Object.MemberwiseClone Method
Definition
Important
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Creates a shallow copy of the current Object.
protected:
System::Object ^ MemberwiseClone();protected object MemberwiseClone ();member this.MemberwiseClone : unit -> objProtected Function MemberwiseClone () As ObjectReturns
A shallow copy of the current Object.
Examples
The following example illustrates the MemberwiseClone method. It defines a ShallowCopy method that calls the MemberwiseClone method to perform a shallow copy operation on a Person object. It also defines a DeepCopy method that performs a deep copy operation on a Person object.
using System;
public class IdInfo
{
public int IdNumber;
public IdInfo(int IdNumber)
{
this.IdNumber = IdNumber;
}
}
public class Person
{
public int Age;
public string Name;
public IdInfo IdInfo;
public Person ShallowCopy()
{
return (Person)MemberwiseClone();
}
public Person DeepCopy()
{
Person other = (Person)MemberwiseClone();
other.IdInfo = new IdInfo(IdInfo.IdNumber);
return other;
}
}
public class Example
{
public static void Main()
{
// Create an instance of Person and assign values to its fields.
Person p1 = new()
{
Age = 42,
Name = "Sam",
IdInfo = new IdInfo(6565)
};
// Perform a shallow copy of p1 and assign it to p2.
Person p2 = p1.ShallowCopy();
// Display values of p1, p2
Console.WriteLine("Original values of p1 and p2:");
Console.WriteLine(" p1 instance values: ");
DisplayValues(p1);
Console.WriteLine(" p2 instance values:");
DisplayValues(p2);
// Change the value of p1 properties and display the values of p1 and p2.
p1.Age = 32;
p1.Name = "Frank";
p1.IdInfo.IdNumber = 7878;
Console.WriteLine("\nValues of p1 and p2 after changes to p1:");
Console.WriteLine(" p1 instance values: ");
DisplayValues(p1);
Console.WriteLine(" p2 instance values:");
DisplayValues(p2);
// Make a deep copy of p1 and assign it to p3.
Person p3 = p1.DeepCopy();
// Change the members of the p1 class to new values to show the deep copy.
p1.Age = 39;
p1.Name = "George";
p1.IdInfo.IdNumber = 8641;
Console.WriteLine("\nValues of p1 and p3 after changes to p1:");
Console.WriteLine(" p1 instance values: ");
DisplayValues(p1);
Console.WriteLine(" p3 instance values:");
DisplayValues(p3);
}
public static void DisplayValues(Person p)
{
Console.WriteLine($" Name: {p.Name:s}, Age: {p.Age:d}");
Console.WriteLine($" Value: {p.IdInfo.IdNumber:d}");
}
}
/* The example displays the following output:
*
* Original values of p1 and p2:
p1 instance values:
Name: Sam, Age: 42
Value: 6565
p2 instance values:
Name: Sam, Age: 42
Value: 6565
Values of p1 and p2 after changes to p1:
p1 instance values:
Name: Frank, Age: 32
Value: 7878
p2 instance values:
Name: Sam, Age: 42
Value: 7878
Values of p1 and p3 after changes to p1:
p1 instance values:
Name: George, Age: 39
Value: 8641
p3 instance values:
Name: Frank, Age: 32
Value: 7878
*/
open System
type IdInfo(IdNumber) =
member val IdNumber = IdNumber with get, set
type Person() =
[<DefaultValue>]
val mutable public Age: int
[<DefaultValue>]
val mutable public Name: string
[<DefaultValue>]
val mutable public IdInfo: IdInfo
member this.ShallowCopy() =
this.MemberwiseClone() :?> Person
member this.DeepCopy() =
let other = this.MemberwiseClone() :?> Person
other.IdInfo <- IdInfo this.IdInfo.IdNumber
other
let displayValues (p: Person) =
printfn $" Name: {p.Name:s}, Age: {p.Age:d}"
printfn $" Value: {p.IdInfo.IdNumber:d}"
// Create an instance of Person and assign values to its fields.
let p1 = Person()
p1.Age <- 42
p1.Name <- "Sam"
p1.IdInfo <- IdInfo 6565
// Perform a shallow copy of p1 and assign it to p2.
let p2 = p1.ShallowCopy()
// Display values of p1, p2
printfn "Original values of p1 and p2:"
printfn " p1 instance values: "
displayValues p1
printfn " p2 instance values:"
displayValues p2
// Change the value of p1 properties and display the values of p1 and p2.
p1.Age <- 32
p1.Name <- "Frank"
p1.IdInfo.IdNumber <- 7878
printfn "\nValues of p1 and p2 after changes to p1:"
printfn " p1 instance values: "
displayValues p1
printfn " p2 instance values:"
displayValues p2
// Make a deep copy of p1 and assign it to p3.
let p3 = p1.DeepCopy()
// Change the members of the p1 class to new values to show the deep copy.
