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How to use RevoScaleR with Hadoop

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Important

This content is being retired and may not be updated in the future. The support for Machine Learning Server will end on July 1, 2022. For more information, see What's happening to Machine Learning Server?

This guide is an introduction to using the RevoScaleR functions in an Apache Hadoop distributed computing environment. RevoScaleR functions offer scalable and extremely high-performance data management, analysis, and visualization. Hadoop provides a distributed file system and a MapReduce framework for distributed computation. This guide focuses on using ScaleR’s big data capabilities with MapReduce.

While this guide is not a Hadoop tutorial, no prior experience in Hadoop is required to complete the tutorial. If you can connect to your Hadoop cluster, this guide walks you through the rest.

Note

The RxHadoopMR compute context for Hadoop MapReduce is deprecated. We recommend using RxSpark as a replacement. For guidance, see How to use RevoScaleR in a Spark compute context.

Data Sources and Functions Supported in Hadoop

The RevoScaleR package provides a set of portable, scalable, distributable data analysis functions. Many functions are platform-agnostic; others are exclusive to the computing context, leveraging platform-specific capabilities for tasks like file management.

To perform an analysis using RevoScaleR functions, the user specifies three distinct pieces of information: where the computations should take place (the compute context), the data to use (the data source), and what analysis to perform (the analysis function).

This section briefly summarizes how functions are used. For a comprehensive list of functions for the Hadoop compute context, see RevoScaleR Functions for Hadoop.

Compute Context and Supported Data Sources

The Hadoop compute context is established through RxHadoopMR, where the following two types of data sources can be used: a comma-delimited text data source (see RxTextData) and an efficient XDF data file format (see RxXdfData). In RevoScaleR, the XDF file format is modified for Hadoop to store data in a composite set of files rather than a single file. Both of these data sources can be used with the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS).

Data Manipulation and Computations

The data manipulation and computation functions in RevoScaleR are appropriate for small and large datasets, but are useful for these scenarios:

  • Analyze data sets that are too large to fit in memory.
  • Perform computations distributed over several cores, processors, or nodes in a cluster.
  • Create scalable data analysis routines that can be developed locally with smaller data sets, then deployed to larger data and/or a cluster of computers.

These scenarios are ideal candidates for RevoScaleR because RevoScaleR is based on the concept of operating on chunks of data and using updating algorithms.

High Performance Analysis (HPA)

HPA functions in RevoScaleR do the heavy lifting in terms of data science. Most HPA functions are portable across multiple computing platforms, including Windows and RedHat Linux workstations and servers, and distributed computing platforms such as Hadoop. You can do exploratory analysis on your laptop, then deploy the same analytics code on a Hadoop cluster. The underlying RevoScaleR code handles the distribution of the computations across cores and nodes automatically.

How RevoScaleR distributes jobs in Hadoop

On Hadoop, the RevoScaleR analysis functions go through the following steps:

  • A master process is initiated to run the main thread of the algorithm.
  • The master process initiates a MapReduce job to make a pass through the data.
  • The mapper produces “intermediate results objects” for each task processing a chunk of data. These are combined using a combiner and then a reducer.
  • The master process examines the results. For iterative algorithms, it decides if another pass through the data is required. If so, it initiates another MapReduce job and repeats.
  • When complete, the final results are computed and returned.

When running on Hadoop, the RevoScaleR analysis functions process data contained in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). HDFS data can also be accessed directly from RevoScaleR, without performing the computations within the Hadoop framework. An example is provided further on, in Using a Local Compute Context with HDFS Data.

Tutorial steps

This tutorial introduces several high-performance analytics features of RevoScaleR using data stored on your Hadoop cluster and these tasks:

  1. Start Machine Learning Server.
  2. Create a compute context for Hadoop.
  3. Copy a data set into the Hadoop Distributed File System.
  4. Create a data source.
  5. Summarize your data.
  6. Fit a linear model to the data.

Check versions

Supported distributions of Hadoop are listed in Supported platforms. For setup instructions, see Install Machine Learning Server on Hadoop.

You can confirm the server version by typing print(Revo.version).

Download sample data

Sample data is required when you intend to follow the steps. The tutorial uses the Airline 2012 On-Time Data Set, a set of 12 comma-separated files containing information on flight arrival and departure details for all commercial flights within the USA, for the year 2012. This is a big data set with over six million observations.

This tutorial also uses the AirlineDemoSmall.csv file from the RevoScaleR SampleData directory.

You can obtain both data sets online.

Start Revo64

Machine Learning Server for Hadoop runs on Linux. On Linux hosts in a Hadoop cluster, start server session by typing Revo64 at the shell prompt.

[<username>]$ cd MRSLinux90
[<username> MRSLinux90]$ Revo64

You see a > prompt, indicating an Revo64 session, and the ability to issue RevoScaleR commands, including commands that set up the compute context.

Create a compute context

A compute context specifies the computing resources to be used by ScaleR’s distributable computing functions. In this tutorial, we focus on using the nodes of the Hadoop cluster (internally via MapReduce) as the computing resources. In defining your compute context, you may have to specify different parameters depending on whether commands are issued from a node of your cluster or from a client accessing the cluster remotely.

