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Proactive messages

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Important

The code samples in this section are based on version 4.6 and later versions of the Bot Framework SDK. If you are looking for documentation for earlier versions, see the bots - v3 SDK section in the Legacy SDKs folder of the documentation.

A proactive message is any message sent by a bot that isn't in response to a request from a user. This message can include content, such as:

  • Welcome messages
  • Notifications
  • Scheduled messages

Important

To send a proactive message to a user, a group chat, or a team, your bot must have the requisite access to send the message. For a group chat or team, the app that contains your bot must be first installed in that location.

You can proactively install your app using Microsoft Graph in a team, if necessary, or use a custom app policy to install an app in your teams and for organization's users. For certain scenarios, you must proactively install your app using Graph. For a user to receive proactive messages, install the app for the user or make the user a part of a team in which the app is installed.

Sending a proactive message is different from sending a regular message. There's no active turnContext to use for a reply. You must create the conversation before sending the message. For example, a new one-on-one chat or a new conversation thread in a channel. You can't create a new group chat or a new channel in a team with proactive messaging.

To send a proactive message, follow these steps:

  1. Get the Microsoft Entra user ID, user ID, team ID, or channel ID, if necessary.
  2. Create the conversation, if necessary.
  3. Get the conversation ID.
  4. Send the message.

The code snippets in the samples section are to create a one-on-one conversation. For links to samples for both one-on-one conversations and group or channels messages, see code sample. To use proactive messages effectively, see best practices for proactive messaging.

Get the Microsoft Entra user ID, user ID, team ID, or channel ID

You can create a new conversation with a user or a conversation thread in a channel and you must have the correct ID. You can receive or retrieve this ID using any of the following ways:

  • When your app is installed in a particular context, you receive an onMembersAdded activity.
  • When a new user is added to a context where your app is installed, you receive an onMembersAdded activity.
  • Every event that the bot receives contains the required information, which you can get from the bot context (TurnContext object).
  • You can retrieve the list of channels in a team where your app is installed.
  • You can retrieve the list of members of a team where your app is installed.

Regardless of how you get the information, store the tenantId and then store either the userId, or channelId to create a new conversation. You can also use the teamId to create a new conversation thread in the general or default channel of a team. Ensure that the bot is installed in the team before you can send a proactive message to a channel.

  • The aadObjectId is unique to the user and can be retrieved using the graph API to create a new conversation in personal chat. Ensure that the bot is installed in the personal scope before you can send a proactive message. If the bot isn't installed in a personal scope when sending a proactive message using the aadObjectId, the bot returns a 403 error with ForbiddenOperationException message.

  • The userId is unique to your bot ID and a particular user. You can't reuse the userId between bots.

  • The channelId is global.

Create the conversation, after you have the user or channel information.

Note

Sending proactive messages using aadObjectId is supported only in personal scope.

Create the conversation

You can create the conversation if it doesn't exist, or you don't know the conversationId. Create the conversation only once and store the conversationId value or conversationReference object.

To create the conversation, you need a aadObjectId or userId, tenantId, and serviceUrl.

For serviceUrl, use the value from an incoming activity triggering the flow or one of the global service URLs. If the serviceUrl isn't available from an incoming activity triggering the proactive scenario, use the following global URL endpoints:

  • Public: https://smba.trafficmanager.net/teams/
  • GCC: https://smba.infra.gcc.teams.microsoft.com/teams
  • GCCH: https://smba.infra.gov.teams.microsoft.us/teams
  • DOD: https://smba.infra.dod.teams.microsoft.us/teams

For a code sample, see the call CreateConversationAsync in the sample.

You can get the conversation when the app is installed for the first time. After the conversation is created, get the conversation ID. The conversationId is available in the conversation update events.

The conversation ID is unique for each bot within a specific channel, even in a multitenant environment. This ID ensures that the bot's messages are directed to the appropriate channel and doesn't interrupt with other bots or channels within the same or across different organizations.

If you don't have the conversationId, you can proactively install your app using Graph to get the conversationId.

Get the conversation ID

Use either the conversationReference object or conversationId and tenantId to send the message. You can get this ID by either creating the conversation or storing it from any activity sent to you from that context. Store this ID for reference.

After you get the appropriate address information, you can send your message.

