生成用于滚动密钥的所有权证明令牌，并以编程方式更新证书

可以使用在 application 和 servicePrincipal 资源上定义的 addKey 和 removeKey 方法，以编程方式滚动过期密钥。

作为这些方法的请求验证的一部分，在调用方法之前，会验证现有密钥的所有权证明 (PoP) 。 证明由自签名 JSON Web 令牌 (JWT) 表示。 必须使用应用程序现有有效证书之一的私钥对此令牌进行签名。 令牌的建议生存期为 10 分钟。

本文提供 C# 中的代码示例，演示如何：

1. 使用现有有效证书计算客户端断言。
2. 使用生成的客户端断言密钥生成 PoP 令牌。
3. 使用 PoP 令牌使用 addKey 方法将新证书上传到应用或服务主体对象。
4. 使用 PoP 令牌使用 removeKey 方法从应用或服务主体对象中删除证书。

重要

由于证书尚未添加或现有证书已过期而没有任何现有 有效 证书的应用程序不能使用此服务操作。 请改用 Update 应用程序 操作来更新 keyCredentials 属性。 有关详细信息，请参阅 使用 Microsoft Graph 向应用添加证书。

先决条件

• 在目标应用或服务主体上拥有有效的客户端证书。
  • 需要有效的现有 vertificate 的详细信息才能生成客户端断言密钥和 PoP 令牌。
    • 出于测试目的，可以使用自签名证书。 若要了解如何创建自签名证书，请参阅 创建自签名公共证书对应用程序进行身份验证。
    • 导出证书及其私钥的格式 .pfx 。 或者，可以将脚本更新为仅需要没有私钥的公共证书。
• 客户端 ID (API) 上称为 appId ，对象 ID (生成 PoP 令牌的应用程序或服务主体的 API) 上调用 ID 。

示例代码

令牌应包含以下声明：

• aud：受众必须是 00000002-0000-0000-c000-000000000000。
• iss：颁发者应该是启动请求 的应用程序 或 servicePrincipal 对象的 ID。
• nbf：不是在时间之前。
• exp：到期时间应为 nbf + 10 分钟的值。

Program.cs

using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;

namespace SampleCertCall
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //=============================
            // Global variables which will be used to store app registation info, you can use appsettings.json to store such data
            //=============================
            string clientId = "Enter_the_Application_Id_Here"; //client ID or appId of the target app or service principal
            string tenantID = "Enter_the_Tenant_Id_Here"; // Tenant ID value
            string scopes = "https://graph.microsoft.com/.default"; // The "https://graph.microsoft.com/.default" is required in the client credentials flow, see the consent documentation (https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity-platform/scopes-oidc#the-default-scope)
            string objectId = "Enter_the_Object_Id_Here"; // The object ID is the identifier of the app or service principal you want to work with. Depending on the endpoint you use, it can be either the application objectId (https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications)) or the service principal objectId (https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/ServicePrincipals)).
            string api = "Graph_API/ENDPOINT"; // Choose the graph endpoint you need to use, depending on whether you are working with (https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications) or (https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/servicePrincipals)
            string aud_POP = "00000002-0000-0000-c000-000000000000"; // audience for client assertion must always be 00000002-0000-0000-c000-000000000000
            string aud_ClientAssertion = "https://login.microsoftonline.com/{YOUR_TENANT_ID_HERE}/v2.0"; // audience for PoP must always be in the format https://login.microsoftonline.com/{YOUR_TENANT_ID_HERE}/v2.0

            // pfxFilePath -> Use an existing valid cert used/uploaded to the app or service principal to generate access token and PoP token.
            string pfxFilePath = "Current_Active_Certificate_Path"; // Replace the file path with the location of your certificate.
            string password = "Current_Active_Certificate_Password"; // If applicable, replace the password value with your certificate password.
            X509Certificate2 signingCert = null;
            try
            {
                if (!password.IsNullOrEmpty())
                    signingCert = new X509Certificate2(pfxFilePath, password);
                else
                    signingCert = new X509Certificate2(pfxFilePath);
            }
            catch (System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Check the old/uploaded certificate {CertificateDiskPath}, you need to add a correct certificate path and/or password for this sample to work\n" + ex.Message);
                Environment.Exit(-1);
            }

