如何執行大型 XML 文件的串流轉換 (LINQ to XML)

有時候您必須轉換大型 XML 檔案並撰寫您的應用程式，讓應用程式的記憶體使用量可以預測。 如果您嘗試使用非常大的 XML 檔案填入 XML 樹狀結構，您的記憶體使用量將與檔案大小成正比 (也就是，變成過度)。 因此，您應該改用資料流技術。

在您僅需要處理一次來源文件的情況下，最適合使用資料流技術，而且您可以用文件的順序處理項目。 特定的標準查詢運算子 (例如，OrderBy) 會反覆查看其來源、收集所有資料、排序這些資料，最後產生順序中的第一個項目。 請注意，若您在第一個項目產生之前使用會將來源具體化的查詢運算子，則不會為應用程式保留較小的磁碟使用量。

即便您使用了如何串流可存取標頭資訊的 XML 片段一文中所述的技巧，當您嘗試組合的 XML 樹狀結構包含已轉換的文件時，記憶體用量還是會過大。

有兩個主要方法。 其中一個方法是使用 XStreamingElement 的延緩處理特性。 另一個方法是建立 XmlWriter，並使用 LINQ to XML 的功能來將元素寫入 XmlWriter。 本文會示範這兩種方式。

範例：使用 XStreamingElement 的延後執行功能來串流輸出

下列範例是以如何串流可存取標頭資訊的 XML 片段中的範例為建立基礎。

這個範例會使用 XStreamingElement 的延後執行功能來串流輸出。 此範例可以轉換非常大的文件，同時維護小的記憶體使用量。

請注意，自訂座標軸 (StreamCustomerItem) 是特別撰寫的，讓它預備擁有 Customer、Name 和 Item 項目的文件，並預期這些項目將會與下列 Source.xml 文件的排列方式相同。 不過，較為複雜的實作方法則用於剖析無效的文件。

下列是來源文件 Source.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<Root>
  <Customer>
    <Name>A. Datum Corporation</Name>
    <Item>
      <Key>0001</Key>
    </Item>
    <Item>
      <Key>0002</Key>
    </Item>
    <Item>
      <Key>0003</Key>
    </Item>
    <Item>
      <Key>0004</Key>
    </Item>
  </Customer>
  <Customer>
    <Name>Fabrikam, Inc.</Name>
    <Item>
      <Key>0005</Key>
    </Item>
    <Item>
      <Key>0006</Key>
    </Item>
    <Item>
      <Key>0007</Key>
    </Item>
    <Item>
      <Key>0008</Key>
    </Item>
  </Customer>
  <Customer>
    <Name>Southridge Video</Name>
    <Item>
      <Key>0009</Key>
    </Item>
    <Item>
      <Key>0010</Key>
    </Item>
  </Customer>
</Root>

static IEnumerable<XElement> StreamCustomerItem(string uri)
{
    using (XmlReader reader = XmlReader.Create(uri))
    {
        XElement name = null;
        XElement item = null;

        reader.MoveToContent();

        // Parse the file, save header information when encountered, and yield the
        // Item XElement objects as they're created.
        // Loop through Customer elements.
        while (reader.Read())
        {
            if (reader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.Element
                && reader.Name == "Customer")
            {
                // move to Name element
                while (reader.Read())
                {
                    if (reader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.Element &&
                        reader.Name == "Name")
                    {
                        name = XElement.ReadFrom(reader) as XElement;
                        break;
                    }
                }

                // loop through Item elements
                while (reader.Read())
                {
                    if (reader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.EndElement)
                        break;
                    if (reader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.Element
                        && reader.Name == "Item")
                    {
                        item = XElement.ReadFrom(reader) as XElement;
                        if (item != null)
                        {
                            XElement tempRoot = new XElement("Root",
                                new XElement(name)
                            );
                            tempRoot.Add(item);
                            yield return item;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    XStreamingElement root = new XStreamingElement("Root",
        from el in StreamCustomerItem("Source.xml")
        select new XElement("Item",
            new XElement("Customer", (string)el.Parent.Element("Name")),
            new XElement(el.Element("Key"))
        )
    );
    root.Save("Test.xml");
    Console.WriteLine(File.ReadAllText("Test.xml"));
}

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        Dim root = New XStreamingElement("Root",
            From el In New StreamCustomerItem("Source.xml")
            Select <Item>
                       <Customer><%= el.Parent.<Name>.Value %></Customer>
                       <%= el.<Key> %>
                   </Item>
            )
        root.Save("Test.xml")
        Console.WriteLine(My.Computer.FileSystem.ReadAllText("Test.xml"))
    End Sub
End Module

Public Class StreamCustomerItem
    Implements IEnumerable(Of XElement)

    Private _uri As String

    Public Sub New(ByVal uri As String)
        _uri = uri
    End Sub

    Public Function GetEnumerator() As IEnumerator(Of XElement) Implements IEnumerable(Of XElement).GetEnumerator
        Return New StreamCustomerItemEnumerator(_uri)
    End Function

    Public Function GetEnumerator1() As IEnumerator Implements IEnumerable.GetEnumerator
        Return Me.GetEnumerator()
    End Function
End Class