Send the message

Now that you have the right address information, you can send your message. If you're using the SDK, you must use the continueConversation method, and the conversationId and tenantId to make a direct API call. To send your message, set the conversationParameters. See the samples section or use one of the samples listed in the code sample section.

Note

Teams doesn't support sending proactive messages using email or User Principal Name (UPN).

Now that you've sent the proactive message, you must follow these best practices while sending proactive messages for better information exchange between users and the bot.

See the following video to learn how to send proactive message from bots:



Understand who blocked, muted, or uninstalled a bot

As a developer, you can create a report to understand which users in your organization have blocked, muted, or uninstalled a bot. This information may help your organization's admins to broadcast org-wide messages or drive app usage.

Using Teams, you can send a proactive message to the bot to verify if a user has blocked or uninstalled a bot. If the bot is blocked or uninstalled, Teams returns a 403 response code with a subCode: MessageWritesBlocked. This response indicates that the message sent by the bot isn't delivered to the user.

The response code is sent on a per-user basis and includes the identity of the user. You can compile the response codes for each user alongside their identity to create a report of all users who have blocked the bot.

An example of a 403 response code is below.


HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden

Cache-Control: no-store, must-revalidate, no-cache

 Pragma: no-cache

 Content-Length: 196

 Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8

 Server: Microsoft-HTTPAPI/2.0

 Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains

 MS-CV: NXZpLk030UGsuHjPdwyhLw.5.0

 ContextId: tcid=0,server=msgapi-canary-eus2-0,cv=NXZpLk030UGsuHjPdwyhLw.5.0

 Date: Tue, 29 Mar 2022 17:34:33 GMT

{"errorCode":209,"message":"{\r\n  \"subCode\": \"MessageWritesBlocked\",\r\n  \"details\": \"Thread is blocked from message writes.\",\r\n  \"errorCode\": null,\r\n  \"errorSubCode\": null\r\n}"}

Best practices for proactive messaging

Sending proactive messages to the users is an effective way to communicate with your users. However, from the user's perspective, the message appears unprompted. If there's a welcome message, it marks their first interaction with your app. It's important to use this functionality and provide the complete information to the user to understand the purpose of this message.

Welcome messages

When proactive messaging is used to send a welcome message to a user, there's no context for why the user receives the message. Also, this is the first interaction of the user with your app. It's an opportunity to create a good first impression. A good user experience ensures better adoption of the app. Poor welcome messages can lead the users to block your app. Write a clear welcome message and iterate on the welcome message if it isn't having the desired effect.

A good welcome message can include the following:

  • Reason for the message - It must be clear to the user why they're receiving the message. If your bot was installed in a channel and you sent a welcome message to all users, then let them know what channel it was installed in and who installed it.

  • Your offer - Users must be able to identify what they can do with your app and what value can you bring to them.

  • Next steps - Users should understand the next steps. For example, invite users to try out a command or interact with your app.

Notification messages

To send notifications using proactive messaging, ensure your users have a clear path to take common actions based on your notification. If user actions are required in a tab app, use activity feed notifications instead of a bot. Ensure users have a clear understanding of why they've received a notification. Good notification messages include the following items:

  • What happened? A clear indication of what happened to cause the notification.

  • What was the result? It must be clear, what item is updated to get the notification.

  • Who or what triggered it? Who or what took action which caused the notification to be sent.

  • What can users do in response? Make it easy for your users to take actions based on your notifications.

  • How can users opt-out? You must provide a path for users to opt-out of more notifications.

To send messages to a large group of users, for example to your organization, proactively install your app using Graph.

To update or delete a proactive message sent by a notification only bot:

  1. Keep track of the sent messages by storing their message IDs or conversation references when sending the proactive message.

  2. Use UpdateActivityAsync or DeleteActivityAsync methods to update or delete the original message.

Scheduled messages

When using proactive messaging to send scheduled messages to users, verify that your time zone is updated to their time zone. This ensures that the messages are delivered to the users at the relevant time. Schedule messages include:

  • Why is the user receiving the message? Make it easy for your users to understand the reason for which they're receiving the message.

  • What can user do next? Users can take the required action based on the message content.