Define a Compute Context on the Cluster

On a node of the Hadoop cluster (which may be an edge node), define a Hadoop MapReduce compute context using default values:

$ myHadoopCluster <- RxHadoopMR()

Note

The default settings include a specification of /var/RevoShare/$USER as the shareDir and /user/RevoShare/$USER as the hdfsShareDir. These are the default locations for writing various files on the cluster’s local file system and HDFS file system, respectively. These directories must be writable for your cluster jobs to succeed. You must either create these directories or specify suitable writable directories for these parameters. If you are working on a node of the cluster, the default specifications for the shared directories are:

myShareDir = paste( "/var/RevoShare", Sys.info()[["user"]],
	sep="/" )
myHdfsShareDir = paste( "/user/RevoShare", Sys.info()[["user"]],
	sep="/" )

You can have many compute context objects but only one is active at any one time. To specify the active compute context, use the rxSetComputeContext function:

> rxSetComputeContext(myHadoopCluster)

Define a Compute Context on a High-Availability Cluster

If you are running on a Hadoop cluster configured for high-availability, you must specify the node providing the name service using the nameNode argument to RxHadoopMR, and also specify the Hadoop port with the port argument:

myHadoopCluster <- RxHadoopMR(nameNode = "my-name-service-server",
	port = 8020)

Use Machine Learning Server as a Hadoop Client

If you are running Machine Learning Server from Linux or from a Windows computer equipped with PuTTY and/or both the Cygwin shell and Cygwin OpenSSH packages, you can create a compute context that runs RevoScaleR functions from your local client in a distributed fashion on your Hadoop cluster. You use RxHadoopMR to create the compute context, but use additional arguments to specify your user name, the file-sharing directory where you have read and write access, the publicly facing host name, or IP address of your Hadoop cluster’s name node or an edge node that run the master processes, and any additional switches to pass to the ssh command (such as the -i flag if you are using a pem or ppk file for authentication, or -p to specify a non-standard ssh port number). For example:

mySshUsername <- "user1"
#public facing cluster IP address
mySshHostname <- "12.345.678.90"
mySshSwitches <- "-i /home/yourName/user1.pem" #See NOTE below
myShareDir <- paste("/var/RevoShare", mySshUsername, sep ="/")
myHdfsShareDir <- paste("/user/RevoShare",mySshUsername, sep="/")

myHadoopCluster <- RxHadoopMR(
	hdfsShareDir = myHdfsShareDir,
	shareDir     = myShareDir,
	sshUsername  = mySshUsername,
	sshHostname  = mySshHostname,
	sshSwitches  = mySshSwitches)

Note

if you are using a pem or ppk file for authentication the permissions of the file must be modified to ensure that only the owner has full read and write access (that is, chmod go-rwx user1.pem).

If you are using PuTTY, you may incorporate the publicly facing host name and any authentication requirements into a PuTTY saved session, and use the name of that saved session as the sshHostname. For example:

mySshUsername <- "user1"
#name of PuTTY saved session
mySshHostname <- "myCluster"
myShareDir <- paste("/var/RevoShare", mySshUsername, sep ="/")
myHdfsShareDir <- paste("/user/RevoShare",mySshUsername, sep="/")

myHadoopCluster <- RxHadoopMR(
	hdfsShareDir = myHdfsShareDir,
	shareDir     = myShareDir,
	sshUsername = mySshUsername,
	sshHostname = mySshHostname)

The preceding assumes that the directory containing the ssh and scp commands (Linux/Cygwin) or plink and pscp commands (PuTTY) is in your path (or that the Cygwin installer has stored its directory in the Windows registry). If not, you can specify the location of these files using the sshClientDir argument:

myHadoopCluster <- RxHadoopMR(
	hdfsShareDir = myHdfsShareDir,
	shareDir     = myShareDir,
	sshUsername = mySshUsername,
	sshHostname = mySshHostname,
	sshClientDir = "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\PuTTY")

In some cases, you may find that environment variables needed by Hadoop are not set in the remote sessions run on the sshHostname computer. This may be because a different profile or startup script is being read on ssh login. You can specify the appropriate profile script by specifying the sshProfileScript argument to RxHadoopMR; this should be an absolute path:

myHadoopCluster <- RxHadoopMR(
	hdfsShareDir = myHdfsShareDir,
	shareDir     = myShareDir,
	sshUsername  = mySshUsername,
	sshHostname  = mySshHostname,
	sshProfileScript = "/home/user1/.bash_profile",
	sshSwitches  = mySshSwitches)

Now that you have defined your compute context, make it the active compute context using the rxSetComputeContext function:

rxSetComputeContext(myHadoopCluster)

Copy a data file

For our first explorations, we work with one of RevoScaleR’s built-in data sets, AirlineDemoSmall.csv. This is part of the standard Machine Learning Server distribution. You can verify that it is on your local system as follows:

file.exists(system.file("SampleData/AirlineDemoSmall.csv",
	package="RevoScaleR"))
[1] TRUE

To use this file in our distributed computations, it must first be copied to HDFS. For our examples, we make extensive use of the HDFS shared director, /share:

bigDataDirRoot <- "/share" # HDFS location of the example data

First, check to see what directories and files are already in your shared file directory. You can use the rxHadoopListFiles function, which will automatically check your active compute context for information:

rxHadoopListFiles(bigDataDirRoot)