Public Class StreamCustomerItemEnumerator
    Implements IEnumerator(Of XElement)

    Private _current As XElement
    Private _customerName As String
    Private _reader As Xml.XmlReader
    Private _uri As String

    Public Sub New(ByVal uri As String)
        _uri = uri
        _reader = Xml.XmlReader.Create(_uri)
        _reader.MoveToContent()
    End Sub

    Public ReadOnly Property Current As XElement Implements IEnumerator(Of XElement).Current
        Get
            Return _current
        End Get
    End Property

    Public ReadOnly Property Current1 As Object Implements IEnumerator.Current
        Get
            Return Me.Current
        End Get
    End Property

    Public Function MoveNext() As Boolean Implements IEnumerator.MoveNext
        Dim item As XElement
        Dim name As XElement

        ' Parse the file, save header information when encountered, and return the
        ' current Item XElement.

        ' loop through Customer elements
        While _reader.Read()
            If _reader.NodeType = Xml.XmlNodeType.Element Then
                Select Case _reader.Name
                    Case "Customer"
                        ' move to Name element
                        While _reader.Read()

                            If _reader.NodeType = Xml.XmlNodeType.Element AndAlso
                                _reader.Name = "Name" Then

                                name = TryCast(XElement.ReadFrom(_reader), XElement)
                                _customerName = If(name IsNot Nothing, name.Value, "")
                                Exit While
                            End If

                        End While
                    Case "Item"
                        item = TryCast(XElement.ReadFrom(_reader), XElement)
                        Dim tempRoot = <Root>
                                           <Name><%= _customerName %></Name>
                                           <%= item %>
                                       </Root>
                        _current = item
                        Return True
                End Select
            End If
        End While

        Return False
    End Function

    Public Sub Reset() Implements IEnumerator.Reset
        _reader = Xml.XmlReader.Create(_uri)
        _reader.MoveToContent()
    End Sub

#Region "IDisposable Support"
    Private disposedValue As Boolean ' To detect redundant calls

    ' IDisposable
    Protected Overridable Sub Dispose(ByVal disposing As Boolean)
        If Not Me.disposedValue Then
            If disposing Then
                _reader.Close()
            End If
        End If
        Me.disposedValue = True
    End Sub

    Public Sub Dispose() Implements IDisposable.Dispose
        Dispose(True)
        GC.SuppressFinalize(Me)
    End Sub
#End Region

End Class

這個範例會產生下列輸出：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Root>
  <Item>
    <Customer>A. Datum Corporation</Customer>
    <Key>0001</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>A. Datum Corporation</Customer>
    <Key>0002</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>A. Datum Corporation</Customer>
    <Key>0003</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>A. Datum Corporation</Customer>
    <Key>0004</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Fabrikam, Inc.</Customer>
    <Key>0005</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Fabrikam, Inc.</Customer>
    <Key>0006</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Fabrikam, Inc.</Customer>
    <Key>0007</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Fabrikam, Inc.</Customer>
    <Key>0008</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Southridge Video</Customer>
    <Key>0009</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Southridge Video</Customer>
    <Key>0010</Key>
  </Item>
</Root>

範例：使用 LINQ to XML 將元素寫入 XmlWriter

下列範例也是以如何串流可存取標頭資訊的 XML 片段中的範例為建立基礎。

此範例會使用 LINQ to XML 的功能，將元素寫入 XmlWriter。 此範例可以轉換非常大的文件，同時維護小的記憶體使用量。

請注意，自訂座標軸 (StreamCustomerItem) 是特別撰寫的，讓它預備擁有 Customer、Name 和 Item 項目的文件，並預期這些項目將會與下列 Source.xml 文件的排列方式相同。 不過，較為複雜的實作方法將會使用 XSD 驗證來源文件，或做為剖析無效文件的準備。

此範例會使用與前一範例相同的來源文件 Source.xml。 它也會產生完全相同的輸出。

使用 XStreamingElement 串流輸出 XML 會優先於寫入 XmlWriter。

static IEnumerable<XElement> StreamCustomerItem(string uri)
{
    using (XmlReader reader = XmlReader.Create(uri))
    {
        XElement name = null;
        XElement item = null;

        reader.MoveToContent();

        // Parse the file, save header information when encountered, and yield the
        // Item XElement objects as they're created.
        // Loop through Customer elements.
        while (reader.Read())
        {
            if (reader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.Element
                && reader.Name == "Customer")
            {
                // move to Name element
                while (reader.Read())
                {
                    if (reader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.Element &&
                        reader.Name == "Name")
                    {
                        name = XElement.ReadFrom(reader) as XElement;
                        break;
                    }
                }

