ATL Copy Policy Classes

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12/18/2017

The latest version of this topic can be found at ATL Copy Policy Classes.

Copy policy classes are utility classes used to initialize, copy, and delete data. Copy policy classes allow you to define copy semantics for any type of data, and to define conversions between different data types.

ATL uses copy policy classes in its implementations of the following templates:

By encapsulating the information needed to copy or convert data in a copy policy class that can be passed as a template argument, the ATL developers have provided for extreme reusability of these classes. For example, if you need to implement a collection using any arbitrary data type, all you need to provide is the appropriate copy policy; you never have to touch the code that implements the collection.

Definition

By definition, a class that provides the following static functions is a copy policy class:

static void init( DestinationType * p);

static HRESULT copy( DestinationType * pTo, const SourceType * pFrom);

static void destroy( DestinationType * p);

You can replace the types DestinationType and SourceType with arbitrary data types for each copy policy.

Note

Although you can define copy policy classes for any arbitrary data types, use of the classes in ATL code should limit the types that make sense. For example, when using a copy policy class with ATL's collection or enumerator implementations, DestinationType must be a type that can be used as a parameter in a COM interface method.

Use init to initialize data, copy to copy data, and destroy to free the data. The precise meaning of initialization, copying, and destruction are the domain of the copy policy class and will vary depending on the data types involved.

There are two requirements on the use and implementation of a copy policy class:

The first parameter to copy must only receive a pointer to data that you have previously initialized using init.
destroy must only ever receive a pointer to data that you have previously initialized using init or copied via copy.

Standard Implementations

ATL provides two copy policy classes in the form of the _Copy and _CopyInterface template classes:

The _Copy class allows homogeneous copying only (not conversion between data types) since it only offers a single template parameter to specify both DestinationType and SourceType. The generic implementation of this template contains no initialization or destruction code and uses memcpy to copy the data. ATL also provides specializations of _Copy for VARIANT, LPOLESTR, OLEVERB, and CONNECTDATA data types.
The _CopyInterface class provides an implementation for copying interface pointers following standard COM rules. Once again this class allows only homogeneous copying, so it uses simple assignment and a call to AddRef to perform the copy.

Custom Implementations

Typically, you'll need to define your own copy policy classes for heterogeneous copying (that is, conversion between data types). For some examples of custom copy policy classes, look at the files VCUE_Copy.h and VCUE_CopyString.h in the ATLCollections sample. These files contain two template copy policy classes, GenericCopy and MapCopy, plus a number of specializations of GenericCopy for different data types.

GenericCopy

GenericCopy allows you to specify the SourceType and DestinationType as template arguments. Here's the most general form of the GenericCopy class from VCUE_Copy.h:

   template <class DestinationType, class SourceType = DestinationType>
   class GenericCopy
   {
   public :
      typedef DestinationType   destination_type;
      typedef SourceType        source_type;

      static void init(destination_type* p)
      {
         _Copy<destination_type>::init(p);
      }
      static void destroy(destination_type* p)
      {
         _Copy<destination_type>::destroy(p);
      }
      static HRESULT copy(destination_type* pTo, const source_type* pFrom)
      {
         return _Copy<destination_type>::copy(pTo, const_cast<source_type*>(pFrom));
      }

   }; // class GenericCopy

VCUE_Copy.h also contains the following specializations of this class: GenericCopy<BSTR>, GenericCopy<VARIANT, BSTR>, GenericCopy<BSTR, VARIANT>. VCUE_CopyString.h contains specializations for copying from std::strings: GenericCopy<std::string>, GenericCopy<VARIANT, std::string>, and GenericCopy<BSTR, std::string>. You could enhance GenericCopy by providing further specializations of your own.

MapCopy

MapCopy assumes that the data being copied is stored into an STL-style map, so it allows you to specify the type of map in which the data is stored and the destination type. The implementation of the class just uses the typedefs supplied by the MapType class to determine the type of the source data and to call the appropriate GenericCopy class. No specializations of this class are needed.

   template <class MapType, class DestinationType = MapType::mapped_type>
   class MapCopy
   {
   public :
      typedef DestinationType               destination_type;
      typedef typename MapType::value_type  source_type;
      
      typedef MapType                       map_type;
      typedef typename MapType::mapped_type pseudosource_type;

      static void init(destination_type* p)
      {
         GenericCopy<destination_type, pseudosource_type>::init(p);
      }
      static void destroy(destination_type* p)
      {
         GenericCopy<destination_type, pseudosource_type>::destroy(p);
      }
      static HRESULT copy(destination_type* pTo, const source_type* pFrom)
      {
         return GenericCopy<destination_type, pseudosource_type>::copy(pTo, &(pFrom->second));
      }

   }; // class MapCopy

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