ASP.NET and XHTML
ASP.NET allows you to create Web pages that are conformant with XHTML standards. XHTML is a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard that defines HTML as an XML document. Creating Web pages that are conformant with XHTML standards has several advantages:
It guarantees that the elements in the pages are well formed.
Because many browsers are increasingly moving toward supporting XHTML, creating pages that conform to XHTML standards helps ensure that your pages render consistently in all browsers.
Using XHTML helps to make pages conform more readily to accessibility standards.
XHTML is extensible, allowing the definition of new elements.
An XHTML page is much easier to read programmatically for situations in which the Web page is processed by a computer instead of being read by users, and the document can be manipulated using transformations.
The W3C has identified several levels of XHTML conformance: XHTML 1.0 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Frameset, XHTML 1.0 Strict, and XHTML 1.1. The XHTML 1.1 specification is the strictest of these levels. The XHTML 1.0 Frameset and Transitional specifications define XML-based HTML markup, but allow certain widely used constructs. Many existing Web pages can be made conformant with XHTML 1.0 Frameset or Transitional specifications, but cannot meet XHTML 1.0 Strict or XHTML 1.1 specifications without requiring substantial revision to replace functionality implemented using constructs that are not allowed in the specifications.
For more information about the XHTML standard, see the specification for the Second Edition of XHTML 1.0 on the W3C Web site.
ASP.NET Features for XHTML Conformance
XHTML defines elements and attributes more strictly than HTML. By default, all markup that is produced by ASP.NET and Web server controls included with ASP.NET now conforms to the XHTML 1.0 Transitional standard. In many cases, the markup produced by ASP.NET conforms to XHTML 1.1 standards as well. Unless noted otherwise, references to the XHTML standard in this topic mean both XHTML 1.0 and XHTML 1.1.
Some of the XHTML rules that differ from HTML include the following:
All elements either include an explicit closing tag or are self-closing (with />).
Tag and attribute names are rendered in lowercase, and attribute values are included in double quotation marks. For example, if you use a GridView control on your page, when the page is rendered, the GridView control emits HTML that is conformant with XHTML standards. All generated elements use explicit opening and closing tags (or self-closing tags), and attribute values are included in double quotation marks.
Formatting information is rendered using only cascading style sheet styles. To support this standard, if the page includes an XHTML DOCTYPE element, ASP.NET controls do not render font elements or attributes, such as bgcolor, that would not conform to XHTML standards.
In ASP.NET, if controls generate IDs, as occurs in the Repeater, GridView, and other controls, the format of the IDs match XHTML 1.0 Transitional guidelines.
ASP.NET dynamically adds an action attribute to the form element. By default, form elements include a name attribute, which is allowed in the XHTML 1.0 Transitional specification. This helps maintain backward compatibility with existing applications which rely on client script that addresses form elements using the form name.
Note
The name attribute on the form element is not allowed in XHTML 1.1 guidelines. You can configure your application not to render a name attribute. For details, see "Controlling XHTML Rendering of ASP.NET Pages and Controls" later in this topic.
Because XHTML requires all elements to be enclosed in a container element, ASP.NET controls, such as input elements, are rendered in div elements. This includes the HTML markup rendered for controls, such as the TextBox, CheckBox, and RadioButton controls. It also includes hidden fields, such as the element that is used to store view-state data.
ASP.NET encodes characters, such as & (for example, as &). This includes URLs that are generated to reference ECMAScript and the contents of encoded values, such as view state.
Any script elements that are rendered into the page use the appropriate type attribute (for example, type="type/javascript") and do not include a language attribute. This pertains to scripts that are created by the page or controls that require client script to perform a postback — such as the HyperLink, LinkButton, Calendar, and TreeView controls, as well as validator controls — and by the RegisterHiddenField, RegisterStartupScript, and RegisterClientScriptBlock methods. Script blocks that you create are not automatically amended with a type attribute.
If ASP.NET renders script blocks, the content of the script blocks is rendered inside an XML (HTML) comment.
Controlling XHTML Rendering of ASP.NET Pages and Controls
Under some circumstances, you might want ASP.NET controls to render markup in the stricter format specified by the XHTML 1.1 specification. The default rendering includes some markup that does not conform to the XHTML 1.1 specification. For example, XHTML 1.1 standards prohibit the use of a name attribute in an HTML form element.
Conversely, you might want ASP.NET to render markup that does not conform to XHTML 1.0 Transitional specifications. This is typically true when you have existing pages that rely on tags or attributes that were supported in earlier versions of ASP.NET but do not conform to XHTML standards.
You can configure your Web site to render markup in three ways:
Legacy (which is similar to how markup was rendered in previous versions of ASP.NET)
Transitional (XHTML 1.0 Transitional)
Strict (XHTML 1.0 Strict)
For more information, see How to: Configure XHTML Rendering in ASP.NET Web Sites.
