Set up cost accounting

[アーティクル]
07/25/2024

Before you start working with cost accounting, you must perform setup tasks.

Balances between Cost Type, Cost Center, and Cost Object

When you set up cost accounting, you must make sure that all entries are assigned to a cost type as well as a cost center or a cost object. The means that each cost entry must have a cost type assigned and a cost center code or a cost object assigned. This rule ensures that each cost entry appears in either the cost centers or the cost objects, but never in both places.

By doing this, you create the following accounting equation:

Cost Type Balance = Cost Center Balance + Cost Object Balance

When you print the chart of cost type, the chart of cost centers, and the chart of cost objects reports, you can analyze this relationship.

Set up Cost Types

The chart of cost types is similar to the chart of accounts in the general ledger. You can set up the chart of cost types in the following ways:

Structure the chart of cost types similar to the income statement accounts in the general ledger chart of accounts. Then, you can transfer the general ledger chart of accounts to the chart of cost types. You can make any necessary adjustments after the transfer.
Create new chart of cost types or add new cost types to existing chart of cost types. You must create each new cost type individually.

To transfer the general ledger chart of accounts to the chart of cost types

Choose the icon, enter Chart of Cost Types, and then choose the related link.
Choose the Get Cost Types from Chart of Accounts action. In the dialog box, choose the Yes button to confirm the transfer. The function uses the chart of accounts to create a chart of cost types.

The chart of cost types now contain all income statement accounts in the general ledger and include headings and subtotals. You can change the chart of cost types, as necessary. For example, you can delete duplicate existing cost types.

Important

The Register Cost Types in Chart of Accounts function updates the relationship between the chart of accounts and the chart of cost types. The No. field is filled and verified to make sure that each general ledger account is related to only one cost type. The function runs automatically before transferring general ledger entries to cost accounting.

To set up new cost types in the Chart of Cost Types page

Open the Chart of Cost Types page in edit mode.
Fill in the fields as described as necessary. Hover over a field to read a short description.

Note

You can set up and maintain cost types in either the Cost Type Card page or on the Chart of Cost Types page. In this procedure, you set up cost types on the Chart of Cost Types page.
After you have created all cost types, choose the Indent Cost Types action. In the dialog box, choose the Yes button.
Link the new cost type to the corresponding general ledger account.

Important

If you have entered definitions in the Totaling fields for the line type of End-Total before you run the Indent Cost Types function, then you must enter the definitions again because the function overwrites the values in all End-Total fields.

To update cost types

On the Cost Accounting Setup page, select if you want the chart of cost types to be automatically updated when the chart of accounts is changed.
In the Align G/L Account field, you can choose from the following options.

No Alignment - There is no corresponding change in the chart of cost types when you change the chart of accounts.
Automatic - A corresponding change is made in the chart of cost types when you change the chart of accounts.
Prompt - A message is displayed asking if you want to make a corresponding change in the chart of cost types when you change the chart of accounts.

Defining the Relationship Between Cost Types and General Ledger Accounts

The relationship between the cost type and the general ledger account is created in the cost type and in the general ledger account.

The G/L Account Range field in the Cost Type table establishes which general ledger accounts belong to a cost type.
The Cost Type No. field in the chart of accounts establishes which cost type a general ledger account belongs to.

These two fields are filled automatically when you use the Get Cost Types from Chart of Accounts function.

Relationship Between General Ledger Accounts and Cost Types

There is an n:1 relationship between general ledger accounts and cost types. Several general ledger accounts can belong to one cost type, but each general ledger account belongs to only one cost type. The following table describes the details in the relationship.

Relationship	G/L Account Range	Cost Type No.
One general ledger account for each cost type	One general ledger account	One cost type
Several general ledger accounts for one cost type	General ledger account range, for example, 7110..7193 for each general ledger account	For each general ledger account in the range, there is only one cost type
Cost types without corresponding general ledger accounts	<Empty>
General ledger accounts whose entries will not be transferred		<Empty>

Cost Types Without a Relationship to the General Ledger

A cost type may not have a relationship to general ledger accounts if one of the following conditions is true:

Accounts for operational accounting, such as Calc. Interest and Depreciation, only take costs from the operational accounting.
Helping cost types, such as cost types 9901, 9902, and 9903 in the Business Central database, are used as credit and debit accounts for allocations.
The helping account, 9920 in the Business Central database, contains actual accruals that show the difference between costs and the expense from the general ledger.

Setting Up Cost Centers

Cost centers are departments that are responsible for costs and income. The chart of cost centers is similar to the dimension information for the general ledger. You can set up the chart of cost centers in the following ways:

Transfer dimension values in the general ledger to the chart of cost centers. You can make any necessary adjustments after the transfer.
Create a new chart of cost center that is independent of the general ledger or add a new cost center to an existing chart of cost center. You must create each cost center individually.

