_exec, _wexec Functions

Each function in this family loads and executes a new process:

_execl, _wexecl	_execv, _wexecv
_execle, _wexecle	_execve, _wexecve
_execlp, _wexeclp	_execvp, _wexecvp
_execlpe, _wexeclpe	_execvpe, _wexecvpe

The letter at the end of the function name determines the variation.

_exec function suffix	Description
e	envp, array of pointers to environment settings, is passed to the new process.
l	Command-line arguments are passed individually to _exec function. Typically used when the number of parameters to the new process is known in advance.
p	PATH environment variable is used to find the file to execute.
v	argv, array of pointers to command-line arguments, is passed to _exec. Typically used when the number of parameters to the new process is variable.

Remarks

Each _exec function loads and executes a new process. All _exec functions use the same operating-system function (CreateProcess). The _exec functions automatically handle multibyte-character string arguments as appropriate, recognizing multibyte-character sequences according to the multibyte code page currently in use. The _wexec functions are wide-character versions of the _exec functions. The _wexec functions behave identically to their _exec family counterparts except that they do not handle multibyte-character strings.

Generic-Text Routine Mappings

Tchar.h routine	_UNICODE and _MBCS not defined	_MBCS defined	_UNICODE defined
_texecl	_execl	_execl	_wexecl
_texecle	_execle	_execle	_wexecle
_texeclp	_execlp	_execlp	_wexeclp
_texeclpe	_execlpe	_execlpe	_wexeclpe
_texecv	_execv	_execv	_wexecv
_texecve	_execve	_execve	_wexecve
_texecvp	_execvp	_execvp	_wexecvp
_texecvpe	_execvpe	_execvpe	_wexecvpe

The cmdname parameter specifies the file to be executed as the new process. It can specify a full path (from the root), a partial path (from the current working directory), or a file name. If cmdname does not have a file name extension or does not end with a period (.), the _exec function searches for the named file. If the search is unsuccessful, it tries the same base name with the .com file name extension and then with the .exe, .bat, and .cmd file name extensions. If cmdname has a file name extension, only that extension is used in the search. If cmdname ends with a period, the _exec function searches for cmdname with no file name extension. _execlp, _execlpe, _execvp, and _execvpe search for cmdname (using the same procedures) in the directories specified by the PATH environment variable. If cmdname contains a drive specifier or any slashes (that is, if it is a relative path), the _exec call searches only for the specified file; the path is not searched.

Parameters are passed to the new process by giving one or more pointers to character strings as parameters in the _exec call. These character strings form the parameter list for the new process. The combined length of the inherited environment settings and the strings forming the parameter list for the new process must not exceed 32 kilobytes. The terminating null character ('\0') for each string is not included in the count, but space characters (inserted automatically to separate the parameters) are counted.

Note

Spaces embedded in strings may cause unexpected behavior; for example, passing _exec the string "hi there" will result in the new process getting two arguments, "hi" and "there". If the intent was to have the new process open a file named "hi there", the process would fail. You can avoid this by quoting the string: "\"hi there\"".

Security Note
Do not pass user input to _exec without explicitly checking its content. _exec will result in a call to CreateProcess so keep in mind that unqualified path names could lead to potential security vulnerabilities.

The _exec functions validate their parameters. If expected parameters are null pointers, empty strings, or omitted, the _exec functions invoke the invalid parameter handler as described in Parameter Validation. If execution is allowed to continue, these functions set errno to EINVAL and return -1. No new process is executed.

The argument pointers can be passed as separate parameters (in _execl, _execle, _execlp, and _execlpe) or as an array of pointers (in _execv, _execve, _execvp, and _execvpe). At least one parameter, arg0, must be passed to the new process; this parameter is argv[0] of the new process. Usually, this parameter is a copy of cmdname. (A different value does not produce an error.)

The _execl, _execle, _execlp, and _execlpe calls are typically used when the number of parameters is known in advance. The parameter arg0 is usually a pointer to cmdname. The parameters arg1 through argn point to the character strings forming the new parameter list. A null pointer must follow argn to mark the end of the parameter list.

