WebSockets

项目
07/13/2023

WebSocket 提供了一种机制，用于使用 HTTP 通过 Web 在客户端与服务器之间进行既快捷又安全的双向通信，同时支持 UTF-8 和二进制消息。

在 WebSocket 协议下，数据通过全双工单套接字连接立即传输，从而允许从两个终结点实时发送和接收消息。 WebSocket 非常适用于在多玩家游戏（实时游戏和回合制游戏）、即时社交网络通知、显示的最新股票和天气信息以及需要安全、快速地传输数据的其他应用。

为建立 WebSocket 连接，需在客户端与服务器之间交换基于 HTTP 的特定握手。如果成功，则应用程序层协议会使用之前建立的 TCP 连接从 HTTP“升级”为 WebSocket。然后就完全不使用 HTTP；两个终结点可以使用 WebSocket 协议来发送或接收数据，直至 WebSocket 连接关闭。

注意：除非服务器也使用 WebSocket 协议，否则客户端无法使用 Websocket 传输数据。如果服务器不支持 WebSocket，则必须使用其他数据传输方法。

通用 Windows 平台 (UWP) 支持客户端和服务器使用 Websocket。 Windows.Networking.Sockets 命名空间定义两个供客户端使用的 WebSocket 类：MessageWebSocket 和 StreamWebSocket。下面对这两个 WebSocket 类进行了比较。

MessageWebSocket	StreamWebSocket
在单个操作中读取/写入整个 WebSocket 消息。	可通过每个读取操作读取消息的各部分。
适用于消息不太长的情况。	适用于传输大文件（如照片或视频）的情况。
支持 UTF-8 和二进制消息。	仅支持二进制消息。
与 UDP 或数据报套接字相似（从适用于频繁、小型消息的角度而言），但又具有 TCP 的可靠性、数据包顺序保证和拥塞控制。	类似于 TCP 或流套接字。

通过 TLS/SSL 保证连接安全

在大多数情况下，需要使用安全的 WebSocket 连接，以便对你发送和接收的数据加密。这还将提高连接成功的几率，因为防火墙和代理之类的许多媒介都会拒绝未加密的 WebSocket 连接。 WebSocket 协议定义了以下两种 URI 方案。

URI 方案	目的
wss:	用于应该加密的安全连接。
ws:	用于未加密的连接。

若要加密 WebSocket 连接，请使用 wss: URI 方案。下面是一个示例。

protected override async void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
    var webSocket = new Windows.Networking.Sockets.MessageWebSocket();
    await webSocket.ConnectAsync(new Uri("wss://www.contoso.com/mywebservice"));
}

#include <winrt/Windows.Foundation.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Networking.Sockets.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.UI.Xaml.Navigation.h>
#include <sstream>

using namespace winrt;
using namespace Windows::Foundation;
using namespace Windows::UI::Xaml::Navigation;
...
IAsyncAction OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs /* e */)
{
    Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocket webSocket;
    co_await webSocket.ConnectAsync(Uri{ L"wss://www.contoso.com/mywebservice" });
}

使用 MessageWebSocket 连接

MessageWebSocket 允许在单个操作中读取/写入整个 WebSocket 消息。因此，它适用于消息不太长的情况。该类同时支持 UTF-8 和二进制消息。

下面的代码示例使用了 WebSocket.org 回显服务器，该服务将其接收的任何消息回显回发送者。

private Windows.Networking.Sockets.MessageWebSocket messageWebSocket;

protected override void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
    this.messageWebSocket = new Windows.Networking.Sockets.MessageWebSocket();