Proactively install your app using Graph

Proactively message users that have previously not installed or interacted with your app. For example, you want to use the company communicator to send messages to your entire organization. In this case, you can use the Graph API to proactively install your app for your users. Cache the necessary values from the conversationUpdate event your app receives upon installation.

You can only install apps that are in your organizational app catalog or the Microsoft Teams Store.

See install apps for users in the Graph documentation and proactive bot installation and messaging in Teams with Graph. There's also a Microsoft .NET framework sample on the GitHub platform.

Examples

Ensure that you authenticate and have a bearer token before creating a new conversation using the REST API. The following are REST API to create a conversation in different contexts:

  • REST API to create a conversation in a one-on-one chat.

  • REST API to create a conversation in a channel.

  • REST API to Update message in conversation: To update an existing activity within a conversation, include the conversationId and activityId in the request endpoint. To complete this scenario, you must cache the activity ID returned by the original post call.

    PUT {Service URL of your bot}/v3/conversations/{conversationId}/activities/{activityId}

    
{
    "type": "message",
    "text": "This message has been updated"
}

    To update an existing activity within a conversation, include the conversationId and activityId in the request endpoint. To complete this scenario, you must cache the activity ID returned by the original post call. If the call succeeds, the API returns with the following response object.

    {
    "id": "{{activityID}}"
}

Samples

The following code shows how to send proactive messages:

[Route("api/notify")]
[ApiController]
public class NotifyController : ControllerBase
{
    private readonly IBotFrameworkHttpAdapter _adapter;
    private readonly string _appId;
    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, ConversationReference> _conversationReferences;

    public NotifyController(IBotFrameworkHttpAdapter adapter, IConfiguration configuration, ConcurrentDictionary<string, ConversationReference> conversationReferences)
    {
        _adapter = adapter;
        _conversationReferences = conversationReferences;
        _appId = configuration["MicrosoftAppId"] ?? string.Empty;
    }

    public async Task<IActionResult> Get()
    {
        foreach (var conversationReference in _conversationReferences.Values)
        {
            var newReference = new ConversationReference()
            {
                Bot = new ChannelAccount()
                {
                    Id = conversationReference.Bot.Id
                },
                Conversation = new ConversationAccount()
                {
                    Id = conversationReference.Conversation.Id
                },
                ServiceUrl = conversationReference.ServiceUrl,
            };

            // Sends a proactive message from the bot to a conversation.
            await ((BotAdapter)_adapter).ContinueConversationAsync(_appId, newReference, BotCallback, default(CancellationToken));
        }
        
        // Let the caller know proactive messages have been sent.
        return new ContentResult()
        {
            Content = "<html><body><h1>Proactive messages have been sent.</h1></body></html>",
            ContentType = "text/html",
            StatusCode = (int)HttpStatusCode.OK,
        };
    }

    private async Task BotCallback(ITurnContext turnContext, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        // If you encounter permission-related errors when sending this message, see
        // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/bot-service/bot-builder-howto-proactive-message?view=azure-bot-service-4.0&tabs=csharp#avoiding-401-unauthorized-errors
        // Sends an activity to the sender of the incoming activity.
        await turnContext.SendActivityAsync("proactive hello");
    }
}

Example of a code snippet to demonstrate creating conversation reference.

 var newReference = new ConversationReference()
        {
            Bot = new ChannelAccount()
            {
                Id = conversationReference.Bot.Id
            },
            Conversation = new ConversationAccount()
            {
                Id = conversationReference.Conversation.Id
            },
            ServiceUrl = conversationReference.ServiceUrl,
        };

Code sample

The following table provides a simple code sample that incorporates basic conversation flow into a Teams application and how to create a new conversation thread in a channel in Teams:

Sample Name Description .NET Node.js Python Manifest
Teams Conversation Basics This sample app shows how to use different bot conversation events available in bot framework v4 for personal and teams scope. View View View View
Start new thread in a channel This sample shows how to start a thread in a specific Team's channel using Bot Framework v4. View View View View
Proactive installation of app and sending proactive notifications This sample shows how you can use proactive installation of app for users and send proactive notifications by calling Microsoft Graph APIs. View View NA View
Proactive Messaging This is a sample that shows how to save user's conversation reference information to send proactive reminder message using Bots. View View NA

More code sample of proactive messaging

Next step

Format your bot messages

See also