align (C++)
Microsoft Specific
Use __declspec(align(#)) to precisely control the alignment of user-defined data (for example, static allocations or automatic data in a function).
__declspec( align( # ) ) declarator
Remarks
Writing applications that use the latest processor instructions introduces some new constraints and issues. In particular, many new instructions require that data must be aligned to 16-byte boundaries. Additionally, by aligning frequently used data to the cache line size of a specific processor, you improve cache performance. For example, if you define a structure whose size is less than 32 bytes, you may want to align it to 32 bytes to make sure that objects of that structure type are efficiently cached.
# is the alignment value. Valid entries are integer powers of two from 1 to 8192 (bytes), such as 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64. declarator is the data that you are declaring as aligned.
For information about how to return a value of type size_t that is the alignment requirement of the type, see __alignof. For information about how to declare unaligned pointers when targeting 64-bit processors, see __unaligned.
You can use __declspec(align(#)) when you define a struct, union, or class, or when you declare a variable.
The compiler does not guarantee or attempt to preserve the alignment attribute of data during a copy or data transform operation. For example, memcpy can copy a struct declared with __declspec(align(#)) to any location. Note that ordinary allocators—for example, malloc, C++ operator new, and the Win32 allocators—return memory that is usually not sufficiently aligned for __declspec(align(#)) structures or arrays of structures. To guarantee that the destination of a copy or data transformation operation is correctly aligned, use _aligned_malloc, or write your own allocator.
You cannot specify alignment for function parameters. When data that has an alignment attribute is passed by value on the stack, its alignment is controlled by the calling convention. If data alignment is important in the called function, copy the parameter into correctly aligned memory before use.
Without __declspec(align(#)), Visual C++ generally aligns data on natural boundaries based on the target processor and the size of the data, up to 4-byte boundaries on 32-bit processors, and 8-byte boundaries on 64-bit processors. Data in classes or structures is aligned in the class or structure at the minimum of its natural alignment and the current packing setting (from #pragma pack or the /Zp compiler option).
This example demonstrates the use of __declspec(align(#)):
__declspec(align(32)) struct Str1{
int a, b, c, d, e;
};
This type now has a 32-byte alignment attribute. This means that all static and automatic instances start on a 32-byte boundary. Additional structure types declared with this type as a member preserve this type's alignment attribute, that is, any structure with Str1 as an element will have an alignment attribute of at least 32.
Note that sizeof(struct Str1) is equal to 32. This implies that if an array of Str1 objects is created, and the base of the array is 32-byte aligned, each member of the array is also 32-byte aligned. To create an array whose base is correctly aligned in dynamic memory, use _aligned_malloc, or write your own allocator.
The sizeof value for any structure is the offset of the final member, plus that member's size, rounded up to the nearest multiple of the largest member alignment value or the whole structure alignment value, whichever is larger.
The compiler uses these rules for structure alignment:
Unless overridden with __declspec(align(#)), the alignment of a scalar structure member is the minimum of its size and the current packing.
Unless overridden with __declspec(align(#)), the alignment of a structure is the maximum of the individual alignments of its member(s).
A structure member is placed at an offset from the start of its parent structure which is the smallest multiple of its alignment greater than or equal to the offset of the end of the previous member.
The size of a structure is the smallest multiple of its alignment greater than or equal to the offset of the end of its last member.
__declspec(align(#)) can only increase alignment restrictions.
For more information, see:
align Examples
Defining New Types with __declspec(align(#))
Aligning Data in Thread Local Storage
How align Works with Data Packing
Examples of Structure Alignment (x64 specific)
align Examples
The following examples show how __declspec(align(#)) affects the size and alignment of data structures. The examples assume the following definitions:
#define CACHE_LINE 32
#define CACHE_ALIGN __declspec(align(CACHE_LINE))
In this example, the S1 structure is defined by using __declspec(align(32)). All uses of S1 for a variable definition or in other type declarations are 32-byte aligned. sizeof(struct S1) returns 32, and S1 has 16 padding bytes following the 16 bytes required to hold the four integers. Each int member requires 4-byte alignment, but the alignment of the structure itself is declared to be 32. Therefore, the overall alignment is 32.
struct CACHE_ALIGN S1 { // cache align all instances of S1
int a, b, c, d;
};
struct S1 s1; // s1 is 32-byte cache aligned
In this example, sizeof(struct S2) returns 16, which is exactly the sum of the member sizes, because that is a multiple of the largest alignment requirement (a multiple of 8).
