检索标识或自动编号值
关系数据库中的主键是始终包含唯一值的列或列的组合。 知道主键值使您可以定位包含该值的行。 关系数据库引擎（如 SQL Server、Oracle 和 Microsoft Access/Jet）支持创建可指定为主键的自动递增列。 在向表中添加行时，服务器会生成这些值。 在 SQL Server 中可以设置列的标识属性，在 Oracle 中可以创建序列，在 Microsoft Access 中可以创建 AutoNumber 列。
通过将 DataColumn 属性设置为 True，也可以使用 AutoIncrement 来生成自动递增值。 但是，如果多个客户端应用程序独立生成自动递增值，最后会使 DataTable 的单独实例中出现重复的值。 让服务器生成自动递增值，以允许每个用户为每个插入的行检索生成的值，从而消除潜在的冲突。
在调用 Update 的 DataAdapter 方法期间，数据库可以将数据以输出参数的形式或以与 INSERT 语句同一批执行的 SELECT 语句返回的结果集的第一个记录的形式，发回到您的 ADO.NET 应用程序。 ADO.NET 可以检索这些值并在要更新的 DataRow 中更新相应的列。
某些数据库引擎（如 Microsoft Access Jet 数据库引擎）不支持输出参数，不能在单个批处理中处理多个语句。 当使用 Jet 数据库引擎时，可以通过在 RowUpdated 的 DataAdapter 事件的事件处理程序中执行单独的 SELECT 命令来检索为插入行生成的新 AutoNumber 值。
备注
使用自动递增值的替代方法是使用 NewGuid 对象的 Guid 方法在客户端计算机上生成一个 GUID（即全局唯一标识符），插入每个新行时可以将此标识符复制到服务器。 NewGuid 方法使用算法生成一个 16 字节的二进制值，该算法不生成重复值的概率很高。 在 SQL Server 数据库中，GUID 存储在 uniqueidentifier 列中，SQL Server 可以使用 Transact-SQL NEWID() 函数自动生成此列。 将 GUID 用作主键会对性能产生负面影响。 SQL Server 引入对 NEWSEQUENTIALID() 函数的支持，此函数生成一个连续 GUID，虽然不能保证此 GUID 全局唯一，却可以更有效地进行索引。
检索 SQL Server“标识”列的值
使用 Microsoft SQL Server 时，可以创建通过输出参数返回插入行标识值的存储过程。 下表说明 SQL Server 中可用来检索标识列值的三个 Transact-SQL 函数。
| 函数 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| SCOPE_IDENTITY | 返回当前执行范围内的最后一个标识值。 对于多数方案，建议使用 SCOPE_IDENTITY。 |
| @@IDENTITY | 包含当前会话中任何表生成的最后一个标识值。 @@IDENTITY 受触发器的影响，可能不会返回预期的标识值。 |
| IDENT_CURRENT | 返回在任何会话中以及任何范围内为特定表生成的最后一个标识值。 |
下面的存储过程演示如何向“类别”表中插入行，并使用输出参数返回由 Transact-SQL SCOPE_IDENTITY() 函数生成的新标识值。
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.InsertCategory
@CategoryName nvarchar(15),
@Identity int OUT
AS
INSERT INTO Categories (CategoryName) VALUES(@CategoryName)
SET @Identity = SCOPE_IDENTITY()
然后可以将此存储过程指定为 InsertCommand 对象的 SqlDataAdapter 的源。 CommandType 的 InsertCommand 属性必须设置为 StoredProcedure。 可以通过创建一个 SqlParameter 为 ParameterDirection 的 Output 来检索标识输出。 如果将插入命令的 UpdatedRowSource 属性设置为 UpdateRowSource.OutputParameters 或 UpdateRowSource.Both，则在处理 InsertCommand 时，会返回自动递增的标识值并将其置于当前行的“CategoryID”列中。
如果插入命令执行的是同时包括 INSERT 语句和可返回新标识值的 SELECT 语句的批处理，则可以通过将插入命令的 UpdatedRowSource 属性设置为 UpdateRowSource.FirstReturnedRecord 来检索这个新值。
static void RetrieveIdentity(string connectionString)
{
using (SqlConnection connection =
new(connectionString))
{
// Create a SqlDataAdapter based on a SELECT query.
SqlDataAdapter adapter =
new(
"SELECT CategoryID, CategoryName FROM dbo.Categories",
connection)
{
//Create the SqlCommand to execute the stored procedure.
InsertCommand = new SqlCommand("dbo.InsertCategory",
connection)
{
CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure
}
};
// Add the parameter for the CategoryName. Specifying the
// ParameterDirection for an input parameter is not required.
adapter.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add(
new SqlParameter("@CategoryName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, 15,
"CategoryName"));
// Add the SqlParameter to retrieve the new identity value.
