为 Java 应用生成并运行容器映像
在本单元中，你将生成并运行容器映像。 如前面所学，映像的运行中实例是一个容器。
生成容器映像
你已成功构造 Dockerfile，现在可以指示 Docker 为你生成容器映像。
注意
确保将 Docker 运行时配置为生成 Linux 容器。 这一点非常重要，因为我们使用的 Dockerfile 会引用用于 Linux 体系结构的容器映像 (JDK/JRE)。
docker build 是你将用来构建容器映像的命令。 你将使用 -t 参数来指定容器标签，. 是用于查找 Dockerfile 的 Docker 位置。 在 CLI 中运行以下命令：
docker build -t flightbookingsystemsample .
你会看到类似于以下内容的输出：
docker build -t flightbookingsystemsample .
Sending build context to Docker daemon 101.3MB
Step 1/11 : FROM maven:3.6.0-jdk-11-slim AS build
3.6.0-jdk-11-slim: Pulling from library/maven
27833a3ba0a5: Pull complete
16d944e3d00d: Pull complete
6aaf465b8930: Pull complete
0684138f4cb6: Pull complete
67c4e741e688: Pull complete
933857515267: Pull complete
4f31e2918c2c: Pull complete
70a0a987b087: Pull complete
8369c7ef3731: Pull complete
7a73ce905393: Pull complete
c702b567a1e8: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:4f0face24d2f79439a8fa394555b09be99c9ad537b9b19983fb8cc358818a42d
Status: Downloaded newer image for maven:3.6.0-jdk-11-slim
---> c7428be691f8
Step 2/11 : WORKDIR /build
---> Running in f1656ab15874
Removing intermediate container f1656ab15874
---> d9bfeb518c86
Step 3/11 : COPY pom.xml .
---> a60aab61d487
Step 4/11 : COPY src ./src
---> 049803b88a20
Step 5/11 : COPY web ./web
---> 8d98ddb1fbc3
Step 6/11 : RUN mvn clean package
---> Running in 71a462c5b3ad
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
...
[INFO] Packaging webapp
[INFO] Assembling webapp [FlightBookingSystemSample] in [/build/target/FlightBookingSystemSample-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT]
[INFO] Processing war project
[INFO] Copying webapp webResources [/build/web] to [/build/target/FlightBookingSystemSample-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT]
[INFO] Copying webapp resources [/build/src/main/webapp]
[INFO] Building war: /build/target/FlightBookingSystemSample-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.war
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 26.811 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2021-10-09T01:58:31Z
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Removing intermediate container 71a462c5b3ad
---> 3d40f8a4f631
Step 7/11 : FROM tomcat:8.5.72-jre11-openjdk-slim
8.5.72-jre11-openjdk-slim: Pulling from library/tomcat
bd897bb914af: Pull complete
0cc7fec72146: Pull complete
14c358bab58a: Pull complete
c12f81e19ff2: Pull complete
89238a07057c: Pull complete
46896a83c0d8: Pull complete
15f6001bf0c8: Pull complete
34374d37175f: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:807efbd54faa7342c1f75f1466889148fda1f299b81dc40404312352a2086a5f
Status: Downloaded newer image for tomcat:8.5.72-jre11-openjdk-slim
---> 77903b2cfd74
Step 8/11 : COPY tomcat-users.xml /usr/local/tomcat/conf
---> c540464832e7
Step 9/11 : COPY --from=build /build/target/*.war /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/FlightBookingSystemSample.war
---> 6d1eb5d1568c
Step 10/11 : EXPOSE 8080
---> Running in 753385de3d77
Removing intermediate container 753385de3d77
---> f744382dd869
Step 11/11 : CMD ["catalina.sh", "run"]
---> Running in 58a822ee7a4a
Removing intermediate container 58a822ee7a4a
---> a0b73d3f3f91
Successfully built a0b73d3f3f91
Successfully tagged flightbookingsystemsample:latest
正如前面所看到的那样，Docker 执行了你在前面的单元中编写的行中的指令。 每个指令都是按顺序排列的步骤。 再次重新运行 docker build 命令，并注意步骤中的差异。 你会注意到用于未更改的层的 ---> Using cache。 如果你在重新运行 docker build 命令之前没有更改应用，则可以看到所有缓存层，因为二进制文件保持不变，并且可从 Docker 缓存派生。 在优化容器映像以及与生成它们所花的时间相关的计算成本时，这是一个重要的启示。
Docker 还可以显示驻留的可用映像。 这有助于查看可运行的内容。 在 CLI 中运行以下命令：
docker image ls
你会看到类似于以下内容的输出：
docker image ls
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
flightbookingsystemsample latest cda4f5b459f1 About an hour ago 268MB
运行容器映像
现在，你已成功生成容器映像，接下来可以运行它。
docker run 是用于运行容器映像的命令。 -p ####:#### 参数将在运行时将 localhost HTTP（冒号前的第一个端口）流量转发到容器（冒号后的第二个端口）。 请记住，在 Dockerfile 中，Tomcat 应用服务器侦听的是端口 8080 上的 HTTP 流量；因此这是需要公开的容器端口。 最后，需要使用映像标记 flightbookingsystemsample 来指示 Docker 运行哪个映像。 在 CLI 中运行以下命令：
docker run -p 8080:8080 flightbookingsystemsample
你会看到类似于以下内容的输出：
docker run -p 8080:8080 flightbookingsystemsample
NOTE: Picked up JDK_JAVA_OPTIONS: --add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/java.io=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/java.util=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/java.util.concurrent=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport=ALL-UNNAMED
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.682 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Server version name: Apache Tomcat/9.0.50
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.687 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Server built: Jun 28 2021 08:46:44 UTC
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.687 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Server version number: 9.0.50.0
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.688 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log OS Name: Linux
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.688 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log OS Version: 5.10.16.3-microsoft-standard-WSL2
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.689 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Architecture: amd64
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.690 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Java Home: /usr/local/openjdk-11
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.694 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log JVM Version: 11.0.12+7