            // newCerFilePath -> This is the new cert which will be uploaded. The cert can also be stored in Azure Key Vault.
            string newCerFilePath = "New_Certificate_Path"; // Replace the file path with the location of your new certificate to be uploaded using the Graph API.
            string newCertPassword = "New_Certificate_Password"; // If applicable, replace the password value with your new certificate password.
            X509Certificate2 newCert = null;
            try
            {
                if (newCertPassword != "")
                    newCert = new X509Certificate2(newCerFilePath, newCertPassword);
                else
                    newCert = new X509Certificate2(newCerFilePath);
            }
            catch (System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Check the new certificate {NewCertificateDiskPath}, you need to add a correct certificate path and/or password for this sample to work\n" + ex.Message);
                Environment.Exit(-1);
            }

             //========================
             //Get acessToken via client assertion
             //========================
             var client_assertion = Helper.GenerateClientAssertion(aud_ClientAssertion, clientId, signingCert);
             var token = Helper.GenerateAccessTokenWithClientAssertion(client_assertion, clientId, tenantID);

            //========================
            //Get PoP Token
            //========================
            var poP = Helper.GeneratePoPToken(objectId, aud_POP, signingCert);

            // Get the new certificate info which will be uploaded via Microsoft Graph API call
            var key = Helper.GetCertificateKey(newCert);
            var graphClient = Helper.GetGraphClient(scopes, tenantID, clientId, signingCert);

            int choice = -1;
            while (choice != 0)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\n=================================================");
                Console.WriteLine("Please choose one of the following options:");
                Console.WriteLine("=================================================");
                Console.WriteLine("0. Exit");
                Console.WriteLine("1. Display access token");
                Console.WriteLine("2. Display client assertion");
                Console.WriteLine("3. Display PoP token");
                Console.WriteLine("4. Display certificate Info");
                Console.WriteLine("5. Upload certificate using Graph SDK");
                Console.WriteLine("6. Upload certificate using Graph API");
                Console.WriteLine("7. Delete certificate using Graph SDK");
                Console.WriteLine("8. Delete certificate using Graph API");
                Console.WriteLine("\nEnter the choose number here:");
                choice = Int32.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out choice) ? choice : -1;

                HttpStatusCode code;
                KeyCredential response;
                string certID;
                Guid val;

                // Process user choice
                switch (choice)
                {
                    case 0:
                        // Exit the program
                        Console.WriteLine("\nGoodbye...\n");
                        break;
                    case 1:
                        // Display access token
                        Console.WriteLine("\n\"Access Token Value is:\"\n__________________");
                        Console.WriteLine($"Access Token: {token}");
                        Console.WriteLine("__________________\n");
                        break;
                    case 2:
                        // Display client assertion
                        Console.WriteLine("\n\"Client Assertion Token Value is\"\n__________________");
                        Console.WriteLine($"client_assertion: {client_assertion}");
                        Console.WriteLine("__________________\n");
                        break;
                    case 3:
                        // Display client assertion
                        Console.WriteLine("\n\"Proof of Possession Token Value is\"\n__________________");
                        Console.WriteLine($"PoP token: {poP}");
                        Console.WriteLine("__________________\n");
                        break;
                    case 4:
                        // Display certificate key
                        Helper.DisplayCertificateInfo(newCert);
                        break;
                    case 5:
                        // Call the addKey SDK using Graph SDK
                        if (newCertPassword != "")
                        {
                            response = GraphSDK.AddKeyWithPassword_GraphSDKAsync(poP, objectId, key, newCertPassword, graphClient).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            response = GraphSDK.AddKey_GraphSDKAsync(poP, objectId, key, graphClient).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
                        }
                        if (response != null)
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                            Console.WriteLine("Uploaded Successfully!");
                            Console.WriteLine("______________________\n");
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                            Console.WriteLine("Something went wrong!");
                            Console.WriteLine("______________________\n");
                        }

                        break;
                    case 6:
                        // Call the addKey API directly without using SDK
                        if (!password.IsNullOrEmpty())
                        {
                            code = GraphAPI.AddKeyWithPassword(poP, objectId, api, token, key, newCertPassword);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            code = GraphAPI.AddKey(poP, objectId, api, token, key);
                        }
                        if (code == HttpStatusCode.OK)
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                            Console.WriteLine("Uploaded Successfully!");
                            Console.WriteLine("______________________\n");
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                            Console.WriteLine("Something went wrong!");
                            Console.WriteLine("HTTP Status code is " + code);
                            Console.WriteLine("______________________\n");
                        }
                        break;
                    case 7:
                        // Call the removeKey API using Graph SDK
                        Console.WriteLine("\nEnter certificate ID that you want to delete:");
                        certID = Console.ReadLine();