// Specify the ParameterDirection as Output.
SqlParameter parameter =
adapter.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add(
"@Identity", SqlDbType.Int, 0, "CategoryID");
parameter.Direction = ParameterDirection.Output;
// Create a DataTable and fill it.
DataTable categories = new();
adapter.Fill(categories);
// Add a new row.
DataRow newRow = categories.NewRow();
newRow["CategoryName"] = "New Category";
categories.Rows.Add(newRow);
adapter.Update(categories);
Console.WriteLine("List All Rows:");
foreach (DataRow row in categories.Rows)
{
{
Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", row[0], row[1]);
}
}
}
}
Private Sub RetrieveIdentity(ByVal connectionString As String)
Using connection As SqlConnection = New SqlConnection( _
connectionString)
' Create a SqlDataAdapter based on a SELECT query.
Dim adapter As SqlDataAdapter = New SqlDataAdapter( _
"SELECT CategoryID, CategoryName FROM dbo.Categories", _
connection)
' Create the SqlCommand to execute the stored procedure.
adapter.InsertCommand = New SqlCommand("dbo.InsertCategory", _
connection)
adapter.InsertCommand.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure
' Add the parameter for the CategoryName. Specifying the
' ParameterDirection for an input parameter is not required.
adapter.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add( _
"@CategoryName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, 15, "CategoryName")
' Add the SqlParameter to retrieve the new identity value.
' Specify the ParameterDirection as Output.
Dim parameter As SqlParameter = _
adapter.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add( _
"@Identity", SqlDbType.Int, 0, "CategoryID")
parameter.Direction = ParameterDirection.Output
' Create a DataTable and fill it.
Dim categories As DataTable = New DataTable
adapter.Fill(categories)
' Add a new row.
Dim newRow As DataRow = categories.NewRow()
newRow("CategoryName") = "New Category"
categories.Rows.Add(newRow)
' Update the database.
adapter.Update(categories)
Console.WriteLine("List All Rows:")
Dim row As DataRow
For Each row In categories.Rows
Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", row(0), row(1))
Next
End Using
End Sub
合并新标识值
常见的方案是调用 GetChanges 的 DataTable 方法来创建仅包含已更改行的副本，并在调用 Update 的 DataAdapter 方法时使用这个新副本。 这在需要将已更改的行封送到执行更新的单独组件时十分有用。 更新后，此副本会包含随后必须合并回原始 DataTable 中的新标识值。 新标识值很可能会不同于 DataTable 中的原始值。 若要完成合并，必须保留副本中“AutoIncrement”列的原始值，以便能够在原始 DataTable 中定位和更新现有行，而不是追加包含新标识值的新行。 但在默认情况下，在调用 Update 的 DataAdapter 方法后，这些原始值会丢失，这是因为会对每个已更新的 AcceptChanges 隐式调用 DataRow。
在 DataColumn 更新期间，可以采用两种方法保留 DataRow 中 DataAdapter 的原始值：
第一种保留原始值的方法是将
AcceptChangesDuringUpdate的DataAdapter属性设置为false。 这会影响将要更新的DataRow中的每个DataTable。 有关更多信息及代码示例，请参阅 AcceptChangesDuringUpdate。第二种方法是在
RowUpdated的DataAdapter事件处理程序中编写代码，将 Status 设置为 SkipCurrentRow。DataRow将会更新，但每个DataColumn的原始值会保留。 使用此方法可以对某些行保留原始值而不对其他行保留原始值。 例如，通过先检查 StatementType 然后仅针对 Status 为 SkipCurrentRow 的行将StatementType设置为Insert，代码可以为已添加的行保留原始值，而不为已编辑或已删除的行保留原始值。
在 DataRow 更新期间使用这些方法中的任一方法保留 DataAdapter 中的原始值时，ADO.NET 会执行一系列操作将 DataRow 的当前值设置为由输出参数返回的新值或由结果集的第一个返回行返回的新值，同时仍在每个 DataColumn 中保留原始值。 首先调用 AcceptChanges 的 DataRow 方法将当前值保留为原始值，然后分配新值。 完成这些操作后，DataRows 属性设置为 RowState 的 Added 将会使其 RowState 属性设置为 Modified，这可能是不需要的行为。
如何将命令结果应用于每个要更新的 DataRow 由每个 UpdatedRowSource 的 DbCommand 属性确定。 此属性设置为 UpdateRowSource 枚举中的一个值。
下表说明 UpdateRowSource 枚举值如何影响已更新行的 RowState 属性。
| 成员名称 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| Both | 调用 AcceptChanges 并将输出参数值和/或任何返回的数据集的第一行中的值放在要更新的 DataRow 中。 如果没有要应用的值，则 RowState 将为 Unchanged。 |
| FirstReturnedRecord | 如果返回一个行，则调用 AcceptChanges 并将此行映射到 DataTable 中已更改的行，同时将 RowState 设置为 Modified。 如果未返回任何行，则不调用 AcceptChanges，RowState 将保持为 Added。 |
