使用不可变类型和属性

项目
10/30/2023

不可变类型会阻止你在对象实例化后更改该对象的任何属性或字段值。该类型可以是记录、没有公共属性或字段、具有只读属性，或者包含具有专用资源库或仅初始化资源库的属性。 System.String 是不可变类型的一个示例。 System.Text.Json 提供将 JSON 反序列化为不可变类型的不同方法。

参数化的构造函数

默认情况下，System.Text.Json 使用默认的公共无参数构造函数。但可以让其使用参数化构造函数，该构造函数可以反序列化不可变的类或结构。

对于类，如果唯一构造函数是参数化的构造函数，则将使用该构造函数。

对于结构或包含多个构造函数的类，通过应用 [JsonConstructor] 特性来指定要使用的构造函数。如果未使用该特性，则始终使用公共无参数构造函数（如果存在）。

以下示例使用 [JsonConstructor] 特性：

using System.Text.Json;
using System.Text.Json.Serialization;

namespace ImmutableTypes
{
    public struct Forecast
    {
        public DateTime Date { get; }
        public int TemperatureC { get; }
        public string Summary { get; }

        [JsonConstructor]
        public Forecast(DateTime date, int temperatureC, string summary) =>
            (Date, TemperatureC, Summary) = (date, temperatureC, summary);
    }

    public class Program
    {
        public static void Main()
        {
            string json = """
                {
                    "date":"2020-09-06T11:31:01.923395-07:00",
                    "temperatureC":-1,
                    "summary":"Cold"
                }
                """;
            Console.WriteLine($"Input JSON: {json}");

            var options = JsonSerializerOptions.Web;

            Forecast forecast = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Forecast>(json, options);

            Console.WriteLine($"forecast.Date: {forecast.Date}");
            Console.WriteLine($"forecast.TemperatureC: {forecast.TemperatureC}");
            Console.WriteLine($"forecast.Summary: {forecast.Summary}");

            string roundTrippedJson =
                JsonSerializer.Serialize<Forecast>(forecast, options);

            Console.WriteLine($"Output JSON: {roundTrippedJson}");
        }
    }
}

// Produces output like the following example:
//
//Input JSON: { "date":"2020-09-06T11:31:01.923395-07:00","temperatureC":-1,"summary":"Cold"}
//forecast.Date: 9 / 6 / 2020 11:31:01 AM
//forecast.TemperatureC: -1
//forecast.Summary: Cold
//Output JSON: { "date":"2020-09-06T11:31:01.923395-07:00","temperatureC":-1,"summary":"Cold"}

Imports System.Text.Json
Imports System.Text.Json.Serialization

Namespace ImmutableTypes

    Public Structure Forecast
        Public ReadOnly Property [Date] As Date
        Public ReadOnly Property TemperatureC As Integer
        Public ReadOnly Property Summary As String

        <JsonConstructor>
        Public Sub New([Date] As Date, TemperatureC As Integer, Summary As String)
            Me.Date = [Date]
            Me.TemperatureC = TemperatureC
            Me.Summary = Summary
        End Sub

    End Structure

    Public NotInheritable Class Program

        Public Shared Sub Main()
            Dim json As String = "{""date"":""2020-09-06T11:31:01.923395-07:00"",""temperatureC"":-1,""summary"":""Cold""}"
            Console.WriteLine($"Input JSON: {json}")

            Dim forecast1 As Forecast = JsonSerializer.Deserialize(Of Forecast)(json, JsonSerializerOptions.Web)

            Console.WriteLine($"forecast.Date: {forecast1.[Date]}")
            Console.WriteLine($"forecast.TemperatureC: {forecast1.TemperatureC}")
            Console.WriteLine($"forecast.Summary: {forecast1.Summary}")

            Dim roundTrippedJson As String = JsonSerializer.Serialize(forecast1, JsonSerializerOptions.Web)