If the AirlineDemoSmall subdirectory does not exist and you have write permission, you can use the following functions to copy the data there:

source <-system.file("SampleData/AirlineDemoSmall.csv",
	package="RevoScaleR")
inputDir <- file.path(bigDataDirRoot,"AirlineDemoSmall")
rxHadoopMakeDir(inputDir)
rxHadoopCopyFromLocal(source, inputDir)

We can then verify that it exists as follows:

rxHadoopListFiles(inputDir)

Create a data source

We create a data source using this file, specifying that it is on the Hadoop Distributed File System. We first create a file system object that uses the default values:

hdfsFS <- RxHdfsFileSystem()

The input .csv file uses the letter M to represent missing values, rather than the default NA, so we specify this with the missingValueString argument. We will explicitly set the factor levels for DayOfWeek in the desired order using the colInfo argument:

colInfo <- list(DayOfWeek = list(type = "factor",
	levels = c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday",
	"Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday")))

airDS <- RxTextData(file = inputDir, missingValueString = "M",
	colInfo  = colInfo, fileSystem = hdfsFS)

Summarize data

Use the rxSummary function to obtain descriptive statistics for your data. The rxSummary function takes a formula as its first argument, and the name of the data set as the second.

adsSummary <- rxSummary(~ArrDelay+CRSDepTime+DayOfWeek,
	data = airDS)
adsSummary

Summary statistics are computed on the variables in the formula, removing missing values for all rows in the included variables:

Call:
rxSummary(formula = ~ArrDelay + CRSDepTime + DayOfWeek, data = airDS)
Summary Statistics Results for: ~ArrDelay + CRSDepTime + DayOfWeek
Data: airDS (RxTextData Data Source)
File name: /share/AirlineDemoSmall
Number of valid observations: 6e+05

	Name       Mean     StdDev    Min        Max        ValidObs MissingObs
	ArrDelay   11.31794 40.688536 -86.000000 1490.00000 582628   17372     
	CRSDepTime 13.48227  4.697566   0.016667   23.98333 600000       0     

Category Counts for DayOfWeek
Number of categories: 7
Number of valid observations: 6e+05
Number of missing observations: 0

	DayOfWeek Counts
	Monday    97975
	Tuesday   77725
	Wednesday 78875
	Thursday  81304
	Friday    82987
	Saturday  86159
	Sunday    94975

Notice that the summary information shows cell counts for categorical variables, and appropriately does not provide summary statistics such as Mean and StdDev. Also notice that the Call: line shows the actual call you entered or the call provided by summary, so will appear differently in different circumstances.

You can also compute summary information by one or more categories by using interactions of a numeric variable with a factor variable. For example, to compute summary statistics on Arrival Delay by Day of Week:

rxSummary(~ArrDelay:DayOfWeek, data = airDS)

The output shows the summary statistics for ArrDelay for each day of the week:

Call:
rxSummary(formula = ~ArrDelay:DayOfWeek, data = airDS)

Summary Statistics Results for: ~ArrDelay:DayOfWeek
Data: airDS (RxTextData Data Source)
File name: /share/AirlineDemoSmall
Number of valid observations: 6e+05

	Name               Mean     StdDev   Min Max  ValidObs MissingObs
	ArrDelay:DayOfWeek 11.31794 40.68854 -86 1490 582628   17372     

Statistics by category (7 categories):
	Category                         DayOfWeek Means    StdDev  Min Max ValidObs
	ArrDelay for DayOfWeek=Monday    Monday    12.025604 40.02463 -76 1017 95298   
	ArrDelay for DayOfWeek=Tuesday   Tuesday   11.293808 43.66269 -70 1143 74011   
	ArrDelay for DayOfWeek=Wednesday Wednesday 10.156539 39.58803 -81 1166 76786   
	ArrDelay for DayOfWeek=Thursday  Thursday   8.658007 36.74724 -58 1053 79145   
	ArrDelay for DayOfWeek=Friday    Friday    14.804335 41.79260 -78 1490 80142   
	ArrDelay for DayOfWeek=Saturday  Saturday  11.875326 45.24540 -73 1370 83851   
	ArrDelay for DayOfWeek=Sunday    Sunday    10.331806 37.33348 -86 1202 93395

Use a local compute context

At times, it may be more efficient to perform smaller computations on the local node rather than using MapReduce. You can easily do this, accessing the same data from the HDFS file system. When working with the local compute context, you need to specify the name of a specific data file. The same basic code is then used to run the analysis; change the compute context to a local context. (this will not work if you are accessing the Hadoop cluster via a client.)

rxSetComputeContext("local")
inputFile <-file.path(bigDataDirRoot,"AirlineDemoSmall/AirlineDemoSmall.csv")
airDSLocal <- RxTextData(file = inputFile,
	missingValueString = "M",
	colInfo  = colInfo, fileSystem = hdfsFS)
adsSummary <- rxSummary(~ArrDelay+CRSDepTime+DayOfWeek,
	data = airDSLocal)
adsSummary

The results are the same as doing the computations across the nodes with the Hadoop MapReduce compute context:

Call:
rxSummary(formula = ~ArrDelay + CRSDepTime + DayOfWeek, data = airDS)

Summary Statistics Results for: ~ArrDelay + CRSDepTime + DayOfWeek
Data: airDS (RxTextData Data Source)
File name: /share/AirlineDemoSmall/AirlineDemoSmall.csv
Number of valid observations: 6e+05