Note
The option to render legacy markup is provided primarily to assist you in migrating existing pages to the current version of ASP.NET, and might not be supported in future versions of ASP.NET.
Legacy Rendering
When rendering is set to legacy, ASP.NET pages and controls change their rendering to the behavior of earlier versions of ASP.NET. Changes include the following:
The form element is rendered with a name attribute.
ASP.NET does not automatically render a div element inside the form element as a container for controls.
Validator controls are rendered as span elements with custom attributes, such as controltovalidate.
The img element does not render alt and src attributes unless you explicitly include them.
If required to support auto-postback behavior, controls will render a language attribute (for example, language="javascript").
The nowrap attribute is included for controls that render a div element (such as the Panel control) if the control's Wrap property is set to false.
ImageButton controls render a border attribute.
Any br elements rendered into the page are rendered as <br>. However, if you explicitly include a <br /> tag, the page renders it as-is.
The DataGrid and Calendar controls include a bordercolor attribute in the rendered table elements if its BackColor property is set.
Specifying the DOCTYPE Element and XHTML Namespace
Valid XHTML Web pages must contain a DOCTYPE declaration that identifies the page as an XHTML page and references the XHTML schema to which it conforms. The page must also include attributes on the HTML tag that reference the XHTML namespace. ASP.NET does not automatically create a DOCTYPE declaration when the page is rendered. Instead, you should create the DOCTYPE declaration with the appropriate XML namespace references.
Note
Visual designers, such as Visual Studio, generally include default page templates that include a DOCTYPE declaration. If you are using a visual designer, check that it creates new pages with the DOCTYPE declaration you require. For more information, see XHTML in Visual Web Developer and XHTML in Visual Web Developer and XHTML in Visual Web Developer.
The following code example shows a DOCTYPE declaration that you might add to your page.
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
By not automatically generating the DOCTYPE declaration, ASP.NET retains greater rendering flexibility for browsers that have differing levels of compliance with the differing HTML standards that can be specified in a DOCTYPE declaration.
Note
If the DOCTYPE declaration is removed, XHTML compliance will not be met. The page will not be considered an XHTML page and will not reference the XHTML schema.
Many browsers will also change their rendering based on the presence or absence of the DOCTYPE declaration and an XML namespace declaration. If those elements are present, browsers typically use a standards-based rendering. When the elements are not present, many browsers render using browser-specific rules that vary among browser types (which is sometimes referred to as rendering in "quirks mode"), and can therefore result in unpredictable rendering.
Similarly, you can control the MIME type of the page. By default, a page sets the MIME type to text/html. However, you can override the page's MIME type by setting the ContentType attribute in the @ Page directive, as shown in the following code example.
<%@ Page Language="VB" ContentType="application/xhtml+xml" %>
<%@ Page Language="C#" ContentType="application/xhtml+xml" %>
Example ASP.NET Page with Required XHTML Elements
The following code example shows a simple ASP.NET page that is XHTML conformant.
<%@ Page Language="VB" AutoEventWireup="false" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<script runat="server">
Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs)
Label1.Text = "Built at " & DateTime.Now.ToString()
End Sub
Sub listFruit_SelectedIndexChanged(sender As Object, e As EventArgs)
Label1.Text = "You selected " & listFruit.SelectedItem.Text
End Sub
</script>
<head runat="server">
<title>ASP.NET XHTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="Form1" runat="server">
<div>
<h1>ASP.NET Sample Page for XHTML</h1>
<p>
<asp:listbox runat="server" id="listFruit" AutoPostBack="true"
onselectedindexchanged="listFruit_SelectedIndexChanged">
<asp:listitem>Apple</asp:listitem>
<asp:listitem>Banana</asp:listitem>
<asp:listitem>Orange</asp:listitem>
</asp:listbox>
</p>
<asp:label runat="server" id="Label1" ForeColor="white"
BackColor="black" />
<br />
<asp:button runat="server" id="Button1" onclick="Button1_Click"
Text="Click me"/>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
<%@ Page Language="C#" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<script runat="server">
void Button1_Click(Object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Label1.Text = "Built at " + DateTime.Now.ToString();
}
void listFruit_SelectedIndexChanged(Object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Label1.Text = "You selected " + listFruit.SelectedItem.Text;
}
</script>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
<head runat="server">
<title>ASP.NET XHTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="Form1" runat="server">
<div>
<h1>ASP.NET Sample Page for XHTML</h1>
<p>
<asp:listbox runat="server" id="listFruit" AutoPostBack="true"
onselectedindexchanged="listFruit_SelectedIndexChanged">
<asp:listitem>Apple</asp:listitem>
<asp:listitem>Banana</asp:listitem>
<asp:listitem>Orange</asp:listitem>
</asp:listbox>
</p>
<asp:label runat="server" id="Label1" ForeColor="white"
BackColor="black" />
<br />
<asp:button runat="server" id="Button1" onclick="Button1_Click"
Text="Click me"/>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Note the following:
The form element does not contain an action attribute because the action attribute is added when the page is rendered.