| None | 忽略任何返回的参数或行。 不对 AcceptChanges 进行调用，RowState 将保持为 Added。 |
| OutputParameters | 调用 AcceptChanges 并将任何输出参数映射到 DataTable 中已更改的行，同时将 RowState 设置为 Modified。 如果没有输出参数，则 RowState 将为 Unchanged。 |
示例
此示例演示从 DataTable 中提取已更改的行，然后使用 SqlDataAdapter 更新数据源并检索新标识列值。 InsertCommand 执行两个 Transact-SQL 语句：第一个是 INSERT 语句，第二个是使用 SCOPE_IDENTITY 函数检索标识值的 SELECT 语句。
INSERT INTO dbo.Shippers (CompanyName)
VALUES (@CompanyName);
SELECT ShipperID, CompanyName FROM dbo.Shippers
WHERE ShipperID = SCOPE_IDENTITY();
插入命令的 UpdatedRowSource 属性设置为 UpdateRowSource.FirstReturnedRow 并且 MissingSchemaAction 的 DataAdapter 属性设置为 MissingSchemaAction.AddWithKey。 填充 DataTable 并且代码向 DataTable 添加一个新行。 然后将已更改的行提取到一个新的 DataTable 中，将后者传递到 DataAdapter，它将随后更新服务器。
static void MergeIdentityColumns(string connectionString)
{
using (SqlConnection connection =
new(connectionString))
{
// Create the DataAdapter
SqlDataAdapter adapter =
new(
"SELECT ShipperID, CompanyName FROM dbo.Shippers",
connection)
{
//Add the InsertCommand to retrieve new identity value.
InsertCommand = new SqlCommand(
"INSERT INTO dbo.Shippers (CompanyName) " +
"VALUES (@CompanyName); " +
"SELECT ShipperID, CompanyName FROM dbo.Shippers " +
"WHERE ShipperID = SCOPE_IDENTITY();", connection)
};
// Add the parameter for the inserted value.
adapter.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add(
new SqlParameter("@CompanyName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, 40,
"CompanyName"));
adapter.InsertCommand.UpdatedRowSource = UpdateRowSource.Both;
// MissingSchemaAction adds any missing schema to
// the DataTable, including identity columns
adapter.MissingSchemaAction = MissingSchemaAction.AddWithKey;
// Fill the DataTable.
DataTable shipper = new();
adapter.Fill(shipper);
// Add a new shipper.
DataRow newRow = shipper.NewRow();
newRow["CompanyName"] = "New Shipper";
shipper.Rows.Add(newRow);
// Add changed rows to a new DataTable. This
// DataTable will be used by the DataAdapter.
DataTable dataChanges = shipper.GetChanges()!;
// Add the event handler.
adapter.RowUpdated +=
OnRowUpdated;
adapter.Update(dataChanges);
connection.Close();
// Merge the updates.
shipper.Merge(dataChanges);
// Commit the changes.
shipper.AcceptChanges();
Console.WriteLine("Rows after merge.");
foreach (DataRow row in shipper.Rows)
{
{
Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", row[0], row[1]);
}
}
}
}
Private Sub MergeIdentityColumns(ByVal connectionString As String)
Using connection As SqlConnection = New SqlConnection( _
connectionString)
' Create the DataAdapter
Dim adapter As SqlDataAdapter = New SqlDataAdapter( _
"SELECT ShipperID, CompanyName FROM dbo.Shippers", connection)
' Add the InsertCommand to retrieve new identity value.
adapter.InsertCommand = New SqlCommand( _
"INSERT INTO dbo.Shippers (CompanyName) " & _
"VALUES (@CompanyName); " & _
"SELECT ShipperID, CompanyName FROM dbo.Shippers " & _
"WHERE ShipperID = SCOPE_IDENTITY();", _
connection)
' Add the parameter for the inserted value.
adapter.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add( _
New SqlParameter("@CompanyName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, 40, _
"CompanyName"))
adapter.InsertCommand.UpdatedRowSource = UpdateRowSource.Both
' MissingSchemaAction adds any missing schema to
' the DataTable, including identity columns
adapter.MissingSchemaAction = MissingSchemaAction.AddWithKey
' Fill the DataTable.
Dim shipper As New DataTable
adapter.Fill(shipper)
' Add a new shipper.
Dim newRow As DataRow = shipper.NewRow()
newRow("CompanyName") = "New Shipper"
shipper.Rows.Add(newRow)
' Add changed rows to a new DataTable. This
' DataTable will be used by the DataAdapter.