	Name       Mean     StdDev    Min        Max        ValidObs MissingObs
	ArrDelay   11.31794 40.688536 -86.000000 1490.00000 582628   17372
	CRSDepTime 13.48227  4.697566   0.016667   23.98333 600000       0

Category Counts for DayOfWeek
Number of categories: 7
Number of valid observations: 6e+05
Number of missing observations: 0

	DayOfWeek Counts
	Monday    97975
	Tuesday   77725
	Wednesday 78875
	Thursday  81304
	Friday    82987
	Saturday  86159
	Sunday    94975

Now set the compute context back to the Hadoop cluster for further analyses:

rxSetComputeContext(myHadoopCluster)

Fitting a linear model

Use the rxLinMod function to fit a linear model using your airDS data source. Use a single dependent variable, the factor DayOfWeek:

arrDelayLm1 <- rxLinMod(ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek, data = airDS)
summary(arrDelayLm1)

The resulting output is:

Call:
rxLinMod(formula = ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek, data = airDS)

Linear Regression Results for: ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek
Data: airDS (RxTextData Data Source)
File name: /share/AirlineDemoSmall
Dependent variable(s): ArrDelay
Total independent variables: 8 (Including number dropped: 1)
Number of valid observations: 582628
Number of missing observations: 17372

Coefficients: (1 not defined because of singularities)
					Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept)          10.3318     0.1330  77.673 2.22e-16 ***
DayOfWeek=Monday      1.6938     0.1872   9.049 2.22e-16 ***
DayOfWeek=Tuesday     0.9620     0.2001   4.809 1.52e-06 ***
DayOfWeek=Wednesday  -0.1753     0.1980  -0.885    0.376    
DayOfWeek=Thursday   -1.6738     0.1964  -8.522 2.22e-16 ***
DayOfWeek=Friday      4.4725     0.1957  22.850 2.22e-16 ***
DayOfWeek=Saturday    1.5435     0.1934   7.981 2.22e-16 ***
DayOfWeek=Sunday     Dropped    Dropped Dropped  Dropped    
---
Signif. codes:  0 `***` 0.001 `**` 0.01 `*` 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 40.65 on 582621 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.001869
Adjusted R-squared: 0.001858
F-statistic: 181.8 on 6 and 582621 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

Create a non-waiting compute context

When running all but the shortest analyses in Hadoop, it can be convenient to let Hadoop do its processing while returning control of your R session to you immediately. You can do this by specifying wait = FALSE in your compute context definition. By using our existing compute context as the first argument, all of the other settings will be carried over to the new compute context:

myHadoopNoWaitCluster <- RxHadoopMR(myHadoopCluster, wait = FALSE)
rxSetComputeContext(myHadoopNoWaitCluster)

After you have set your compute context to non-waiting, distributed RevoScaleR functions return relatively quickly with a jobInfo object, which you can use to track the progress of your job, and, when the job is complete, obtain the results of the job. For example, we can rerun our linear model in the non-waiting case as follows:

job1 <- rxLinMod(ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek, data = airDS)
rxGetJobStatus(job1)

Right after submission, the job status will typically return "running". When the job status returns "finished", you can obtain the results using rxGetJobResults as follows:

arrDelayLm1 <- rxGetJobResults(job1)
summary(arrDelayLm1)

You should always assign the jobInfo object so that you can easily track your work, but if you forget, the most recent jobInfo object is saved in the global environment as the object rxgLastPendingJob. (By default, after you’ve retrieved your job results, the results are removed from the cluster. To have your job results remain, set the autoCleanup argument to FALSE in RxHadoopMR.)

If after submitting a job in a non-waiting compute context, you decide you don’t want to complete the job, you can cancel the job using the rxCancelJob function:

job2 <- rxLinMod(ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek, data = airDS)
rxCancelJob(job2)

The rxCancelJob function returns TRUE if the job is successfully canceled, FALSE otherwise.

For the remainder of this tutorial, we return to a waiting compute context:

rxSetComputeContext(myHadoopCluster)

Analyze a Large Data Set

Set up the sample airline dataset

We will now move to examples using a more recent version of the airline data set. The airline on-time data has been gathered by the Department of Transportation since 1987. The data through 2008 was used in the American Statistical Association Data Expo in 2009 (http://stat-computing.org/dataexpo/2009/). ASA describes the data set as follows:

The data consists of flight arrival and departure details for all commercial flights within the USA, from October 1987 to April 2008. This is a large dataset: there are nearly 120 million records in total, and takes up 1.6 gigabytes of space compressed and 12 gigabytes when uncompressed.

The airline on-time data set for 2012, consisting of 12 separate CSV files, is available online. We assume you have uploaded them to the /tmp directory on your name node (although any directory visible as a native file system directory from the name node works.)