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.694 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log JVM Vendor: Oracle Corporation
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.695 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.696 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.729 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: --add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.730 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: --add-opens=java.base/java.io=ALL-UNNAMED
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.730 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: --add-opens=java.base/java.util=ALL-UNNAMED
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.730 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: --add-opens=java.base/java.util.concurrent=ALL-UNNAMED
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.731 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: --add-opens=java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport=ALL-UNNAMED
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.731 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/usr/local/tomcat/conf/logging.properties
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.733 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.735 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djdk.tls.ephemeralDHKeySize=2048
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.735 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.protocol.handler.pkgs=org.apache.catalina.webresources
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.735 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dorg.apache.catalina.security.SecurityListener.UMASK=0027
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.735 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dignore.endorsed.dirs=
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.735 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcatalina.base=/usr/local/tomcat
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.736 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcatalina.home=/usr/local/tomcat
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.736 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.io.tmpdir=/usr/local/tomcat/temp
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.762 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener.lifecycleEvent Loaded Apache Tomcat Native library [1.2.30] using APR version [1.6.5].
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.763 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener.lifecycleEvent APR capabilities: IPv6 [true], sendfile [true], accept filters [false], random [true], UDS [true].
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.763 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener.lifecycleEvent APR/OpenSSL configuration: useAprConnector [false], useOpenSSL [true]
02-Aug-2021 20:50:22.776 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener.initializeSSL OpenSSL successfully initialized [OpenSSL 1.1.1d 10 Sep 2019]
02-Aug-2021 20:50:23.686 INFO [main] org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.init Initializing ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
02-Aug-2021 20:50:23.777 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.load Server initialization in [1697] milliseconds
02-Aug-2021 20:50:23.977 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.startInternal Starting service [Catalina]
02-Aug-2021 20:50:23.978 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine.startInternal Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.50]
02-Aug-2021 20:50:24.039 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployWAR Deploying web app archive [/usr/local/tomcat/webapps/FlightBookingSystemSample.war]
02-Aug-2021 20:50:27.164 INFO [main] org.apache.jasper.servlet.TldScanner.scanJars At least one JAR was scanned for TLDs yet contained no TLDs. Enable debug logging for this logger for a complete list of JARs that were scanned but no TLDs were found in them. Skipping unneeded JARs during scanning can improve startup time and JSP compilation time.
02-Aug-2021 20:50:30.887 INFO [main] com.sun.xml.ws.server.MonitorBase.createRoot Metro monitoring rootname successfully set to: com.sun.metro:pp=/,type=WSEndpoint,name=/FlightBookingSystemSample-PriceAndSeats-PriceAndSeatsPort
02-Aug-2021 20:50:31.151 INFO [main] com.sun.xml.ws.transport.http.servlet.WSServletDelegate.<init> WSSERVLET14: JAX-WS servlet initializing
02-Aug-2021 20:50:32.662 INFO [main] com.sun.xml.ws.transport.http.servlet.WSServletContextListener.contextInitialized WSSERVLET12: JAX-WS context listener initializing
02-Aug-2021 20:50:32.663 INFO [main] com.sun.xml.ws.transport.http.servlet.WSServletContextListener.contextInitialized WSSERVLET12: JAX-WS context listener initializing
02-Aug-2021 20:50:32.735 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployWAR Deployment of web app archive [/usr/local/tomcat/webapps/FlightBookingSystemSample.war] has finished in [8,695] ms
02-Aug-2021 20:50:32.746 INFO [main] org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.start Starting ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
02-Aug-2021 20:50:32.768 INFO [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.start Server startup in [8990] milliseconds
打开浏览器窗口，并访问航空公司的航班预订系统的登陆页面，网址为 http://localhost:8080/FlightBookingSystemSample。
应该看到以下内容：
可以选择使用 tomcat-users.xml 中的任何用户登录，例如 someuser@azure.com: password。
若要停止容器，请在 CLI 中按 CTRL + c。