            Console.WriteLine($"Output JSON: {roundTrippedJson}")
        End Sub

    End Class

End Namespace

' Produces output like the following example:
'
'Input JSON: { "date":"2020-09-06T11:31:01.923395-07:00","temperatureC":-1,"summary":"Cold"}
'forecast.Date: 9 / 6 / 2020 11:31:01 AM
'forecast.TemperatureC: -1
'forecast.Summary: Cold
'Output JSON: { "date":"2020-09-06T11:31:01.923395-07:00","temperatureC":-1,"summary":"Cold"}

在 .NET 7 和更早版本中，[JsonConstructor] 属性只能与公共构造函数一起使用。

参数化构造函数的参数名称必须与属性名称和类型匹配。匹配不区分大小写，即使使用 [JsonPropertyName] 重命名属性，构造函数参数也必须与实际属性名称匹配。在下面的示例中，TemperatureC 属性的名称在 JSON 中更改为 celsius，但构造函数参数仍然名为 temperatureC：

using System.Text.Json;
using System.Text.Json.Serialization;

namespace ImmutableTypesCtorParms
{
    public readonly struct Forecast
    {
        public DateTime Date { get; }
        [JsonPropertyName("celsius")]
        public int TemperatureC { get; }
        public string Summary { get; }

        [JsonConstructor]
        public Forecast(DateTime date, int temperatureC, string summary) =>
            (Date, TemperatureC, Summary) = (date, temperatureC, summary);
    }

    public class Program
    {
        public static void Main()
        {
            string json = """
                {
                    "date":"2020-09-06T11:31:01.923395-07:00",
                    "celsius":-1,
                    "summary":"Cold"
                }
                """;
            Console.WriteLine($"Input JSON: {json}");

            var options = JsonSerializerOptions.Web;

            Forecast forecast = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Forecast>(json, options);

            Console.WriteLine($"forecast.Date: {forecast.Date}");
            Console.WriteLine($"forecast.TemperatureC: {forecast.TemperatureC}");
            Console.WriteLine($"forecast.Summary: {forecast.Summary}");

            string roundTrippedJson =
                JsonSerializer.Serialize<Forecast>(forecast, options);

            Console.WriteLine($"Output JSON: {roundTrippedJson}");

        }
    }
}

// Produces output like the following example:
//
//Input JSON: { "date":"2020-09-06T11:31:01.923395-07:00","celsius":-1,"summary":"Cold"}
//forecast.Date: 9 / 6 / 2020 11:31:01 AM
//forecast.TemperatureC: -1
//forecast.Summary: Cold
//Output JSON: { "date":"2020-09-06T11:31:01.923395-07:00","celsius":-1,"summary":"Cold"}

除了 [JsonPropertyName]，以下属性也支持使用参数化构造函数进行反序列化：

记录

序列化和反序列化也支持记录，如以下示例所示：

using System.Text.Json;

namespace Records
{
    public record Forecast(DateTime Date, int TemperatureC)
    {
        public string? Summary { get; init; }
    };

    public class Program
    {
        public static void Main()
        {
            Forecast forecast = new(DateTime.Now, 40)
            {
                Summary = "Hot!"
            };

            string forecastJson = JsonSerializer.Serialize<Forecast>(forecast);
            Console.WriteLine(forecastJson);
            Forecast? forecastObj = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Forecast>(forecastJson);
            Console.WriteLine(forecastObj);
        }
    }
}

// Produces output like the following example:
//
//{ "Date":"2020-10-21T15:26:10.5044594-07:00","TemperatureC":40,"Summary":"Hot!"}
//Forecast { Date = 10 / 21 / 2020 3:26:10 PM, TemperatureC = 40, Summary = Hot! }

可以使用 property: 特性上的目标，将任何特性应用于属性名称。有关位置记录的详细信息，请参阅 C# 语言参考中关于记录的文章。

非公共成员和属性访问器

可以使用 [JsonInclude] 属性启用非公共属性访问器，如下例所示：

using System.Text.Json;
using System.Text.Json.Serialization;

namespace NonPublicAccessors
{
    public class Forecast
    {
        public DateTime Date { get; init; }