p1.Age <- 39
p1.Name <- "George"
p1.IdInfo.IdNumber <- 8641
printfn "\nValues of p1 and p3 after changes to p1:"
printfn " p1 instance values: "
displayValues p1
printfn " p3 instance values:"
displayValues p3
// The example displays the following output:
// Original values of p1 and p2:
// p1 instance values:
// Name: Sam, Age: 42
// Value: 6565
// p2 instance values:
// Name: Sam, Age: 42
// Value: 6565
//
// Values of p1 and p2 after changes to p1:
// p1 instance values:
// Name: Frank, Age: 32
// Value: 7878
// p2 instance values:
// Name: Sam, Age: 42
// Value: 7878
//
// Values of p1 and p3 after changes to p1:
// p1 instance values:
// Name: George, Age: 39
// Value: 8641
// p3 instance values:
// Name: Frank, Age: 32
// Value: 7878
Public Class IdInfo
Public IdNumber As Integer
Public Sub New(IdNumber As Integer)
Me.IdNumber = IdNumber
End Sub
End Class
Public Class Person
Public Age As Integer
Public Name As String
Public IdInfo As IdInfo
Public Function ShallowCopy() As Person
Return DirectCast(MemberwiseClone(), Person)
End Function
Public Function DeepCopy() As Person
Dim other As Person = DirectCast(MemberwiseClone(), Person)
other.IdInfo = New IdInfo(IdInfo.IdNumber)
Return other
End Function
End Class
Module Example
Public Sub Main()
' Create an instance of Person and assign values to its fields.
Dim p1 As New Person()
p1.Age = 42
p1.Name = "Sam"
p1.IdInfo = New IdInfo(6565)
' Perform a shallow copy of p1 and assign it to p2.
Dim p2 As Person = p1.ShallowCopy()
' Display values of p1, p2
Console.WriteLine("Original values of p1 and p2:")
Console.WriteLine(" p1 instance values: ")
DisplayValues(p1)
Console.WriteLine(" p2 instance values:")
DisplayValues(p2)
Console.WriteLine()
' Change the value of p1 properties and display the values of p1 and p2.
p1.Age = 32
p1.Name = "Frank"
p1.IdInfo.IdNumber = 7878
Console.WriteLine("Values of p1 and p2 after changes to p1:")
Console.WriteLine(" p1 instance values: ")
DisplayValues(p1)
Console.WriteLine(" p2 instance values:")
DisplayValues(p2)
Console.WriteLine()
' Make a deep copy of p1 and assign it to p3.
Dim p3 As Person = p1.DeepCopy()
' Change the members of the p1 class to new values to show the deep copy.
p1.Age = 39
p1.Name = "George"
p1.IdInfo.IdNumber = 8641
Console.WriteLine("Values of p1 and p3 after changes to p1:")
Console.WriteLine(" p1 instance values: ")
DisplayValues(p1)
Console.WriteLine(" p3 instance values:")
DisplayValues(p3)
End Sub
Public Sub DisplayValues(p As Person)
Console.WriteLine(" Name: {0:s}, Age: {1:d}", p.Name, p.Age)
Console.WriteLine(" Value: {0:d}", p.IdInfo.IdNumber)
End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
' Original values of m1 and m2:
' m1 instance values:
' Name: Sam, Age: 42
' Value: 6565
' m2 instance values:
' Name: Sam, Age: 42
' Value: 6565
'
' Values of m1 and m2 after changes to m1:
' m1 instance values:
' Name: Frank, Age: 32
' Value: 7878
' m2 instance values:
' Name: Sam, Age: 42
' Value: 7878
'
' Values of m1 and m3 after changes to m1:
' m1 instance values:
' Name: George, Age: 39
' Value: 8641
' m3 instance values:
' Name: Frank, Age: 32
' Value: 7878
In this example, the Person.IdInfo property returns an IdInfo object. As the output from the example shows, when a Person object is cloned by calling the MemberwiseClone method, the cloned Person object is an independent copy of the original object, except that they share the same Person.IdInfo object reference. As a result, modifying the clone's Person.IdInfo property changes the original object's Person.IdInfo property. On the other hand, when a deep copy operation is performed, the cloned Person object, including its Person.IdInfo property, can be modified without affecting the original object.
Remarks
The MemberwiseClone method creates a shallow copy by creating a new object, and then copying the nonstatic fields of the current object to the new object. If a field is a value type, a bit-by-bit copy of the field is performed. If a field is a reference type, the reference is copied but the referred object is not; therefore, the original object and its clone refer to the same object.
To illustrate the difference between a shallow and a deep copy operation, consider an object called X that references objects A and B. Object B, in turn, references object C. A shallow copy of X creates new object X2 that also references objects A and B. In contrast, a deep copy of X creates a new object X2 that references the new objects A2 and B2, which are copies of A and B. B2, in turn, references the new object C2, which is a copy of C.
There are numerous ways to implement a deep copy operation if the shallow copy operation performed by the MemberwiseClone method doesn't meet your needs. These include the following:
- Call a class constructor of the object to be copied to create a second object with property values taken from the first object. This assumes that the values of an object are entirely defined by its class constructor.
- Call the MemberwiseClone method to create a shallow copy of an object, and then assign new objects whose values are the same as the original object to any properties or fields whose values are reference types. The
DeepCopymethod in the example illustrates this approach. - Serialize the object to be deep copied, and then restore the serialized data to a different object variable.
- Use reflection with recursion to perform the deep copy operation.