The _execv, _execve, _execvp, and _execvpe calls are useful when the number of parameters to the new process is variable. Pointers to the parameters are passed as an array, argv. The parameter argv[0] is usually a pointer to cmdname. The parameters argv[1] through argv[n] point to the character strings forming the new parameter list. The parameter argv[n+1] must be a NULL pointer to mark the end of the parameter list.

Files that are open when an _exec call is made remain open in the new process. In _execl, _execlp, _execv, and _execvp calls, the new process inherits the environment of the calling process. _execle, _execlpe, _execve, and _execvpe calls alter the environment for the new process by passing a list of environment settings through the envp parameter. envp is an array of character pointers, each element of which (except for the final element) points to a null-terminated string defining an environment variable. Such a string usually has the form NAME=value where NAME is the name of an environment variable and value is the string value to which that variable is set. (Note that value is not enclosed in double quotation marks.) The final element of the envp array should be NULL. When envp itself is NULL, the new process inherits the environment settings of the calling process.

A program executed with one of the _exec functions is always loaded into memory as if the maximum allocation field in the program's .exe file header were set to the default value of 0xFFFFH.

The _exec calls do not preserve the translation modes of open files. If the new process must use files inherited from the calling process, use the _setmode routine to set the translation mode of these files to the desired mode. You must explicitly flush (using fflush or _flushall) or close any stream before the _exec function call. Signal settings are not preserved in new processes that are created by calls to _exec routines. The signal settings are reset to the default in the new process.

Example

// crt_args.c
// Illustrates the following variables used for accessing
// command-line arguments and environment variables:
// argc  argv  envp
// This program will be executed by crt_exec which follows.


#include <stdio.h>

int main( int argc,  // Number of strings in array argv
 char *argv[],       // Array of command-line argument strings
 char **envp )       // Array of environment variable strings
{
    int count;

    // Display each command-line argument.
    printf( "\nCommand-line arguments:\n" );
    for( count = 0; count < argc; count++ )
        printf( "  argv[%d]   %s\n", count, argv[count] );

    // Display each environment variable. 
    printf( "\nEnvironment variables:\n" );
    while( *envp != NULL )
        printf( "  %s\n", *(envp++) );

    return;
}

Run the following program to execute Crt_args.exe:

// crt_exec.c
// Illustrates the different versions of exec, including
//      _execl          _execle          _execlp          _execlpe
//      _execv          _execve          _execvp          _execvpe
//
// Although CRT_EXEC.C can exec any program, you can verify how 
// different versions handle arguments and environment by 
// compiling and specifying the sample program CRT_ARGS.C. See 
// "_spawn, _wspawn Functions" for examples of the similar spawn 
// functions.


#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>

char *my_env[] =     // Environment for exec?e
{
   "THIS=environment will be",
   "PASSED=to new process by",
   "the EXEC=functions",
   NULL
};

int main( int ac, char* av[] )
{
   char *args[4];
   int ch;
   if( ac != 3 ){
      fprintf( stderr, "Usage: %s <program> <number (1-8)>\n", av[0] );
      return;
   }

   // Arguments for _execv? 
   args[0] = av[1];
   args[1] = "exec??";
   args[2] = "two";
   args[3] = NULL;

   switch( atoi( av[2] ) )
   {
   case 1:
      _execl( av[1], av[1], "_execl", "two", NULL );
      break;
   case 2:
      _execle( av[1], av[1], "_execle", "two", NULL, my_env );
      break;
   case 3:
      _execlp( av[1], av[1], "_execlp", "two", NULL );
      break;
   case 4:
      _execlpe( av[1], av[1], "_execlpe", "two", NULL, my_env );
      break;
   case 5:
      _execv( av[1], args );
      break;
   case 6:
      _execve( av[1], args, my_env );
      break;
   case 7:
      _execvp( av[1], args );
      break;
   case 8:
      _execvpe( av[1], args, my_env );
      break;
   default:
      break;
   }

   // This point is reached only if exec fails. 
   printf( "\nProcess was not execed." );
   exit( 0 );
}

.NET Framework Equivalent

• System::Diagnostics::Process Class

• System::Diagnostics::ProcessStartInfo Class

Header: process.h

See Also

Reference

Process and Environment Control

abort

atexit

exit, _exit

_onexit, _onexit_m

_spawn, _wspawn Functions

system, _wsystem