    // In this example, we send/receive a string, so we need to set the MessageType to Utf8.
    this.messageWebSocket.Control.MessageType = Windows.Networking.Sockets.SocketMessageType.Utf8;

    this.messageWebSocket.MessageReceived += WebSocket_MessageReceived;
    this.messageWebSocket.Closed += WebSocket_Closed;

    try
    {
        Task connectTask = this.messageWebSocket.ConnectAsync(new Uri("wss://echo.websocket.org")).AsTask();
        connectTask.ContinueWith(_ => this.SendMessageUsingMessageWebSocketAsync("Hello, World!"));
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Windows.Web.WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows.Networking.Sockets.WebSocketError.GetStatus(ex.GetBaseException().HResult);
        // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
    }
}

private async Task SendMessageUsingMessageWebSocketAsync(string message)
{
    using (var dataWriter = new DataWriter(this.messageWebSocket.OutputStream))
    {
        dataWriter.WriteString(message);
        await dataWriter.StoreAsync();
        dataWriter.DetachStream();
    }
    Debug.WriteLine("Sending message using MessageWebSocket: " + message);
}

private void WebSocket_MessageReceived(Windows.Networking.Sockets.MessageWebSocket sender, Windows.Networking.Sockets.MessageWebSocketMessageReceivedEventArgs args)
{
    try
    {
        using (DataReader dataReader = args.GetDataReader())
        {
            dataReader.UnicodeEncoding = Windows.Storage.Streams.UnicodeEncoding.Utf8;
            string message = dataReader.ReadString(dataReader.UnconsumedBufferLength);
            Debug.WriteLine("Message received from MessageWebSocket: " + message);
            this.messageWebSocket.Dispose();
        }
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Windows.Web.WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows.Networking.Sockets.WebSocketError.GetStatus(ex.GetBaseException().HResult);
        // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
    }
}

private void WebSocket_Closed(Windows.Networking.Sockets.IWebSocket sender, Windows.Networking.Sockets.WebSocketClosedEventArgs args)
{
    Debug.WriteLine("WebSocket_Closed; Code: " + args.Code + ", Reason: \"" + args.Reason + "\"");
    // Add additional code here to handle the WebSocket being closed.
}

#include <winrt/Windows.Foundation.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Networking.Sockets.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.Streams.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.UI.Xaml.Navigation.h>
#include <sstream>

using namespace winrt;
using namespace Windows::Foundation;
using namespace Windows::Storage::Streams;
using namespace Windows::UI::Xaml::Navigation;
...
private:
    Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocket m_messageWebSocket;
    winrt::event_token m_messageReceivedEventToken;
    winrt::event_token m_closedEventToken;

public:
    IAsyncAction OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs /* e */)
    {
        // In this example, we send/receive a string, so we need to set the MessageType to Utf8.
        m_messageWebSocket.Control().MessageType(Windows::Networking::Sockets::SocketMessageType::Utf8);

        m_messageReceivedEventToken = m_messageWebSocket.MessageReceived({ this, &MessageWebSocketPage::OnWebSocketMessageReceived });
        m_closedEventToken = m_messageWebSocket.Closed({ this, &MessageWebSocketPage::OnWebSocketClosed });

        try
        {
            co_await m_messageWebSocket.ConnectAsync(Uri{ L"wss://echo.websocket.org" });
            SendMessageUsingMessageWebSocketAsync(L"Hello, World!");
        }
        catch (winrt::hresult_error const& ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus{ Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex.to_abi()) };
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

private:
    IAsyncAction SendMessageUsingMessageWebSocketAsync(std::wstring message)
    {
        DataWriter dataWriter{ m_messageWebSocket.OutputStream() };
        dataWriter.WriteString(message);

        co_await dataWriter.StoreAsync();
        dataWriter.DetachStream();
        std::wstringstream wstringstream;
        wstringstream << L"Sending message using MessageWebSocket: " << message.c_str() << std::endl;
        ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
    }

    void OnWebSocketMessageReceived(Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocket const& /* sender */, Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocketMessageReceivedEventArgs const& args)
    {
        try
        {
            DataReader dataReader{ args.GetDataReader() };

            dataReader.UnicodeEncoding(Windows::Storage::Streams::UnicodeEncoding::Utf8);
            auto message = dataReader.ReadString(dataReader.UnconsumedBufferLength());
            std::wstringstream wstringstream;
            wstringstream << L"Message received from MessageWebSocket: " << message.c_str() << std::endl;
            ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
            m_messageWebSocket.Close(1000, L"");
        }
        catch (winrt::hresult_error const& ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus{ Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex.to_abi()) };
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

    void OnWebSocketClosed(Windows::Networking::Sockets::IWebSocket const& /* sender */, Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketClosedEventArgs const& args)
    {
        std::wstringstream wstringstream;
        wstringstream << L"WebSocket_Closed; Code: " << args.Code() << ", Reason: \"" << args.Reason().c_str() << "\"" << std::endl;
        ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
        // Add additional code here to handle the WebSocket being closed.
    }