                        if (Guid.TryParse(certID, out val))
                        {
                            var res = GraphSDK.RemoveKey_GraphSDKAsync(poP, objectId, certID, graphClient).GetAwaiter().GetResult();

                            if (res)
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                                Console.WriteLine("Cert Deleted Successfully!");
                                Console.WriteLine("_____________________\n");
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                                Console.WriteLine("Something Went Wrong!");
                                Console.WriteLine("ERROR: Unable to delete certificate");
                                Console.WriteLine("______________________\n");
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                            Console.WriteLine("ERROR: Invalid Certificate ID");
                            Console.WriteLine("______________________\n");
                        }
                        break;
                    case 8:
                        // Call the removeKey API directly without using API
                        Console.WriteLine("\nEnter certificate ID that you want to delete:");
                        certID = Console.ReadLine();
                        try
                        {
                            if (Guid.TryParse(certID, out val))
                            {
                                code = GraphAPI.RemoveKey(poP, objectId, api, certID, token);

                                if (code == HttpStatusCode.NoContent)
                                {
                                    Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                                    Console.WriteLine("Cert Deleted Successfully!");
                                    Console.WriteLine("______________________\n");
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                                    Console.WriteLine("Something went wrong!");
                                    Console.WriteLine("HTTP Status code is " + code);
                                    Console.WriteLine("______________________\n");
                                }
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                Console.WriteLine("\n------------------------------");
                                Console.WriteLine("ERROR: Invalid Certificate ID");
                                Console.WriteLine("______________________________\n");
                            }
                        }

                        catch (HttpRequestException ex)
                        {
                            Console.WriteLine(ex.InnerException.Message);
                            Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                            Console.WriteLine("ERROR: " + ex.Message);
                            Console.WriteLine("______________________\n");
                        }
                        break;
                    default:
                        Console.WriteLine("\n______________________");
                        Console.WriteLine("Invalid choice");
                        Console.WriteLine("______________________\n");
                        break;
                }

            }
        }
    }
}

Helper.cs

using Azure.Identity;
using Microsoft.Graph;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;

namespace SampleCertCall
{
    class Helper
    {
        public static string GenerateClientAssertion(string aud, string clientId, X509Certificate2 signingCert)
        {
            Guid guid = Guid.NewGuid();

            // aud and iss are the only required claims.
            var claims = new Dictionary<string, object>()
            {
                { "aud", aud },
                { "iss", clientId },
                { "sub", clientId },
                { "jti", guid}
            };

            // token validity should not be more than 10 minutes
            var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
            var securityTokenDescriptor = new SecurityTokenDescriptor
            {
                Claims = claims,
                NotBefore = now,
                Expires = now.AddMinutes(10),
                SigningCredentials = new X509SigningCredentials(signingCert)
            };

            var handler = new JsonWebTokenHandler();
            // Get Client Assertion
            var client_assertion = handler.CreateToken(securityTokenDescriptor);

            return client_assertion;
        }

        public static string GenerateAccessTokenWithClientAssertion(string client_assertion, string clientId, string tenantID)
        {
            // GET ACCESS TOKEN
            var data = new[]
            {
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("client_id", clientId),
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("client_assertion_type", "urn:ietf:params:oauth:client-assertion-type:jwt-bearer"),
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("client_assertion", client_assertion),
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("grant_type", "client_credentials"),
                new KeyValuePair<string, string>("scope", "https://graph.microsoft.com/.default"),
            };

            var client = new HttpClient();
            var url = $"https://login.microsoftonline.com/{tenantID}/oauth2/v2.0/token";
            var res = client.PostAsync(url, new FormUrlEncodedContent(data)).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
            var token = "";
            using (HttpResponseMessage response = res)
            {
                response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
                string responseBody = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
                JObject obj = JObject.Parse(responseBody);
                token = (string)obj["access_token"];
            }

            return token;
        }

        public static string GeneratePoPToken(string objectId, string aud, X509Certificate2 signingCert)
        {
            Guid guid = Guid.NewGuid();

            // aud and iss are the only required claims.
            var claims = new Dictionary<string, object>()
            {
                { "aud", aud },
                { "iss", objectId }
            };