As before, our first step is to copy the data into HDFS. We specify the location of your Hadoop-stored data for the airDataDir variable:

airDataDir <- file.path(bigDataDirRoot,"/airOnTime12/CSV")
rxHadoopMakeDir(airDataDir)
rxHadoopCopyFromLocal("/tmp/airOT2012*.csv", airDataDir)

The original CSV files have rather unwieldy variable names, so we supply a colInfo list to make them more manageable (we won’t use all of these variables in this manual, but you use the data sources created in this manual as you continue to explore distributed computing in the RevoScaleR Distributed Computing Guide:

airlineColInfo <- list(
		MONTH = list(newName = "Month", type = "integer"),
	DAY_OF_WEEK = list(newName = "DayOfWeek", type = "factor",
		levels = as.character(1:7),
		newLevels = c("Mon", "Tues", "Wed", "Thur", "Fri", "Sat",
						"Sun")),
	UNIQUE_CARRIER = list(newName = "UniqueCarrier", type =
							"factor"),
	ORIGIN = list(newName = "Origin", type = "factor"),
	DEST = list(newName = "Dest", type = "factor"),
	CRS_DEP_TIME = list(newName = "CRSDepTime", type = "integer"),
	DEP_TIME = list(newName = "DepTime", type = "integer"),
	DEP_DELAY = list(newName = "DepDelay", type = "integer"),
	DEP_DELAY_NEW = list(newName = "DepDelayMinutes", type =
							"integer"),
	DEP_DEL15 = list(newName = "DepDel15", type = "logical"),
	DEP_DELAY_GROUP = list(newName = "DepDelayGroups", type =
							"factor",
		levels = as.character(-2:12),
		newLevels = c("< -15", "-15 to -1","0 to 14", "15 to 29",
						"30 to 44", "45 to 59", "60 to 74",
						"75 to 89", "90 to 104", "105 to 119",
						"120 to 134", "135 to 149", "150 to 164",
						"165 to 179", ">= 180")),
	ARR_DELAY = list(newName = "ArrDelay", type = "integer"),
	ARR_DELAY_NEW = list(newName = "ArrDelayMinutes", type =
							"integer"),  
	ARR_DEL15 = list(newName = "ArrDel15", type = "logical"),
	AIR_TIME = list(newName = "AirTime", type =  "integer"),
	DISTANCE = list(newName = "Distance", type = "integer"),
	DISTANCE_GROUP = list(newName = "DistanceGroup", type =
							"factor",
		levels = as.character(1:11),
		newLevels = c("< 250", "250-499", "500-749", "750-999",
			"1000-1249", "1250-1499", "1500-1749", "1750-1999",
			"2000-2249", "2250-2499", ">= 2500")))

varNames <- names(airlineColInfo)

We create a data source using these definitions as follows:

hdfsFS <- RxHdfsFileSystem()
bigAirDS <- RxTextData( airDataDir,
						colInfo = airlineColInfo,
						varsToKeep = varNames,
						fileSystem = hdfsFS )

Estimate a linear model with a big data set

We fit our first model to the large airline data much as we created the linear model for the AirlineDemoSmall data, and we time it to see how long it takes to fit the model on this large data set:

system.time(
		delayArr <- rxLinMod(ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek, data = bigAirDS,
			cube = TRUE)
)

To see a summary of your results:

print(
		summary(delayArr)
)

You should see the following results:

Call:
rxLinMod(formula = ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek, data = bigAirDS, cube = TRUE)

Cube Linear Regression Results for: ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek
Data: bigAirDS (RxTextData Data Source)
File name: /share/airOnTime12/CSV
Dependent variable(s): ArrDelay
Total independent variables: 7
Number of valid observations: 6005381
Number of missing observations: 91381

Coefficients:
				Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)     | Counts
DayOfWeek=Mon   3.54210    0.03736   94.80 2.22e-16 *** | 901592
DayOfWeek=Tues  1.80696    0.03835   47.12 2.22e-16 *** | 855805
DayOfWeek=Wed   2.19424    0.03807   57.64 2.22e-16 *** | 868505
DayOfWeek=Thur  4.65502    0.03757  123.90 2.22e-16 *** | 891674
DayOfWeek=Fri   5.64402    0.03747  150.62 2.22e-16 *** | 896495
DayOfWeek=Sat   0.91008    0.04144   21.96 2.22e-16 *** | 732944
DayOfWeek=Sun   2.82780    0.03829   73.84 2.22e-16 *** | 858366
---

Signif. codes:  0 `***` 0.001 `**` 0.01 `*` 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 35.48 on 6005374 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.001827 (as if intercept included)
Adjusted R-squared: 0.001826
F-statistic:  1832 on 6 and 6005374 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
Condition number: 1

Notice that the results indicate we have processed all the data, six million observations, using all the .csv files in the specified directory. Notice also that because we specified cube = TRUE, we have an estimated coefficient for each day of the week (and not the intercept).

Import data as composite XDF files

As we have seen, you can analyze CSV files directly with RevoScaleR on Hadoop, but the analysis can be done more quickly if the data is stored in a more efficient format. The RevoScaleR .xdf format is efficient, but is modified somewhat for HDFS so that individual files remain within a single HDFS block. (The HDFS block size varies from installation to installation but is typically either 64 MB or 128 MB.) When you use rxImport on Hadoop, you specify an RxTextData data source such as bigAirDS as the inData and an RxXdfData data source with fileSystem set to an HDFS file system as the outFile argument to create a set of composite .xdf files. The RxXdfData object can then be used as the data argument in subsequent RevoScaleR analyses.