#include <ppltasks.h>
#include <sstream>
...
using namespace Windows::Foundation;
using namespace Windows::Storage::Streams;
using namespace Windows::UI::Xaml::Navigation;
...
private:
    Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocket^ messageWebSocket;

protected:
    virtual void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs^ e) override
    {
        this->messageWebSocket = ref new Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocket();

        // In this example, we send/receive a string, so we need to set the MessageType to Utf8.
        this->messageWebSocket->Control->MessageType = Windows::Networking::Sockets::SocketMessageType::Utf8;

        this->messageWebSocket->MessageReceived += ref new TypedEventHandler<Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocket^, Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocketMessageReceivedEventArgs^>(this, &MessageWebSocketPage::WebSocket_MessageReceived);
        this->messageWebSocket->Closed += ref new TypedEventHandler<Windows::Networking::Sockets::IWebSocket^, Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketClosedEventArgs^>(this, &MessageWebSocketPage::WebSocket_Closed);

        try
        {
            auto connectTask = Concurrency::create_task(this->messageWebSocket->ConnectAsync(ref new Uri(L"wss://echo.websocket.org")));
            connectTask.then([this] { this->SendMessageUsingMessageWebSocketAsync(L"Hello, World!"); });
        }
        catch (Platform::Exception^ ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex->HResult);
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

private:
    void SendMessageUsingMessageWebSocketAsync(Platform::String^ message)
    {
        auto dataWriter = ref new DataWriter(this->messageWebSocket->OutputStream);
        dataWriter->WriteString(message);

        Concurrency::create_task(dataWriter->StoreAsync()).then(
            [=](unsigned int)
        {
            dataWriter->DetachStream();
            std::wstringstream wstringstream;
            wstringstream << L"Sending message using MessageWebSocket: " << message->Data() << std::endl;
            ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
        });
    }

    void WebSocket_MessageReceived(Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocket^ sender, Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocketMessageReceivedEventArgs^ args)
    {
        try
        {
            DataReader^ dataReader = args->GetDataReader();

            dataReader->UnicodeEncoding = Windows::Storage::Streams::UnicodeEncoding::Utf8;
            Platform::String^ message = dataReader->ReadString(dataReader->UnconsumedBufferLength);
            std::wstringstream wstringstream;
            wstringstream << L"Message received from MessageWebSocket: " << message->Data() << std::endl;
            ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
            this->messageWebSocket->Close(1000, L"");
        }
        catch (Platform::Exception^ ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex->HResult);
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

    void WebSocket_Closed(Windows::Networking::Sockets::IWebSocket^ sender, Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketClosedEventArgs^ args)
    {
        std::wstringstream wstringstream;
        wstringstream << L"WebSocket_Closed; Code: " << args->Code << ", Reason: \"" << args->Reason->Data() << "\"" << std::endl;
        ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
        // Add additional code here to handle the WebSocket being closed.
    }

处理 MessageWebSocket.MessageReceived 和 MessageWebSocket.Closed 事件

如上例所示，在用 MessageWebSocket 建立连接并发送数据之前，应订阅 MessageWebSocket.MessageReceived 和 MessageWebSocket.Closed 事件。

接收数据时会引发 MessageReceived。可通过 MessageWebSocketMessageReceivedEventArgs 访问数据。客户端或服务器关闭套接字时会引发 Closed。