            // token validity should not be more than 10 minutes
            var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
            var securityTokenDescriptor = new SecurityTokenDescriptor
            {
                Claims = claims,
                NotBefore = now,
                Expires = now.AddMinutes(10),
                SigningCredentials = new X509SigningCredentials(signingCert)
            };

            var handler = new JsonWebTokenHandler();
            var poP = handler.CreateToken(securityTokenDescriptor);
            // Console.WriteLine("\n\"Generate Proof of Possession Token:\"\n--------------------------------------------");
            // Console.WriteLine($"PoP: {poP}");

            return poP;
        }

        public static string GetCertificateKey(X509Certificate2 cert)
        {
            return Convert.ToBase64String(cert.GetRawCertData());
        }

        public static void DisplayCertificateInfo(X509Certificate2 cert)
        {

            Console.WriteLine("\n[Certificate info which will be used in the request body {keyCredential resource type}]");
            Console.WriteLine("__________________________________________________________________________________________\n");
            Console.WriteLine($"customKeyIdentifier (Thumbprint):  {cert.Thumbprint}");
            Console.WriteLine("");
            Console.WriteLine($"key: {Convert.ToBase64String(cert.GetRawCertData())}");
            Console.WriteLine("");
            Console.WriteLine($"displayName: {cert.Subject}");
            Console.WriteLine("");
            Console.WriteLine($"startDateTime: {Convert.ToDateTime(cert.GetEffectiveDateString()).ToString("yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ssZ")}");
            Console.WriteLine("");
            Console.WriteLine($"endDateTime: {Convert.ToDateTime(cert.GetExpirationDateString()).ToString("yyyy-MM-ddTHH:mm:ssZ")}");
            Console.WriteLine("__________________________________________________________________________________________\n");
        }

        public static GraphServiceClient GetGraphClient(string scopes, string tenantId, string clientId, X509Certificate2 signingCert)
        {
            // using Azure.Identity;
            var options = new ClientCertificateCredentialOptions
            {
                AuthorityHost = AzureAuthorityHosts.AzurePublicCloud
            };

            // https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/azure.identity.clientcertificatecredential
            var clientCertificateCredential = new ClientCertificateCredential(
                tenantId, clientId, signingCert, options);

            var graphClient = new GraphServiceClient(clientCertificateCredential, [scopes]);

            return graphClient;
        }

    }
}

GraphAPI.cs

using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Http.Headers;
using System.Text;


namespace SampleCertCall
{
    class GraphAPI
    {
        public static HttpStatusCode AddKeyWithPassword(string poP, string objectId, string api, string accessToken, string key, string password)
        {
            var client = new HttpClient();
            var url = $"{api}/{objectId}/addKey";

            var defaultRequestHeaders = client.DefaultRequestHeaders;
            if (defaultRequestHeaders.Accept == null || !defaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Any(m => m.MediaType == "application/json"))
            {
                client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));
            }
            defaultRequestHeaders.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Bearer", accessToken);

            var payload = new
            {
                keyCredential = new
                {
                    type = "X509CertAndPassword",
                    usage = "Sign",
                    key,
                },
                passwordCredential = new
                {
                    secretText = password,
                },
                proof = poP
            };
            var stringPayload = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(payload);
            var httpContent = new StringContent(stringPayload, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");

            var res = client.PostAsync(url, httpContent).Result;

            return res.StatusCode;
        }

        public static HttpStatusCode AddKey(string poP, string objectId, string api, string accessToken, string key)
        {
            var client = new HttpClient();
            var url = $"{api}/{objectId}/addKey";

            var defaultRequestHeaders = client.DefaultRequestHeaders;
            if (defaultRequestHeaders.Accept == null || !defaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Any(m => m.MediaType == "application/json"))
            {
                client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));
            }
            defaultRequestHeaders.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Bearer", accessToken);

            string pass = null;
            var payload = new
            {
                keyCredential = new
                {
                    type = "AsymmetricX509Cert",
                    usage = "Verify",
                    key,
                },
                passwordCredential = pass,
                proof = poP
            };
            var stringPayload = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(payload);
            var httpContent = new StringContent(stringPayload, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");

            var res = client.PostAsync(url, httpContent).Result;