For our airline data, we define our RxXdfData object as follows (the second “user” should be replaced by your actual user name on the Hadoop cluster):

bigAirXdfName <- "/user/RevoShare/user/AirlineOnTime2012"
airData <- RxXdfData( bigAirXdfName,
						fileSystem = hdfsFS )

We set a block size of 250000 rows and specify that we read all the data by specifying

numRowsToRead = -1:
blockSize <- 250000
numRowsToRead = -1

We then import the data using rxImport:

rxImport(inData = bigAirDS,
			outFile = airData,
			rowsPerRead = blockSize,
			overwrite = TRUE,
			numRows = numRowsToRead )

Estimate a linear model using composite XDF files

Now we can re-estimate the same linear model, using the new, faster data source:

system.time(
		delayArr <- rxLinMod(ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek, data = airData,
			cube = TRUE)
)

To see a summary of your results:

print(
		summary(delayArr)
)

You should see the following results (which should match the results we found for the CSV files preceding):

Call:
rxLinMod(formula = ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek, data = airData, cube = TRUE)

Cube Linear Regression Results for: ArrDelay ~ DayOfWeek
Data: airData (RxXdfData Data Source)
File name: /user/RevoShare/v7alpha/AirlineOnTime2012
Dependent variable(s): ArrDelay
Total independent variables: 7
Number of valid observations: 6005381
Number of missing observations: 91381

Coefficients:
				Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)     | Counts
DayOfWeek=Mon   3.54210    0.03736   94.80 2.22e-16 *** | 901592
DayOfWeek=Tues  1.80696    0.03835   47.12 2.22e-16 *** | 855805
DayOfWeek=Wed   2.19424    0.03807   57.64 2.22e-16 *** | 868505
DayOfWeek=Thur  4.65502    0.03757  123.90 2.22e-16 *** | 891674
DayOfWeek=Fri   5.64402    0.03747  150.62 2.22e-16 *** | 896495
DayOfWeek=Sat   0.91008    0.04144   21.96 2.22e-16 *** | 732944
DayOfWeek=Sun   2.82780    0.03829   73.84 2.22e-16 *** | 858366
---
Signif. codes:  0 `***` 0.001 `**` 0.01 `*` 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Residual standard error: 35.48 on 6005374 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.001827 (as if intercept included)
Adjusted R-squared: 0.001826
F-statistic:  1832 on 6 and 6005374 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16
Condition number: 1

Handling larger linear models

The data set contains a variable UniqueCarrier, which contains airline codes for 15 carriers. Because the RevoScaleR Compute Engine handles factor variables so efficiently, we can do a linear regression looking at the Arrival Delay by Carrier. This takes a little longer than the previous analysis, because we are estimating 15 instead of 7 parameters.

delayCarrier <- rxLinMod(ArrDelay ~ UniqueCarrier,
	data = airData, cube = TRUE)

Next, sort the coefficient vector so that we can see the airlines with the highest and lowest values.

dcCoef <- sort(coef(delayCarrier))

Next, see how the airlines rank in arrival delays:

print(
	dcCoef
)

The result is:

UniqueCarrier=AS UniqueCarrier=US UniqueCarrier=DL UniqueCarrier=FL
		-1.9022483       -1.2418484       -0.8013952       -0.2618747
UniqueCarrier=HA UniqueCarrier=YV UniqueCarrier=WN UniqueCarrier=MQ
		0.3143564        1.3189086        2.8824285        2.8843612
UniqueCarrier=OO UniqueCarrier=VX UniqueCarrier=B6 UniqueCarrier=UA
		3.9846305        4.0323447        4.8508215        5.0905867
UniqueCarrier=AA UniqueCarrier=EV UniqueCarrier=F9
		6.3980937        7.2934991        7.8788931

Notice that Alaska Airlines comes in as the best in on-time arrivals, while Frontier is at the bottom of the list. We can see the difference by subtracting the coefficients:

print(
sprintf("Frontier's additional delay compared with Alaska: %f",
		dcCoef["UniqueCarrier=F9"]-dcCoef["UniqueCarrier=AS"])
)

which results in:

[1] "Frontier's additional delay compared with Alaska: 9.781141"

A Large Data Logistic Regression

Our airline data includes a logical variable, ArrDel15, that tells whether a flight is 15 or more minutes late. We can use this as the response for a logistic regression to model the likelihood that a flight will be late given the day of the week:

logitObj <- rxLogit(ArrDel15 ~ DayOfWeek, data = airData)
logitObj

which results in:

Logistic Regression Results for: ArrDel15 ~ DayOfWeek
Data: airData (RxXdfData Data Source)
File name: AirOnTime2012.xdf
Dependent variable(s): ArrDel15
Total independent variables: 8 (Including number dropped: 1)
Number of valid observations: 6005381
Number of missing observations: 91381

Coefficients:
					ArrDel15
(Intercept)    -1.61122563
DayOfWeek=Mon   0.04600367
DayOfWeek=Tues -0.08431814
DayOfWeek=Wed  -0.07319133
DayOfWeek=Thur  0.12585721
DayOfWeek=Fri   0.18987931
DayOfWeek=Sat  -0.13498591
DayOfWeek=Sun      Dropped

Prediction on Large Data

You can predict (or score) from a fitted model on Hadoop using rxPredict. In this example, we compute predicted values and their residuals for the logistic regression in the previous section. These new prediction variables are output to a new composite XDF in HDFS. As in an earlier example, the second “user” in the airDataPredDir path should be changed to the actual user name of your Hadoop user.

airDataPredDir <- "/user/RevoShare/user/airDataPred"
airDataPred <- RxXdfData(airDataPredDir, fileSystem=hdfsFS)
rxPredict(modelObject=logitObj, data=airData, outData=airDataPred,
	computeResiduals=TRUE)

By putting in a call to rxGetVarInfo we see that two variables, ArrDel15_Pred and ArrDel15_Resid were written to the airDataPred composite XDF. If in addition to the prediction variables, we wanted to have the variables used in the model written to our outData we would need to add the writeModelVars=TRUE to our rxPredict call.