通过 MessageWebSocket 发送数据

建立连接后，可以向服务器发送数据。执行此操作的方法是使用 MessageWebSocket.OutputStream 属性和 DataWriter 写入数据。

注意：DataWriter 获得输出流的所有权。 DataWriter 超出范围时，如果输出流与之连接，DataWriter 将解除分配输出流。此后，使用该输出流的任何后续尝试都会失败，HRESULT 值为 0x80000013。但你可以调用 DataWriter.DetachStream 使输出流与 DataWriter 分离并将该流的所有权返回给 MessageWebSocket。

使用 StreamWebSocket 连接

StreamWebSocket 允许通过每个读取操作读取消息的各部分。因此，它适用于传输大文件（如照片或视频）的情况。该类仅支持二进制消息。

下面的代码示例使用了 WebSocket.org 回显服务器，该服务将其接收的任何消息回显回发送者。

private Windows.Networking.Sockets.StreamWebSocket streamWebSocket;

protected override void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
    this.streamWebSocket = new Windows.Networking.Sockets.StreamWebSocket();

    this.streamWebSocket.Closed += WebSocket_Closed;

    try
    {
        Task connectTask = this.streamWebSocket.ConnectAsync(new Uri("wss://echo.websocket.org")).AsTask();

        connectTask.ContinueWith(_ =>
        {
            Task.Run(() => this.ReceiveMessageUsingStreamWebSocket());
            Task.Run(() => this.SendMessageUsingStreamWebSocket(new byte[] { 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09 }));
        });
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Windows.Web.WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows.Networking.Sockets.WebSocketError.GetStatus(ex.GetBaseException().HResult);
        // Add code here to handle exceptions.
    }
}

private async void ReceiveMessageUsingStreamWebSocket()
{
    try
    {
        using (var dataReader = new DataReader(this.streamWebSocket.InputStream))
        {
            dataReader.InputStreamOptions = InputStreamOptions.Partial;
            await dataReader.LoadAsync(256);
            byte[] message = new byte[dataReader.UnconsumedBufferLength];
            dataReader.ReadBytes(message);
            Debug.WriteLine("Data received from StreamWebSocket: " + message.Length + " bytes");
        }
        this.streamWebSocket.Dispose();
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Windows.Web.WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows.Networking.Sockets.WebSocketError.GetStatus(ex.GetBaseException().HResult);
        // Add code here to handle exceptions.
    }
}

private async void SendMessageUsingStreamWebSocket(byte[] message)
{
    try
    {
        using (var dataWriter = new DataWriter(this.streamWebSocket.OutputStream))
        {
            dataWriter.WriteBytes(message);
            await dataWriter.StoreAsync();
            dataWriter.DetachStream();
        }
        Debug.WriteLine("Sending data using StreamWebSocket: " + message.Length.ToString() + " bytes");
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Windows.Web.WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows.Networking.Sockets.WebSocketError.GetStatus(ex.GetBaseException().HResult);
        // Add code here to handle exceptions.
    }
}

private void WebSocket_Closed(Windows.Networking.Sockets.IWebSocket sender, Windows.Networking.Sockets.WebSocketClosedEventArgs args)
{
    Debug.WriteLine("WebSocket_Closed; Code: " + args.Code + ", Reason: \"" + args.Reason + "\"");
    // Add additional code here to handle the WebSocket being closed.
}

#include <winrt/Windows.Foundation.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Networking.Sockets.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Storage.Streams.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.UI.Xaml.Navigation.h>
#include <sstream>

using namespace winrt;
using namespace Windows::Foundation;
using namespace Windows::Storage::Streams;
using namespace Windows::UI::Xaml::Navigation;
...
private:
    Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamWebSocket m_streamWebSocket;
    winrt::event_token m_closedEventToken;

public:
    IAsyncAction OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs /* e */)
    {
        m_closedEventToken = m_streamWebSocket.Closed({ this, &StreamWebSocketPage::OnWebSocketClosed });

        try
        {
            co_await m_streamWebSocket.ConnectAsync(Uri{ L"wss://echo.websocket.org" });
            ReceiveMessageUsingStreamWebSocket();
            SendMessageUsingStreamWebSocket({ 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09 });
        }
        catch (winrt::hresult_error const& ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus{ Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex.to_abi()) };
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

private:
    IAsyncAction SendMessageUsingStreamWebSocket(std::vector< byte > message)
    {
        try
        {
            DataWriter dataWriter{ m_streamWebSocket.OutputStream() };
            dataWriter.WriteBytes(message);

            co_await dataWriter.StoreAsync();
            dataWriter.DetachStream();
            std::wstringstream wstringstream;
            wstringstream << L"Sending data using StreamWebSocket: " << message.size() << L" bytes" << std::endl;
            ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
        }
        catch (winrt::hresult_error const& ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus{ Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex.to_abi()) };
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