                // Loop through Item elements
                while (reader.Read())
                {
                    if (reader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.EndElement)
                        break;
                    if (reader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.Element
                        && reader.Name == "Item")
                    {
                        item = XElement.ReadFrom(reader) as XElement;
                        if (item != null) {
                            XElement tempRoot = new XElement("Root",
                                new XElement(name)
                            );
                            tempRoot.Add(item);
                            yield return item;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    IEnumerable<XElement> srcTree =
        from el in StreamCustomerItem("Source.xml")
        select new XElement("Item",
            new XElement("Customer", (string)el.Parent.Element("Name")),
            new XElement(el.Element("Key"))
        );
    XmlWriterSettings xws = new XmlWriterSettings();
    xws.OmitXmlDeclaration = true;
    xws.Indent = true;
    using (XmlWriter xw = XmlWriter.Create("Output.xml", xws)) {
        xw.WriteStartElement("Root");
        foreach (XElement el in srcTree)
            el.WriteTo(xw);
        xw.WriteEndElement();
    }

    string str = File.ReadAllText("Output.xml");
    Console.WriteLine(str);
}

Module Module1
    Sub Main()
        Dim srcTree =
            From el In New StreamCustomerItem("Source.xml")
            Select <Item>
                       <Customer><%= el.Parent.<Name>.Value %></Customer>
                       <%= el.<Key> %>
                   </Item>

        Dim xws = New Xml.XmlWriterSettings()
        xws.OmitXmlDeclaration = True
        xws.Indent = True
        Using xw = Xml.XmlWriter.Create("Output.xml", xws)
            xw.WriteStartElement("Root")
            For Each el In srcTree
                el.WriteTo(xw)
            Next
            xw.WriteEndElement()
        End Using

        Dim s = My.Computer.FileSystem.ReadAllText("Output.xml")
        Console.WriteLine(s)
    End Sub
End Module

Public Class StreamCustomerItem
    Implements IEnumerable(Of XElement)

    Private _uri As String

    Public Sub New(ByVal uri As String)
        _uri = uri
    End Sub

    Public Function GetEnumerator() As IEnumerator(Of XElement) Implements IEnumerable(Of XElement).GetEnumerator
        Return New StreamCustomerItemEnumerator(_uri)
    End Function

    Public Function GetEnumerator1() As IEnumerator Implements IEnumerable.GetEnumerator
        Return Me.GetEnumerator()
    End Function
End Class

Public Class StreamCustomerItemEnumerator
    Implements IEnumerator(Of XElement)

    Private _current As XElement
    Private _customerName As String
    Private _reader As Xml.XmlReader
    Private _uri As String

    Public Sub New(ByVal uri As String)
        _uri = uri
        _reader = Xml.XmlReader.Create(_uri)
        _reader.MoveToContent()
    End Sub

    Public ReadOnly Property Current As XElement Implements IEnumerator(Of XElement).Current
        Get
            Return _current
        End Get
    End Property

    Public ReadOnly Property Current1 As Object Implements IEnumerator.Current
        Get
            Return Me.Current
        End Get
    End Property

    Public Function MoveNext() As Boolean Implements IEnumerator.MoveNext
        Dim item As XElement
        Dim name As XElement

        ' Parse the file, save header information when encountered, and return the
        ' current Item XElement.

        ' loop through Customer elements
        While _reader.Read()
            If _reader.NodeType = Xml.XmlNodeType.Element Then
                Select Case _reader.Name
                    Case "Customer"
                        ' move to Name element
                        While _reader.Read()

                            If _reader.NodeType = Xml.XmlNodeType.Element AndAlso
                                _reader.Name = "Name" Then

                                name = TryCast(XElement.ReadFrom(_reader), XElement)
                                _customerName = If(name IsNot Nothing, name.Value, "")
                                Exit While
                            End If

                        End While
                    Case "Item"
                        item = TryCast(XElement.ReadFrom(_reader), XElement)
                        Dim tempRoot = <Root>
                                           <Name><%= _customerName %></Name>
                                           <%= item %>
                                       </Root>
                        _current = item
                        Return True
                End Select
            End If
        End While

        Return False
    End Function

    Public Sub Reset() Implements IEnumerator.Reset
        _reader = Xml.XmlReader.Create(_uri)
        _reader.MoveToContent()
    End Sub

#Region "IDisposable Support"
    Private disposedValue As Boolean ' To detect redundant calls

    ' IDisposable
    Protected Overridable Sub Dispose(ByVal disposing As Boolean)
        If Not Me.disposedValue Then
            If disposing Then
                _reader.Close()
            End If
        End If
        Me.disposedValue = True
    End Sub

    Public Sub Dispose() Implements IDisposable.Dispose
        Dispose(True)
        GC.SuppressFinalize(Me)
    End Sub
#End Region

End Class

這個範例會產生下列輸出：

<Root>
  <Item>
    <Customer>A. Datum Corporation</Customer>
    <Key>0001</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>A. Datum Corporation</Customer>
    <Key>0002</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>A. Datum Corporation</Customer>
    <Key>0003</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>A. Datum Corporation</Customer>
    <Key>0004</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Fabrikam, Inc.</Customer>
    <Key>0005</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Fabrikam, Inc.</Customer>
    <Key>0006</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Fabrikam, Inc.</Customer>
    <Key>0007</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Fabrikam, Inc.</Customer>
    <Key>0008</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Southridge Video</Customer>
    <Key>0009</Key>
  </Item>
  <Item>
    <Customer>Southridge Video</Customer>
    <Key>0010</Key>
  </Item>
</Root>