Alternatively, we can update the airData to include the predicted values and residuals by not specifying an outData argument, which is NULL by default. Since the airData composite XDF already exists, we would need to add overwrite=TRUE to the rxPredict call.

An RxTextData object can be used as the input data for rxPredict on Hadoop, but only XDF can be written to HDFS. When using a CSV file or directory of CSV files as the input data to rxPredict the outData argument must be set to an RxXdfData object.

Performing Data Operations on Large Data

To create or modify data in HDFS on Hadoop, we can use the rxDataStep function. Suppose we want to repeat the analyses with a “cleaner” version of the large airline dataset. To do this we keep only the flights having arrival delay information and flights that did not depart more than one hour early. We can put a call to rxDataStep to output a new composite XDF to HDFS. (As in an earlier example, the second “user” in the newAirDir path should be changed to the actual user name of your Hadoop user.)

newAirDir <- "/user/RevoShare/user/newAirData"
newAirXdf <- RxXdfData(newAirDir,fileSystem=hdfsFS)

rxDataStep(inData = airData, outFile = newAirXdf,
			rowSelection = !is.na(ArrDelay) & (DepDelay > -60))

To modify an existing composite XDF using rxDataStep set the overwrite argument to TRUE and either omit the outFile argument or set it to the same data source specified for inData.

Using Data from Hive for Your Analyses

There are multiple ways to access and use data from Hive for analyses with Machine Learning Server. Here are some general recommendations, assuming in each case that the data for analysis is defined by the results of a Hive query.

  1. If running from a remote client or edge node, and the data is modest, then use RxOdbcData to stream results, or land them as XDF in the local file system, for subsequent analysis in a local compute context.
  2. If the data is large, then use the Hive command-line interface (hive or beeline) from an edge node to run the Hive query with results spooled to a text file on HDFS for subsequent analysis in a distributed fashion using the HadoopMR or Spark compute contexts.

Here’s how to get started with each of these approaches.

Accessing data via ODBC

Start by following your Hadoop vendor’s recommendations for accessing Hive via ODBC from a remote client or edge node. After you have the prerequisite software installed and have run a smoke test to verify connectivity, then accessing data in Hive from Machine Learning Server is just like accessing data from any other data source.

mySQL = "SELECT * FROM CustData"
myDS <- RxOdbcData(sqlQuery = mySQL, connectionString = "DSN=HiveODBC")
xdfFile <- RxXdfData("dataFromHive.xdf")
rxImport(myDS, xdfFile, stringsAsFactors = TRUE, overwrite=TRUE)

Accessing data via an Export to Text Files

This approach uses the Hive command-line interface to first spool the results to text files in the local or HDFS file systems and then analyze them in a distributed fashion using local or HadoopMR/Spark compute contexts.

First, check with your Hadoop system administrator find out whether the ‘hive’ or ‘beeline’ command should be used to run a Hive query from the command line, and obtain the needed credentials for access.

Next, try out your hive/beeline command from the Linux command line to make sure it works and that you have the proper authentication and syntax.

Finally, run the command from within R using R’s system command.

Here are some sample R statements that output a Hive query to the local and HDFS file systems:

Run a Hive query and dump results to a local text file (edge node)

system('hive –e "select * from emp" > myFile.txt')

Run the same query using beeline’s csv2 output format

system('beeline -u "jdbc:hive2://.." --outputformat=csv2 -e "select * from emp" > myFile.txt')

Run the same query but dump the results to CSV in HDFS

system('beeline -u "jdbc:hive2://.." –e "insert overwrite directory \'/your-hadoop-dir\' row format delimited fields terminated by \',\' select * from emp"')

After you’ve exported the query results to a text file, it can be streamed directly as input to a RevoScaleR analysis routine via use of the RxTextdata data source, or imported to XDF for improved performance upon repeated access. Here’s an example assuming output was spooled as text to HDFS:

hiveOut <-file.path(bigDataDirRoot,"myHiveData")
myHiveData <- RxTextData(file = hiveOut, fileSystem = hdfsFS)

rxSummary(~var1 + var2+ var3+ var4, data=myHiveData)

Writing to CSV in HDFS

If you converted your CSV to XDF to take advantage of the efficiency while running analyses, but now wish to convert your data back to CSV you can do so using rxDataStep. (This feature is still experimental.) To create a folder of CSV files, first create an RxTextData object using a directory name as the file argument; this represents the folder in which to create the CSV files. This directory is created when you run the rxDataStep. Then, point to this RxTextData object in the outFile argument of the rxDataStep. Each CSV created will be named based on the directory name and followed by a number.