    IAsyncAction ReceiveMessageUsingStreamWebSocket()
    {
        try
        {
            DataReader dataReader{ m_streamWebSocket.InputStream() };
            dataReader.InputStreamOptions(InputStreamOptions::Partial);

            unsigned int bytesLoaded = co_await dataReader.LoadAsync(256);
            std::vector< byte > message(bytesLoaded);
            dataReader.ReadBytes(message);
            std::wstringstream wstringstream;
            wstringstream << L"Data received from StreamWebSocket: " << message.size() << " bytes" << std::endl;
            ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
            m_streamWebSocket.Close(1000, L"");
        }
        catch (winrt::hresult_error const& ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus{ Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex.to_abi()) };
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

    void OnWebSocketClosed(Windows::Networking::Sockets::IWebSocket const&, Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketClosedEventArgs const& args)
    {
        std::wstringstream wstringstream;
        wstringstream << L"WebSocket_Closed; Code: " << args.Code() << ", Reason: \"" << args.Reason().c_str() << "\"" << std::endl;
        ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
        // Add additional code here to handle the WebSocket being closed.
    }

#include <ppltasks.h>
#include <sstream>
...
using namespace Windows::Foundation;
using namespace Windows::Storage::Streams;
using namespace Windows::UI::Xaml::Navigation;
...
private:
    Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamWebSocket^ streamWebSocket;

protected:
    virtual void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs^ e) override
    {
        this->streamWebSocket = ref new Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamWebSocket();

        this->streamWebSocket->Closed += ref new TypedEventHandler<Windows::Networking::Sockets::IWebSocket^, Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketClosedEventArgs^>(this, &StreamWebSocketPage::WebSocket_Closed);

        try
        {
            auto connectTask = Concurrency::create_task(this->streamWebSocket->ConnectAsync(ref new Uri(L"wss://echo.websocket.org")));

            connectTask.then(
                [=]
            {
                this->ReceiveMessageUsingStreamWebSocket();
                this->SendMessageUsingStreamWebSocket(ref new Platform::Array< byte >{ 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09 });
            });
        }
        catch (Platform::Exception^ ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex->HResult);
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

private:
    void SendMessageUsingStreamWebSocket(const Platform::Array< byte >^ message)
    {
        try
        {
            auto dataWriter = ref new DataWriter(this->streamWebSocket->OutputStream);
            dataWriter->WriteBytes(message);

            Concurrency::create_task(dataWriter->StoreAsync()).then(
                [=](Concurrency::task< unsigned int >) // task< unsigned int > instead of unsigned int in order to handle any exceptions thrown in StoreAsync().
            {
                dataWriter->DetachStream();
                std::wstringstream wstringstream;
                wstringstream << L"Sending data using StreamWebSocket: " << message->Length << L" bytes" << std::endl;
                ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
            });
        }
        catch (Platform::Exception^ ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex->HResult);
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

    void ReceiveMessageUsingStreamWebSocket()
    {
        try
        {
            DataReader^ dataReader = ref new DataReader(this->streamWebSocket->InputStream);
            dataReader->InputStreamOptions = InputStreamOptions::Partial;