__declspec(align(8)) struct S2 {
int a, b, c, d;
};
In the following example, sizeof(struct S3) returns 64.
struct S3 {
struct S1 s1; // S3 inherits cache alignment requirement
// from S1 declaration
int a; // a is now cache aligned because of s1
// 28 bytes of trailing padding
};
In this example, notice that a has the alignment of its natural type, in this case, 4 bytes. However, S1 must be 32-byte aligned. Twenty-eight bytes of padding follow a, so that s1 starts at offset 32. S4 then inherits the alignment requirement of S1, because it is the largest alignment requirement in the structure. sizeof(struct S4) returns 64.
struct S4 {
int a;
// 28 bytes padding
struct S1 s1; // S4 inherits cache alignment requirement of S1
};
The following three variable declarations also use __declspec(align(#)). In each case, the variable must be 32-byte aligned. In the case of the array, the base address of the array, not each array member, is 32-byte aligned. The sizeof value for each array member is not affected when you use __declspec(align(#)).
CACHE_ALIGN int i;
CACHE_ALIGN int array[128];
CACHE_ALIGN struct s2 s;
To align each member of an array, code such as this should be used:
typedef CACHE_ALIGN struct { int a; } S5;
S5 array[10];
In this example, notice that aligning the structure itself and aligning the first element have the same effect:
CACHE_ALIGN struct S6 {
int a;
int b;
};
struct S7 {
CACHE_ALIGN int a;
int b;
};
S6 and S7 have identical alignment, allocation, and size characteristics.
In this example, the alignment of the starting addresses of a, b, c, and d are 4, 1, 4, and 1, respectively.
void fn() {
int a;
char b;
long c;
char d[10]
}
The alignment when memory is allocated on the heap depends on which allocation function is called. For example, if you use malloc, the result depends on the operand size. If arg >= 8, the memory returned is 8 byte aligned. If arg < 8, the alignment of the memory returned is the first power of 2 less than arg. For example, if you use malloc(7), the alignment is 4 bytes.
Defining New Types with __declspec(align(#))
You can define a type with an alignment characteristic.
For example, you can define a struct with an alignment value this way:
struct aType {int a; int b;};
typedef __declspec(align(32)) struct aType bType;
Now, aType and bType are the same size (8 bytes) but variables of type bType will be 32-byte aligned.
Aligning Data in Thread Local Storage
Static thread-local storage (TLS) created with the __declspec(thread) attribute and put in the TLS section in the image works for alignment exactly like normal static data. To create TLS data, the operating system allocates memory the size of the TLS section and respects the TLS section alignment attribute.
This example shows various ways to place aligned data into thread local storage.
// put an aligned integer in TLS
__declspec(thread) __declspec(align(32)) int a;
// define an aligned structure and put a variable of the struct type
// into TLS
__declspec(thread) __declspec(align(32)) struct F1 { int a; int b; } a;
// create an aligned structure
struct CACHE_ALIGN S9 {
int a;
int b;
};
// put a variable of the structure type into TLS
__declspec(thread) struct S9 a;
How align Works with Data Packing
The /Zp compiler option and the pack pragma have the effect of packing data for structure and union members. This example shows how /Zp and __declspec(align(#)) work together:
struct S {
char a;
short b;
double c;
CACHE_ALIGN double d;
char e;
double f;
};
The following table lists the offset of each member under a variety of /Zp (or #pragma pack) values, showing how the two interact.
Variable |
/Zp1 |
/Zp2 |
/Zp4 |
/Zp8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
a |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
b |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
c |
3 |
4 |
4 |
8 |
d |
32 |
32 |
32 |
32 |
e |
40 |
40 |
40 |
40 |
f |
41 |
42 |
44 |
48 |
sizeof(S) |
64 |
64 |
64 |
64 |
For more information, see /Zp (Struct Member Alignment).
The offset of an object is based on the offset of the previous object and the current packing setting, unless the object has a __declspec(align(#)) attribute, in which case the alignment is based on the offset of the previous object and the __declspec(align(#)) value for the object.