To transfer dimension values in the general ledger to the chart of cost centers

Set up a dimension to be the cost center dimension on the Cost Accounting Setup page. Only the values from this dimension are transferred. You can choose Update Cost Acctg. Dimensions action to update cost accounting dimensions.
Choose the icon, enter Chart of Cost Centers, and then choose the related link.
On the Actions tab, in the Functions group, choose Get Cost Centers from Dimension to transfer dimension values to the chart of cost centers. The function transfers the dimension values that you defined in step 1.

Note

You can set up the Align Cost Center Dimension field to define a one-way synchronization of dimension values from the general ledger to the chart of cost centers. You cannot define a synchronization of the chart of cost centers to dimension values from the general ledger.

The chart of cost centers now contains all specified dimension values from the general ledger and includes titles and subtotals.

To create new cost centers in the Chart of Cost Centers page

You can set up and maintain cost centers in either the Cost Center Card card or on the Chart of Cost Centers page. In this procedure, you set up cost centers on the Chart of Cost Centers page.

Open the Chart of Cost Centers page in edit mode.
In the Code field, enter the cost center code. All cost centers must have a code.
In the Name field, enter the cost center name.
Choose the drop-down arrow in the Line Type field to specify the purpose of the cost center.
- For cost centers of the Total type, you must fill in the Totaling field. Use the or operator, which is a vertical line (|) to set ranges of cost centers.
- For cost centers of the End-Total line type, this field is filled in automatically when you use the indent function.
Fill in the Sorting Order and Cost Subtype fields.
Choose the next empty line to create a new cost center, and then repeat steps 2 through 5.
After you have set up all the cost centers, choose the Indent Cost Centers action. Choose the Yes button.

Important

If you have entered definitions in the Totaling fields for End-Total cost centers before you run the indent function, then you must enter them again. The function overwrites the values in all End-Total fields.

Setting Up Cost Objects

Cost objects are projects, products, or services of a company. The chart of cost objects is similar to the dimension information for the general ledger. You can set up the chart of cost objects in the following ways:

Transfer dimension values in the general ledger to the chart of cost objects. You can make any necessary adjustments after the transfer.
Create a new chart of cost object that is independent of the general ledger or add a new cost object to an existing chart of cost objects. You must create each cost object individually.

To transfer dimension values from the general ledger to the chart of cost objects

Set a dimension to be the cost object dimension on the Update CA Dimensions page. Only the values from this dimension are transferred.
Choose the icon, enter Chart of Cost Objects, and then choose the related link.
Choose the Get Cost Objects from Dimension action to transfer dimension values to the chart of cost objects. The function transfers the dimension values that you defined in step 1.

Note

You can set up the Align Cost Object Dimension field to define a one-way synchronization of dimension values from the general ledger to the chart of cost objects. You cannot define a synchronization of the chart of cost objects to dimension values from the general ledger.

The chart of cost objects now contains all specified dimension values from the general ledger and includes titles and subtotals.

To create new cost objects in the Chart of Cost Objects page

You can set up and maintain cost objects in either the Cost Object Card card or on the Chart of Cost Objects page. In this procedure, you set up cost objects on the Chart of Cost Objects page.

Open the Chart of Cost Objects page in edit mode.
In the Code field, enter the cost object code. All cost objects must have a code.
In the Name field, enter the cost object name.
Choose the drop-down arrow in the Line Type field to specify the purpose of the cost object.
- For cost objects of the Total line type, fill in the Total From/To field. Use the or operator, which is a vertical line (|), to set ranges of cost objects.
- For cost objects of the End-Total line type, this field is filled in automatically when you use the indent function.
Fill in the Sorting Order field.
Chose the next empty line to create a new cost object, and then repeat steps 2 through 5.
After you have set up all the cost objects, choose the Indent Cost Objects action. Choose the Yes button.

Important

If you have entered definitions in the Total From/To fields for End-Total cost objects before you run the indent function, then you must enter them again. The function overwrites the values in all End-Total fields.

Defining Cost Centers and Cost Objects for Chart of Accounts

You can automatically transfer the expense and income entries from the general ledger to cost accounting either for each general ledger posting or with a batch job. When you do the transfer, Business Central only transfers the entries that are already linked to a cost center or a cost object. To establish a meaningful transfer, you must ensure that the cost centers and cost objects are correctly defined.

Defining Default Dimension Values for General Ledger Accounts

For each general ledger account, you can define default dimension values in the Default Dimension table. The following example shows how to define that there should always be a DEPARTMENT cost center, but never be a PROJECT cost object when posting to a general ledger account.

Dimension Code	Value Posting
Department	Code Mandatory
Project	No Code

Defining Dimension Values for Overhead Costs and Direct Costs

You can transfer overhead costs to a cost center and direct costs to a cost object. The following table shows the optimal combination of the dimension setup values.

Transfer To	Cost Center Posting	Cost Object Posting
Cost Center	Code Mandatory	No Code
Cost Object	No Code	Code Mandatory

Note

To make sure that the predefined cost center and cost object that you set up in the general ledger are automatically carried over to cost accounting, select the Check G/L Postings check box on the Cost Accounting Setup page.

次の方法で共有