            Concurrency::create_task(dataReader->LoadAsync(256)).then(
                [=](unsigned int bytesLoaded)
            {
                auto message = ref new Platform::Array< byte >(bytesLoaded);
                dataReader->ReadBytes(message);
                std::wstringstream wstringstream;
                wstringstream << L"Data received from StreamWebSocket: " << message->Length << " bytes" << std::endl;
                ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
                this->streamWebSocket->Close(1000, L"");
            });
        }
        catch (Platform::Exception^ ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex->HResult);
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

    void WebSocket_Closed(Windows::Networking::Sockets::IWebSocket^ sender, Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketClosedEventArgs^ args)
    {
        std::wstringstream wstringstream;
        wstringstream << L"WebSocket_Closed; Code: " << args->Code << ", Reason: \"" << args->Reason->Data() << "\"" << std::endl;
        ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
        // Add additional code here to handle the WebSocket being closed.
    }

处理 StreamWebSocket.Closed 事件

在用 StreamWebSocket 建立连接和发送数据之前，应该订阅 StreamWebSocket.Closed 事件。客户端或服务器关闭套接字时会引发 Closed。

通过 StreamWebSocket 发送数据

建立连接后，可以向服务器发送数据。执行此操作的方法是使用 StreamWebSocket.OutputStream 属性和 DataWriter 写入数据。

注意：如果你要在同一套接字中写入许多数据，则务必在 DataWriter 超出范围之前调用 DataWriter.DetachStream，以使输出流与 DataWriter 分离。此操作会将流的所有权返回给 MessageWebSocket。

通过 StreamWebSocket 接收数据

使用 StreamWebSocket.InputStream 属性和 DataReader 可读取数据。

用于 MessageWebSocket 和 StreamWebSocket 的高级选项

在建立连接之前，可以通过设置 MessageWebSocketControl 或 StreamWebSocketControl 的属性来设置用于套接字的高级选项。通过它的相应 MessageWebSocket.Control 属性或 StreamWebSocket.Control 属性可从套接字对象自身中访问这些类的实例。

下面是使用 StreamWebSocket 的示例。相同的模式适用于 MessageWebSocket。

var streamWebSocket = new Windows.Networking.Sockets.StreamWebSocket();

// By default, the Nagle algorithm is not used. This overrides that, and causes it to be used.
streamWebSocket.Control.NoDelay = false;

await streamWebSocket.ConnectAsync(new Uri("wss://echo.websocket.org"));

Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamWebSocket streamWebSocket;

// By default, the Nagle algorithm is not used. This overrides that, and causes it to be used.
streamWebSocket.Control().NoDelay(false);

auto connectAsyncAction = streamWebSocket.ConnectAsync(Uri{ L"wss://echo.websocket.org" });

auto streamWebSocket = ref new Windows::Networking::Sockets::StreamWebSocket();

// By default, the Nagle algorithm is not used. This overrides that, and causes it to be used.
streamWebSocket->Control->NoDelay = false;

auto connectTask = Concurrency::create_task(streamWebSocket->ConnectAsync(ref new Uri(L"wss://echo.websocket.org")));

注意：不要尝试在调用 ConnectAsync 之后更改控件属性。该规则的唯一例外是 MessageWebSocketControl.MessageType。

WebSocket 信息类

MessageWebSocket 和 StreamWebSocket 都具有相应的类，用于提供有关对象的其他信息。

MessageWebSocketInformation 提供有关 MessageWebSocket 的信息，以便于使用 MessageWebSocket.Information 属性检索它的实例。

StreamWebSocketInformation 提供有关 StreamWebSocket 的信息，以便于使用 StreamWebSocket.Information 属性检索它的实例。

请注意，这些信息类上的属性均为只读形式，但你能够在 Web 套接字对象的生存期内随时使用它们来检索信息。

处理异常

在进行 MessageWebSocket 或 StreamWebSocket 操作时发生的错误将以 HRESULT 值的形式返回。可将该 HRESULT 值传递给 WebSocketError.GetStatus 方法，将其转换为 WebErrorStatus 枚举值。

大部分 WebErrorStatus 枚举值对应由本机 HTTP 客户端操作返回的错误。应用可以打开 WebErrorStatus 枚举值来基于异常原因修改应用行为。