Suppose we want to write out a folder of CSV in HDFS from our airData composite XDF after we performed the logistic regression and prediction, so that the new CSV files contain the predicted values and residuals. We can do this as follows:

airDataCsvDir <- file.path("user/RevoShare/user/airDataCsv")
airDataCsvDS <- RxTextData(airDataCsvDir,fileSystem=hdfsFS)
rxDataStep(inData=airData, outFile=airDataCsvDS)

You notice that the rxDataStep wrote out one CSV for every .xdfd file in the input composite XDF file. This is the default behavior for writing CSV from composite XDF to HDFS when the compute context is set to HadoopMR.

Alternatively, you could switch your compute context back to “local” when you are done performing your analyses and take advantage of two arguments within RxTextData that give you slightly more control when writing out CSV files to HDFS: createFileSet and rowsPerOutFile. When createFileSet is set to TRUE a folder of CSV files is written to the directory, you specify. When createFileSet is set to FALSE a single CSV file is written. The second argument, rowsPerOutFile, can be set to an integer to indicate how many rows to write to each CSV file when createFileSet is TRUE. Returning to the example preceding, suppose we wanted to write out a folder of CSVs but we wanted to write out the airData but into only six CSV files.

rxSetComputeContext("local")
airDataCsvRowsDir <-file.path("/user/RevoShare/MRS/airDataCsvRows")
rxHadoopMakeDir(airDataCsvRowsDir)
airDataCsvRowsDS <- RxTextData(airDataCsvRowsDir, fileSystem=hdfsFS, createFileSet=TRUE, 	rowsPerOutFile=1000000)
rxDataStep(inData=airData, outFile=airDataCsvRowsDS)

When using a HadoopMR compute context, createFileSet defaults to TRUE and rowsPerOutFile has no effect. Thus if you wish to create a single CSV or customize the number of rows per file you must perform the rxDataStep in a local compute context (data can still be in HDFS).

<a name="ParallelPartialDecisionForests>"

Parallel Partial Decision Forests

Both rxDForest and rxBTrees are available on Hadoop, providing two different methods for fitting classification and regression decision forests. In the default case, both algorithms generate multiple MapReduce jobs, and thus can tend to incur significant overhead, particularly with smaller data sets. However, the scheduleOnce argument to both functions allows the computation to be performed via rxExec, which generates only a single MapReduce job, and thus incurs significantly less overhead. When using the scheduleOnce argument, you can specify the number of trees to be grown within each rxExec task using the forest function’s nTree argument together with rxExec’s rxElemArgs function, as in the following regression example using the built-in claims data:

file.name <- "claims.xdf"
sourceFile <- system.file(file.path("SampleData", file.name),  
	package="RevoScaleR")
inputDir <- "/share/claimsXdf"
rxHadoopMakeDir(inputDir)
rxHadoopCopyFromLocal(sourceFile, inputDir)
input <- RxXdfData(file.path(inputDir, file.name,
	fsep="/"),fileSystem=hdfsFS)

partial.forests <-rxDForest(formula = age ~ car.age +
	type + cost + number, data = input,
	minSplit = 5, maxDepth = 2,
	nTree = rxElemArg(rep(2,8), seed = 0,
	maxNumBins = 200, computeOobError = -1,
	reportProgress = 2, verbose = 0,
	scheduleOnce = TRUE)

Equivalently, you can use nTree together with rxExec’s timesToRun argument:

partial.forests <-rxDForest(formula = age ~ car.age +
	type + cost + number, data = input,
	minSplit = 5, maxDepth = 2,
	nTree = 2, seed = 0,
	maxNumBins = 200, computeOobError = -1,
	reportProgress = 2, verbose = 0,
	scheduleOnce = TRUE, timesToRun = 8)

In this example, using scheduleOnce can be up to 45 times faster than the default, and so we recommend it for decision forests with small to moderate-sized data sets.

Similarly, the rxPredict methods for rxDForest and rxBTrees objects include the scheduleOnce argument, and should be used when using these methods on small to moderate-sized data sets.

Cleaning up Data

You can run the following commands to clean up data in this tutorial:

rxHadoopRemoveDir("/share/AirlineDemoSmall")
rxHadoopRemoveDir("/share/airOnTime12")
rxHadoopRemoveDir("/share/claimsXdf")
rxHadoopRemoveDir("/user/RevoShare/<user>/AirlineOnTime2012")
rxHadoopRemoveDir("/user/RevoShare/<user>/airDataCsv")
rxHadoopRemoveDir("/user/RevoShare/<user>/airDataCsvRows")
rxHadoopRemoveDir("/user/RevoShare/<user>/newAirData")
rxHadoopRemoveDir("/user/RevoShare/<user>/airDataPred")

Continuing with Distributed Computing

With the linear model and logistic regression performed in the previous sections, you have seen a taste of high-performance analytics on the Hadoop platform. You are now ready to continue with the RevoScaleR Distributed Computing Guide, which continues the analysis of the 2012 airline on-time data with examples for all of RevoScaleR’s HPA functions.

The Distributed Computing Guide also provides more examples of using non-waiting compute contexts, including managing multiple jobs, and examples of using rxExec to perform traditional high-performance computing, including Monte Carlo simulations and other embarrassingly parallel problems.