        [JsonInclude]
        public int TemperatureC { get; private set; }

        [JsonInclude]
        public string? Summary { private get; set; }
    };

    public class Program
    {
        public static void Main()
        {
            string json = """
                {
                    "Date":"2020-10-23T09:51:03.8702889-07:00",
                    "TemperatureC":40,
                    "Summary":"Hot"
                }
                """;
            Console.WriteLine($"Input JSON: {json}");

            Forecast forecastDeserialized = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Forecast>(json)!;
            Console.WriteLine($"Date: {forecastDeserialized.Date}");
            Console.WriteLine($"TemperatureC: {forecastDeserialized.TemperatureC}");

            json = JsonSerializer.Serialize<Forecast>(forecastDeserialized);
            Console.WriteLine($"Output JSON: {json}");
        }
    }
}

// Produces output like the following example:
//
//Input JSON: { "Date":"2020-10-23T09:51:03.8702889-07:00","TemperatureC":40,"Summary":"Hot"}
//Date: 10 / 23 / 2020 9:51:03 AM
//TemperatureC: 40
//Output JSON: { "Date":"2020-10-23T09:51:03.8702889-07:00","TemperatureC":40,"Summary":"Hot"}

Imports System.Text.Json
Imports System.Text.Json.Serialization

Namespace NonPublicAccessors

    Public Class Forecast
        Public Property [Date] As Date

        Private _temperatureC As Integer

        <JsonInclude>
        Public Property TemperatureC As Integer
            Get
                Return _temperatureC
            End Get
            Private Set(Value As Integer)
                _temperatureC = Value
            End Set
        End Property

        Private _summary As String

        <JsonInclude>
        Public Property Summary As String
            Private Get
                Return _summary
            End Get
            Set(Value As String)
                _summary = Value
            End Set
        End Property

    End Class

    Public NotInheritable Class Program

        Public Shared Sub Main()
            Dim json As String = "{""Date"":""2020-10-23T09:51:03.8702889-07:00"",""TemperatureC"":40,""Summary"":""Hot""}"
            Console.WriteLine($"Input JSON: {json}")

            Dim forecastDeserialized As Forecast = JsonSerializer.Deserialize(Of Forecast)(json)
            Console.WriteLine($"Date: {forecastDeserialized.[Date]}")
            Console.WriteLine($"TemperatureC: {forecastDeserialized.TemperatureC}")

            json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(forecastDeserialized)
            Console.WriteLine($"Output JSON: {json}")
        End Sub

    End Class

End Namespace

' Produces output like the following example:
'
'Input JSON: { "Date":"2020-10-23T09:51:03.8702889-07:00","TemperatureC":40,"Summary":"Hot"}
'Date: 10 / 23 / 2020 9:51:03 AM
'TemperatureC: 40
'Output JSON: { "Date":"2020-10-23T09:51:03.8702889-07:00","TemperatureC":40,"Summary":"Hot"}

通过包含具有专用资源库的属性，你仍然可以反序列化该属性。

在 .NET 8 及更高版本中，还可使用 [JsonInclude] 属性将非公共成员加入到给定类型的序列化协定中。

注意

在源生成模式下，对于 private 成员或 private 访问器，不能通过使用 [JsonInclude] 属性对其进行注释来序列化成员或使用访问器。仅当 internal 成员或 internal 访问器与生成的 JsonSerializerContext 位于同一程序集中时，才能序列化这些成员或使用这些访问器。

只读属性

在 .NET 8 及更高版本中，也可反序列化只读属性，或者没有专用或公共资源库的属性。虽然无法更改属性引用的实例，但如果属性的类型是可变的，则可以对其进行修改。例如，可将元素添加到列表中。要反序列化只读属性，需要将其对象创建处理行为设置为“填充”而不是“替换”。例如，可使用 JsonObjectCreationHandlingAttribute 特性对属性进行注释。

class A
{
    [JsonObjectCreationHandling(JsonObjectCreationHandling.Populate)]
    public List<int> Numbers1 { get; } = new List<int>() { 1, 2, 3 };
}

有关详细信息，请参阅填充初始化的属性。

通过

使用不可变类型和属性

参数化的构造函数

记录

非公共成员和属性访问器

只读属性

另请参阅

其他资源