对于参数验证错误，可以使用来自异常的 HRESULT 了解有关错误的更详细信息。 Winerror.h 中列出了可能的 HRESULT 值，可以在 SDK 安装位置中找到 Winerror.h，例如，C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\Include\<VERSION>\shared 文件夹。对于大多数参数验证错误，返回的 HRESULT 为 E_INVALIDARG。

对 WebSocket 操作设置超时

MessageWebSocket 和 StreamWebSocket 使用内部系统服务，发送 WebSocket 客户端请求并从服务器接收响应。 WebSocket 连接操作使用的默认超时值为 60 秒。如果支持 WebSocket 的 HTTP 服务器不对或无法对 WebSocket 连接请求做出响应（临时关闭或因网络中断而被阻止），则内部系统服务将先等待默认 60 秒，然后返回一个错误。该错误会导致 WebSocket ConnectAsync 方法中引发异常。建立 WebSocket 连接后，用于发送和接收操作的默认超时为 30 秒。

如果对 URI 中 HTTP 服务器名称进行名称查询时返回该名称的多个 IP 地址，则内部系统将为该站点尝试最多 5 个 IP 地址，并且在每次尝试失败前都默认超时 60 秒。因此，你的应用可能会在尝试连接多个 IP 地址时等待几分钟，然后再处理异常。此行为可能会使用户以为应用已停止工作。

若要使你的应用更具响应性并尽量减少这些问题，可为连接请求设置更短的超时。为 MessageWebSocket 和 StreamWebSocket 设置超时的方式类似。

private Windows.Networking.Sockets.MessageWebSocket messageWebSocket;

protected override void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
    this.messageWebSocket = new Windows.Networking.Sockets.MessageWebSocket();

    try
    {
        var cancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
        var connectTask = this.messageWebSocket.ConnectAsync(new Uri("wss://echo.websocket.org")).AsTask(cancellationTokenSource.Token);

        // Cancel connectTask after 5 seconds.
        cancellationTokenSource.CancelAfter(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(5000));

        connectTask.ContinueWith((antecedent) =>
        {
            if (antecedent.Status == TaskStatus.RanToCompletion)
            {
                // connectTask ran to completion, so we know that the MessageWebSocket is connected.
                // Add additional code here to use the MessageWebSocket.
            }
            else
            {
                // connectTask timed out, or faulted.
            }
        });
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Windows.Web.WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows.Networking.Sockets.WebSocketError.GetStatus(ex.GetBaseException().HResult);
        // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
    }
}

#include <winrt/Windows.Foundation.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.Networking.Sockets.h>
#include <winrt/Windows.UI.Xaml.Navigation.h>
#include <sstream>

using namespace winrt;
using namespace Windows::Foundation;
using namespace Windows::UI::Xaml::Navigation;
...
private:
    Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocket m_messageWebSocket;

    IAsyncAction TimeoutAsync()
    {
        // Return control to the caller, and resume again to complete the async action after the timeout period.
        // 5 seconds, in this example.
        co_await(std::chrono::seconds{ 5 });
    }

public:
    IAsyncAction OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs /* e */)
    {
        try
        {
            // Return control to the caller, and then immediately resume on a thread pool thread.
            co_await winrt::resume_background();

            auto connectAsyncAction = m_messageWebSocket.ConnectAsync(Uri{ L"wss://echo.websocket.org" });

            TimeoutAsync().Completed([connectAsyncAction](IAsyncAction const& sender, AsyncStatus const)
            {
                // TimeoutAsync completes after the timeout period. After that period, it's safe
                // to cancel the ConnectAsync action even if it has already completed.
                connectAsyncAction.Cancel();
            });

            try
            {
                // Block until the ConnectAsync action completes or is canceled.
                connectAsyncAction.get();
            }
            catch (winrt::hresult_error const& ex)
            {
                std::wstringstream wstringstream;
                wstringstream << L"ConnectAsync threw an exception: " << ex.message().c_str() << std::endl;
                ::OutputDebugString(wstringstream.str().c_str());
            }

            if (connectAsyncAction.Status() == AsyncStatus::Completed)
            {
                // connectTask ran to completion, so we know that the MessageWebSocket is connected.
                // Add additional code here to use the MessageWebSocket.
            }
            else
            {
                // connectTask did not run to completion.
            }
        }
        catch (winrt::hresult_error const& ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus{ Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex.to_abi()) };
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

