索引鍵。 在下列範例中,假設已宣告 Person
類別具有名為 surname
和 city
的成員。 group
子句會為每一組具有相同姓氏和相同城市的人員,建立個別群組。
group person by new {name = person.surname, city = person.city};
如果您必須將查詢變數傳遞給另一種方法,請使用具名類型。 使用自動實作的索引鍵屬性建立特殊類別,然後覆寫 Equals 和 GetHashCode 方法。 您也可以使用結構,在此情況下,您絕對不需要覆寫這些方法。 如需詳細資訊,請參閱 如何使用自動實作的屬性 來實作輕量型類別,以及如何 查詢目錄樹狀目錄中重複的檔案。 第二篇文章的程式碼範例示範如何使用含有具名類型的複合索引鍵。
範例 1
下列範例示範未將任何其他查詢邏輯套用到群組時,將來源資料排序成群組的標準模式。 這稱為無接續群組。 字串陣列中的項目是根據其第一個字母進行分組。 查詢的結果是包含 char
類型之公用 Key
屬性的 IGrouping<TKey,TElement> 類型,以及包含群組中各個項目的 IEnumerable<T> 集合。
group
子句的結果是一連串的序列。 因此,若要存取每個所傳回群組內的個別項目,請在重複執行群組索引鍵的迴圈內使用巢狀 foreach
迴圈,如下列範例所示。
class GroupExample1
{
static void Main()
{
// Create a data source.
string[] words = ["blueberry", "chimpanzee", "abacus", "banana", "apple", "cheese"];
// Create the query.
var wordGroups =
from w in words
group w by w[0];
// Execute the query.
foreach (var wordGroup in wordGroups)
{
Console.WriteLine("Words that start with the letter '{0}':", wordGroup.Key);
foreach (var word in wordGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine(word);
}
}
}
}
/* Output:
Words that start with the letter 'b':
blueberry
banana
Words that start with the letter 'c':
chimpanzee
cheese
Words that start with the letter 'a':
abacus
apple
*/
範例 2
這個範例示範如何搭配使用「接續」與 into
,以在建立其他邏輯之後,對群組執行這些邏輯。 如需詳細資訊,請參閱 into。 下列範例會查詢每個群組,只選取其索引鍵值是母音的群組。
class GroupClauseExample2
{
static void Main()
{
// Create the data source.
string[] words2 = ["blueberry", "chimpanzee", "abacus", "banana", "apple", "cheese", "elephant", "umbrella", "anteater"];
// Create the query.
var wordGroups2 =
from w in words2
group w by w[0] into grps
where (grps.Key == 'a' || grps.Key == 'e' || grps.Key == 'i'
|| grps.Key == 'o' || grps.Key == 'u')
select grps;
// Execute the query.
foreach (var wordGroup in wordGroups2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Groups that start with a vowel: {0}", wordGroup.Key);
foreach (var word in wordGroup)
{
Console.WriteLine(" {0}", word);
}
}
}
}
/* Output:
Groups that start with a vowel: a
abacus
apple
anteater
Groups that start with a vowel: e
elephant
Groups that start with a vowel: u
umbrella
*/
備註
在編譯時期,group
子句會轉譯成 GroupBy 方法的呼叫。
group
子句查詢的語法不支援自訂相等比較子。 如果您想要在查詢中使用 IEqualityComparer,請明確地使用 GroupBy 方法。