            return res.StatusCode;
        }

        public static HttpStatusCode RemoveKey(string poP, string objectId, string api, string keyId, string accessToken)
        {
            var client = new HttpClient();
            var url = $"{api}/{objectId}/removeKey";
            var defaultRequestHeaders = client.DefaultRequestHeaders;
            if (defaultRequestHeaders.Accept == null || !defaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Any(m => m.MediaType == "application/json"))
            {
                client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));
            }
            defaultRequestHeaders.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Bearer", accessToken);

            var payload = new
            {
                keyId,
                proof = poP
            };
            var stringPayload = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(payload);
            var httpContent = new StringContent(stringPayload, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");


            var res = client.PostAsync(url, httpContent).Result;
            var contents = res.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;

            if (res.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result.Contains("No credentials found to be removed"))
            {
                throw new HttpRequestException("CertID Not Found", new HttpRequestException(contents, null, res.StatusCode));
            }

            if (res.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result.Contains("Access Token missing or malformed"))
            {
                throw new HttpRequestException("proof-of-possession (PoP) token is invalid", new HttpRequestException(contents, null, res.StatusCode));
            }

            return res.StatusCode;
        }
    }
}

GraphSDK.cs

using Microsoft.Graph;
// using Microsoft.Graph.ServicePrincipals.Item.AddKey; // Dependencies for the AddKey service principal method
// using Microsoft.Graph.ServicePrincipals.Item.RemoveKey; // Dependencies for the RemoveKey service principal method
using Microsoft.Graph.Applications.Item.AddKey;
using Microsoft.Graph.Applications.Item.RemoveKey;
using Microsoft.Graph.Models;
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;


namespace SampleCertCall
{
    class GraphSDK
    {
        // Using GraphSDK instead of calling the API directly
        public static async Task<KeyCredential> AddKey_GraphSDKAsync(string proof, string objectId, string key, GraphServiceClient graphClient)
        {
            var requestBody = new AddKeyPostRequestBody
            {
                KeyCredential = new KeyCredential
                {
                    Type = "AsymmetricX509Cert",
                    Usage = "Verify",
                    Key = Convert.FromBase64String(key)
                },
                PasswordCredential = null,
                Proof = proof
            };

            // var res = await graphClient.ServicePrincipals[objectId].AddKey.PostAsync(requestBody); // Uncomment this to upload a certificate to a service principal and the using statement at the top
            var res = await graphClient.Applications[objectId].AddKey.PostAsync(requestBody);

            return res;
        }

        public static async Task<KeyCredential> AddKeyWithPassword_GraphSDKAsync(string proof, string objectId, string key, string password, GraphServiceClient graphClient)
        {
            var requestBody = new AddKeyPostRequestBody
            {
                KeyCredential = new KeyCredential
                {
                    Type = "X509CertAndPassword",
                    Usage = "Sign",
                    Key = Convert.FromBase64String(key)
                },
                PasswordCredential = new PasswordCredential
                {
                    SecretText = password
                },
                Proof = proof
            };

            // var res = await graphClient.ServicePrincipals[objectId] // Uncomment this to upload a certificate to a service principal and the using statement at the top
            var res = await graphClient.Applications[objectId] // Upload a certificate to the application
                        .AddKey
                        .PostAsync(requestBody);

            return res;
        }

        public static async Task<bool> RemoveKey_GraphSDKAsync(string proof, string objectId, string certID, GraphServiceClient graphClient)
        {
            var keyId = Guid.Parse(certID);

            try
            {
                var requestBody = new RemoveKeyPostRequestBody
                {
                    KeyId = keyId,
                    Proof = proof
                };

                // await graphClient.ServicePrincipals[objectId] // Uncomment this to remove a certificate from a service principal and the using statement at the top
                await graphClient.Applications[objectId] // Remove a certificate from the application
                    .RemoveKey
                    .PostAsync(requestBody);

                return true;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Console.Write($"Exception RemoveKey_GraphSDKAsync: {Environment.NewLine}{ex.Message}{Environment.NewLine}{ex.StackTrace}");

                return false;
            }
        }
    }
}

还可以使用 Azure KeyVault 中的签名生成证明。 请务必注意，JWT 标头和有效负载中不得包含填充字符“=”，否则将返回 Authentication_MissingOrMalformed 错误。

相关内容

拥有 PoP 令牌后，可以将其用于：

• 从应用程序添加密钥或删除密钥。
• 从服务主体添加密钥或删除密钥。

若要详细了解客户端断言，请参阅 Microsoft标识平台应用程序身份验证证书凭据。