變更大綱 (C++/CLI)
這個大綱顯示從 Managed Extensions for C++ 升級為 Visual C++ 之後,語言中一些變更的範例。 如需詳細資訊,請遵循每個項目隨附的連結。
無雙底線關鍵字
所有關鍵字前面的雙底線都已移除,只有一個例外。 所以,__value 變成 value,而 __interface 變成 interface 等等。 若要避免使用者程式碼中的關鍵字與識別項之間出現名稱衝突,就要先將關鍵字視為內容。
如需詳細資訊,請參閱語言關鍵字 (C++/CLI)。
類別宣告
Managed Extensions 語法:
__gc class Block {}; // reference class
__value class Vector {}; // value class
__interface I {}; // interface class
__gc __abstract class Shape {}; // abstract class
__gc __sealed class Shape2D : public Shape {}; // derived class
新的語法:
ref class Block {}; // reference class
value class Vector {}; // value class
interface class I {}; // interface class
ref class Shape abstract {}; // abstract class
ref class Shape2D sealed: Shape{}; // derived class
如需詳細資訊,請參閱Managed 型別 (C++/CL)。
物件宣告
Managed Extensions 語法:
public __gc class Form1 : public System::Windows::Forms::Form {
private:
System::ComponentModel::Container __gc *components;
System::Windows::Forms::Button __gc *button1;
System::Windows::Forms::DataGrid __gc *myDataGrid;
System::Data::DataSet __gc *myDataSet;
};
新的語法:
public ref class Form1 : System::Windows::Forms::Form {
System::ComponentModel::Container^ components;
System::Windows::Forms::Button^ button1;
System::Windows::Forms::DataGrid^ myDataGrid;
System::Data::DataSet^ myDataSet;
};
如需詳細資訊,請參閱 CLR 參考類別物件的宣告。
Managed 堆積配置
Managed Extensions 語法:
Button* button1 = new Button; // managed heap
int *pi1 = new int; // native heap
Int32 *pi2 = new Int32; // managed heap
新的語法:
Button^ button1 = gcnew Button; // managed heap
int * pi1 = new int; // native heap
Int32^ pi2 = gcnew Int32; // managed heap
如需詳細資訊,請參閱 CLR 參考類別物件的宣告。
No 物件的追蹤參考
Managed Extensions 語法:
// OK: we set obj to refer to no object
Object * obj = 0;
// Error: no implicit boxing
Object * obj2 = 1;
新的語法:
// Incorrect Translation
// causes the implicit boxing of both 0 and 1
Object ^ obj = 0;
Object ^ obj2 = 1;
// Correct Translation
// OK: we set obj to refer to no object
Object ^ obj = nullptr;
// OK: we initialize obj2 to an Int32^
Object ^ obj2 = 1;
如需詳細資訊,請參閱 CLR 參考類別物件的宣告。
陣列宣告
CLR 陣列已重新設計。 它類似 stl vector 範本集合,但是會對應至基礎 System::Array 類別,也就是說,它不是範本實作。
如需詳細資訊,請參閱 CLR 陣列的宣告。
將陣列當做參數
Managed Extensions 陣列語法:
void PrintValues( Object* myArr __gc[]);
void PrintValues( int myArr __gc[,,]);
新的陣列語法:
void PrintValues( array<Object^>^ myArr );
void PrintValues( array<int,3>^ myArr );
將陣列當做傳回型別
Managed Extensions 陣列語法:
Int32 f() [];
int GetArray() __gc[];
新的陣列語法:
array<Int32>^ f();
array<int>^ GetArray();
本機 CLR 陣列的縮寫初始化
Managed Extensions 陣列語法:
int GetArray() __gc[] {
int a1 __gc[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
Object* myObjArray __gc[] = { __box(26), __box(27), __box(28),
__box(29), __box(30) };
return a1;
}
新的陣列語法:
array<int>^ GetArray() {
array<int>^ a1 = {1,2,3,4,5};
array<Object^>^ myObjArray = {26,27,28,29,30};
return a1;
}
明確的 CLR 陣列宣告
Managed Extensions 陣列語法:
Object* myArray[] = new Object*[2];
String* myMat[,] = new String*[4,4];
新的陣列語法:
array<Object^>^ myArray = gcnew array<Object^>(2);
array<String^,2>^ myMat = gcnew array<String^,2>(4,4);
新加入語言:在 gcnew 之後的明確陣列初始化
// explicit initialization list follow gcnew
// is not supported in Managed Extensions
array<Object^>^ myArray =
gcnew array<Object^>(4){ 1, 1, 2, 3 };
純量屬性
Managed Extensions 屬性語法:
public __gc __sealed class Vector {
double _x;
public:
__property double get_x(){ return _x; }
__property void set_x( double newx ){ _x = newx; }
};
新的屬性語法:
public ref class Vector sealed {
double _x;
public:
property double x
{
double get() { return _x; }
void set( double newx ){ _x = newx; }
} // Note: no semi-colon …
};
新加入語言:trivial 屬性
public ref class Vector sealed {
public:
// equivalent shorthand property syntax
// backing store is not accessible
property double x;
};
如需詳細資訊,請參閱屬性宣告。
索引屬性
Managed Extensions 索引屬性語法:
public __gc class Matrix {
float mat[,];
public:
__property void set_Item( int r, int c, float value) { mat[r,c] = value; }
__property int get_Item( int r, int c ) { return mat[r,c]; }
};
新的索引屬性語法:
public ref class Matrix {
array<float, 2>^ mat;
public:
property float Item [int,int] {
float get( int r, int c ) { return mat[r,c]; }
void set( int r, int c, float value ) { mat[r,c] = value; }
}
};
新加入語言:類別層級索引屬性
public ref class Matrix {
array<float, 2>^ mat;
public:
// ok: class level indexer now
// Matrix mat;
// mat[ 0, 0 ] = 1;
//
// invokes the set accessor of the default indexer
property float default [int,int] {
float get( int r, int c ) { return mat[r,c]; }
void set( int r, int c, float value ) { mat[r,c] = value; }
}
};
如需詳細資訊,請參閱屬性索引宣告。
多載運算子
Managed Extensions 運算子多載語法:
public __gc __sealed class Vector {
public:
Vector( double x, double y, double z );
static bool op_Equality( const Vector*, const Vector* );
static Vector* op_Division( const Vector*, double );
};
int main() {
Vector *pa = new Vector( 0.231, 2.4745, 0.023 );
Vector *pb = new Vector( 1.475, 4.8916, -1.23 );
Vector *pc = Vector::op_Division( pa, 4.8916 );
if ( Vector::op_Equality( pa, pc ))
;
}
新的運算子多載語法:
public ref class Vector sealed {
public:
Vector( double x, double y, double z );
static bool operator ==( const Vector^, const Vector^ );
static Vector^ operator /( const Vector^, double );
};
int main() {
Vector^ pa = gcnew Vector( 0.231, 2.4745, 0.023 );
Vector^ pb = gcnew Vector( 1.475, 4.8916, -1.23 );
Vector^ pc = pa / 4.8916;
if ( pc == pa )
;
}
如需詳細資訊,請參閱多載運算子。
轉換運算子
Managed Extensions 轉換運算子語法:
__gc struct MyDouble {
static MyDouble* op_Implicit( int i );
static int op_Explicit( MyDouble* val );
static String* op_Explicit( MyDouble* val );
};
新的轉換運算子語法:
ref struct MyDouble {
public:
static operator MyDouble^ ( int i );
static explicit operator int ( MyDouble^ val );
static explicit operator String^ ( MyDouble^ val );
};
如需詳細資訊,請參閱轉換運算子的變更。
介面成員的明確覆寫
Managed Extensions 明確覆寫語法:
public __gc class R : public ICloneable {
// to be used through ICloneable
Object* ICloneable::Clone();
// to be used through an R
R* Clone();
};
新的明確覆寫語法:
public ref class R : public ICloneable {
// to be used through ICloneable
virtual Object^ InterfaceClone() = ICloneable::Clone;
// to be used through an R
virtual R^ Clone();
};
如需詳細資訊,請參閱介面成員的明確覆寫。
私用虛擬函式
Managed Extensions 私用虛擬函式語法:
__gc class Base {
private:
// inaccessible to a derived class
virtual void g();
};
__gc class Derived : public Base {
public:
// ok: g() overrides Base::g()
virtual void g();
};
新的私用虛擬函式語法
ref class Base {
private:
// inaccessible to a derived class
virtual void g();
};
ref class Derived : public Base {
public:
// error: cannot override: Base::g() is inaccessible
virtual void g() override;
};
如需詳細資訊,請參閱私用虛擬函式。
CLR 列舉型別
Managed Extensions 列舉語法:
__value enum e1 { fail, pass };
public __value enum e2 : unsigned short {
not_ok = 1024,
maybe, ok = 2048
};
新的列舉語法:
enum class e1 { fail, pass };
public enum class e2 : unsigned short {
not_ok = 1024,
maybe, ok = 2048
};
除了這個小小的語法變更以外,CLR 列舉型別的行為在不同方面也有所變更:
不再支援 CLR 列舉的向前宣告。
內建算術型別和 Object 類別階層之間的多載解析,已於 Managed Extensions 和 Visual C++ 之間回復。 副作用是,CLR 列舉無法再隱含地轉換成算術型別。
在新語法中,CLR 列舉會維護本身的範圍,但在 Managed Extensions 則不是如此。 先前,列舉值在列舉的包含範圍中是可見的;而現在,列舉值在列舉範圍內是封裝的。
如需詳細資訊,請參閱 CLR 列舉型別。
移除 __box 關鍵字
Managed Extensions Boxing 語法:
Object *o = __box( 1024 ); // explicit boxing
新的 Boxing 語法:
Object ^o = 1024; // implicit boxing
如需詳細資訊,請參閱 Boxed 值的追蹤控制代碼。
Pin 指標
Managed Extensions Pin 指標語法:
__gc struct H { int j; };
int main() {
H * h = new H;
int __pin * k = & h -> j;
};
新的 Pin 指標語法:
ref struct H { int j; };
int main() {
H^ h = gcnew H;
pin_ptr<int> k = &h->j;
}
如需詳細資訊,請參閱實值型別語意。
__typeof 關鍵字變成 typeid
Managed Extensions typeof 語法:
Array* myIntArray =
Array::CreateInstance( __typeof(Int32), 5 );
新的 typeid 語法:
Array^ myIntArray =
Array::CreateInstance( Int32::typeid, 5 );
如需詳細資訊,請參閱 typeof 變成 T::typeid。