The formatting properties of the Label control will render as style attributes.
Because the script element containing server script is not rendered to the browser, it does not require a type attribute.
The page renders client script at runtime to enable the auto-postback behavior of the ListBox control, but the page renders the script in an XHTML-compatible manner.
XHTML Conformance of Static Text and HTML Elements
ASP.NET does not alter static text or non-server HTML elements that you put into a page. For example, an ASP.NET Web page might include the TextBox and Button controls as well as some static text that you add inside <p></p> tags. ASP.NET can render XHTML for the TextBox and Button controls, but it cannot correct XHTML errors that occur between the <p></p> tags. If you create static text or HTML elements, make sure that they are XHTML conformant. You can check your pages by validating them, as explained in the next section.
Unknown attributes of HTML controls are passed through to the rendered control output and will not validate as valid XHTML markup. For example, specifying the ID attribute for the HtmlHead control will result in markup that is not XHTML 1.0 Strict-compliant. To validate your markup, use a markup validator such as the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Validation Markup Service.
Checking XHTML Conformance of ASP.NET Web Pages
After creating your ASP.NET Web pages, you might want to check whether they will render correct XHTML. If the page contains ASP.NET Web server controls, there is no way to check the page while writing it because the controls render XHTML only when the page runs.
Note
Some visual designers, such as Visual Studio, can provide design-time XHTML validation of the page's markup.
To check the validity of the XHTML for your pages, you must use a service that runs the page and checks its output. A typical strategy is to deploy your pages to a publicly available server. The server can be a test server; it does not have to be a production server. However, it must be open to the Internet. You can then use a validation service that can read your pages programmatically.
A popular service is the W3C Markup Validation Service, which is maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium. To use this validator, enter the URL of the page that you want the service to check. The validation site requests the page and produces a report of any errors that it finds. Alternatively, you can save the source for a Web page and submit it as a file to the validation service. For more information about this validation service, see the W3C Web site.
If the page that you are checking contains dynamic content, or if users can personalize Web pages in your site, you must be sure to test pages with different content to be sure all possible content in the page is valid. In some cases, this can be difficult because the variation in possible page output is too great to be able to test effectively.
Configuring Browser Capabilities for Markup Validation
When a page is processed, ASP.NET examines information in the request about the current browser, and based on the browser type (user agent string), renders markup that is appropriate for that browser. For more information, see ASP.NET Web Server Controls and Browser Capabilities.
If you submit an ASP.NET Web page to a validation service such as the W3C Markup Validation Service, ASP.NET might render a version of the page that does not conform to XHTML standards. This is because the validator service does not report itself as a browser type that ASP.NET recognizes, such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla. When ASP.NET cannot recognize the browser type, it defaults to rendering downlevel markup, which does not include XHTML-conformant elements and attributes, or features such as cascading style sheet styles.
You can configure your application to send the correct XHTML-conformant markup to the validation service by creating a browser definition for the validation service's user agent string. For example, the W3C Markup Validation Service reports a user agent that begins with "W3C_Validator". To create a browser definition for the W3C validator, you can create a .browser file in your application's App_Browsers folder (you can name the .browsers file anything you like) and then add the following browsers element.
<browsers>
<browser id="W3C_Validator" parentID="default">
<identification>
<userAgent match="^W3C_Validator" />
</identification>
<capabilities>
<capability name="browser" value="W3C Validator" />
<capability name="ecmaScriptVersion" value="1.2" />
<capability name="javascript" value="true" />
<capability name="supportsCss" value="true" />
<capability name="tables" value="true" />
<capability name="tagWriter"
value="System.Web.UI.HtmlTextWriter" />
<capability name="w3cdomversion" value="1.0" />
</capabilities>
</browser>
</browsers>
For more information about creating browser definitions, see Browser Definition File Schema (browsers Element).
Exceptions to XHTML Conformance
Although ASP.NET generates XHTML–conformant markup, some controls support optional functionality that, if used, might result in non-compliant markup.
Note
Each control renders its own markup. Custom controls created by other parties might not be written to produce XHTML-conformant output. If you are using a custom control, check with the control vendor to determine which standards the control supports.
Target Attribute
Examples of controls that might result in non compliant markup are controls that allow you to include a target attribute to specify their client-side behavior:
Pages that include the controls with their target attribute set will not validate against XHTML 1.1. If it is critical for you to create pages that are 100% conformant with XHTML 1.1 standards, you should avoid using options, such as the target attribute, that result in non-conformant markup.
Select Element
A DropDownList or ListBox control can be used to create a single-item or multiple-item selection. The DropDownList and the ListBox control each render an HTML select element. If the DropDownList or the ListBox control does not contain at least one ListItem control, then the rendered select element contains no child option elements and will not validate against XHTML 1.1.