Considerations for Writing Prolog/Epilog Code
Microsoft Specific
Before writing your own prolog and epilog code sequences, it is important to understand how the stack frame is laid out. It is also useful to know how to use the __LOCAL_SIZE symbol.
Stack Frame Layout
This example shows the standard prolog code that might appear in a 32-bit function:
push ebp ; Save ebp
mov ebp, esp ; Set stack frame pointer
sub esp, localbytes ; Allocate space for locals
push <registers> ; Save registers
The localbytes variable represents the number of bytes needed on the stack for local variables, and the <registers> variable is a placeholder that represents the list of registers to be saved on the stack. After pushing the registers, you can place any other appropriate data on the stack. The following is the corresponding epilog code:
pop <registers> ; Restore registers
mov esp, ebp ; Restore stack pointer
pop ebp ; Restore ebp
ret ; Return from function
The stack always grows down (from high to low memory addresses). The base pointer (ebp) points to the pushed value of ebp. The locals area begins at ebp-2. To access local variables, calculate an offset from ebp by subtracting the appropriate value from ebp.
__LOCAL_SIZE
The compiler provides a symbol, __LOCAL_SIZE, for use in the inline assembler block of function prolog code. This symbol is used to allocate space for local variables on the stack frame in custom prolog code.
The compiler determines the value of __LOCAL_SIZE. Its value is the total number of bytes of all user-defined local variables and compiler-generated temporary variables. __LOCAL_SIZE can be used only as an immediate operand; it cannot be used in an expression. You must not change or redefine the value of this symbol. For example:
mov eax, __LOCAL_SIZE ;Immediate operand--Okay
mov eax, [ebp - __LOCAL_SIZE] ;Error
The following example of a naked function containing custom prolog and epilog sequences uses the __LOCAL_SIZE symbol in the prolog sequence:
// the__local_size_symbol.cpp
// processor: x86
__declspec ( naked ) int main() {
int i;
int j;
__asm { /* prolog */
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
sub esp, __LOCAL_SIZE
}
/* Function body */
__asm { /* epilog */
mov esp, ebp
pop ebp
ret
}
}