#include <agents.h>
#include <ppltasks.h>
#include <sstream>
...
using namespace Windows::Foundation;
using namespace Windows::Storage::Streams;
using namespace Windows::UI::Xaml::Navigation;
...
private:
    Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocket^ messageWebSocket;

protected:
    virtual void OnNavigatedTo(NavigationEventArgs^ e) override
    {
        this->messageWebSocket = ref new Windows::Networking::Sockets::MessageWebSocket();

        try
        {
            Concurrency::cancellation_token_source cancellationTokenSource;
            Concurrency::cancellation_token cancellationToken = cancellationTokenSource.get_token();

            auto connectTask = Concurrency::create_task(this->messageWebSocket->ConnectAsync(ref new Uri(L"wss://echo.websocket.org")), cancellationToken);

            // This continuation task returns true should connectTask run to completion.
            Concurrency::task< bool > taskRanToCompletion = connectTask.then([](void)
            {
                return true;
            });

            // This task returns false after the specified timeout. 5 seconds, in this example.
            Concurrency::task< bool > taskTimedout = Concurrency::create_task([]() -> bool
            {
                Concurrency::task_completion_event< void > taskCompletionEvent;

                // A call object that sets the task completion event.
                auto call = std::make_shared< Concurrency::call< int > >([taskCompletionEvent](int)
                {
                    taskCompletionEvent.set();
                });

                // A non-repeating timer that calls the call object when the timer fires.
                auto nonRepeatingTimer = std::make_shared< Concurrency::timer < int > >(5000, 0, call.get(), false);
                nonRepeatingTimer->start();

                // A task that completes after the completion event is set.
                Concurrency::task< void > taskWaitForCompletionEvent(taskCompletionEvent);

                return taskWaitForCompletionEvent.then([]() {return false; }).get();
            });

            (taskRanToCompletion || taskTimedout).then([this, cancellationTokenSource](bool connectTaskRanToCompletion)
            {
                if (connectTaskRanToCompletion)
                {
                    // connectTask ran to completion, so we know that the MessageWebSocket is connected.
                    // Add additional code here to use the MessageWebSocket.
                }
                else
                {
                    // taskTimedout ran to completion, so we should cancel connectTask via the cancellation_token_source.
                    cancellationTokenSource.cancel();
                }
            });
        }
        catch (Platform::Exception^ ex)
        {
            Windows::Web::WebErrorStatus webErrorStatus = Windows::Networking::Sockets::WebSocketError::GetStatus(ex->HResult);
            // Add additional code here to handle exceptions.
        }
    }

重要的 API

示例

WebSocket sample

通过

WebSockets

通过 TLS/SSL 保证连接安全

使用 MessageWebSocket 连接

处理 MessageWebSocket.MessageReceived 和 MessageWebSocket.Closed 事件

通过 MessageWebSocket 发送数据

使用 StreamWebSocket 连接

处理 StreamWebSocket.Closed 事件

通过 StreamWebSocket 发送数据

通过 StreamWebSocket 接收数据

用于 MessageWebSocket 和 StreamWebSocket 的高级选项

WebSocket 信息类

处理异常

对 WebSocket 操作设置超时

重要的 API

示例

反馈

其他资源

通过

WebSockets

通过 TLS/SSL 保证连接安全

使用 MessageWebSocket 连接

处理 MessageWebSocket.MessageReceived 和 MessageWebSocket.Closed 事件

通过 MessageWebSocket 发送数据

使用 StreamWebSocket 连接

处理 StreamWebSocket.Closed 事件

通过 StreamWebSocket 发送数据

通过 StreamWebSocket 接收数据

用于 MessageWebSocket 和 StreamWebSocket 的高级选项

WebSocket 信息类

处理异常

对 WebSocket 操作设置超时

重要的 API

相关主题

示例

反馈

其他资源