Dim dataChanges As DataTable = shipper.GetChanges()
' Add the event handler.
AddHandler adapter.RowUpdated, New _
SqlRowUpdatedEventHandler(AddressOf OnRowUpdated)
' Update the datasource with the modified records.
adapter.Update(dataChanges)
' Merge the two DataTables.
shipper.Merge(dataChanges)
' Commit the changes.
shipper.AcceptChanges()
Console.WriteLine("Rows after merge.")
Dim row As DataRow
For Each row In shipper.Rows
Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", row(0), row(1))
Next
End Using
End Sub
OnRowUpdated 事件处理程序检查 StatementType 的 SqlRowUpdatedEventArgs 以确定行是否为插入项。 如果是，则将 Status 属性设置为 SkipCurrentRow。 该行将被更新，但会保留该行中的原始值。 在过程的正文中，调用 Merge 方法以将新标识值合并到原始 DataTable 中，最后调用 AcceptChanges。
protected static void OnRowUpdated(
object sender, SqlRowUpdatedEventArgs e)
{
// If this is an insert, then skip this row.
if (e.StatementType == StatementType.Insert)
{
e.Status = UpdateStatus.SkipCurrentRow;
}
}
Private Sub OnRowUpdated( _
ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As SqlRowUpdatedEventArgs)
' If this is an insert, then skip this row.
If e.StatementType = StatementType.Insert Then
e.Status = UpdateStatus.SkipCurrentRow
End If
End Sub
检索 Microsoft Access Autonumber 值
本节包含一个演示如何从 Jet 4.0 数据库中检索 Autonumber 值的示例。 Jet 数据库引擎不支持在一个批处理中执行多个语句或使用输出参数，因此不能使用这些技术返回分配给已插入行的新 Autonumber 值。 但是，你可以向 RowUpdated 事件处理程序中添加代码，执行一个单独的 SELECT @@IDENTITY 语句来检索新的 Autonumber 值。
示例
此示例不使用 MissingSchemaAction.AddWithKey 添加架构信息，而是在调用 DataTable 以填充 OleDbDataAdapter 之前用正确的架构配置 DataTable。 在本例中，通过将 AutoIncrement 设置为 true、将 AutoIncrementSeed 设置为 0 以及将 AutoIncrementStep 设置为 -1，将 CategoryID 列配置为从零开始并递减，递减的幅度是为每个插入行分配的值。 然后，代码添加两个新行并使用 GetChanges 将已更改的行添加到传递给 DataTable 方法的新 Update 中。
static OleDbConnection s_connection = default!;
static void MergeIdentityColumns(OleDbConnection connection)
{
using (connection)
{
// Create a DataAdapter based on a SELECT query.
OleDbDataAdapter adapter = new(
"SELECT CategoryID, CategoryName FROM Categories",
connection)
{
// Create the INSERT command for the new category.
InsertCommand = new OleDbCommand(
"INSERT INTO Categories (CategoryName) Values(?)", connection)
{
CommandType = CommandType.Text
}
};
// Add the parameter for the CategoryName.
adapter.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add(
"@CategoryName", OleDbType.VarWChar, 15, "CategoryName");
adapter.InsertCommand.UpdatedRowSource = UpdateRowSource.Both;
// Create a DataTable
DataTable categories = new();
// Create the CategoryID column and set its auto
// incrementing properties to decrement from zero.
DataColumn catId = new()
{
DataType = Type.GetType("System.Int32"),
ColumnName = "CategoryID",
AutoIncrement = true,
AutoIncrementSeed = 0,
AutoIncrementStep = -1
};
categories.Columns.Add(catId);
// Create the CategoryName column.
categories.Columns.Add(new DataColumn
{
DataType = Type.GetType("System.String"),
ColumnName = "CategoryName"
});
// Set the primary key on CategoryID.
var pKey = new DataColumn[] { catId };
categories.PrimaryKey = pKey;
// Fetch the data and fill the DataTable
adapter.Fill(categories);
// Add a new row.
DataRow newRow = categories.NewRow();
newRow["CategoryName"] = "New Category";
categories.Rows.Add(newRow);
// Add another new row.
DataRow newRow2 = categories.NewRow();
newRow2["CategoryName"] = "Another New Category";
categories.Rows.Add(newRow2);
// Add changed rows to a new DataTable that will be
// used to post the inserts to the database.
DataTable dataChanges = categories.GetChanges()!;
// Include an event to fill in the Autonumber value.
adapter.RowUpdated +=
OnRowUpdated;
// Update the database, inserting the new rows.
adapter.Update(dataChanges);
Console.WriteLine("Rows before merge:");
foreach (DataRow row in categories.Rows)
{
{
Console.WriteLine(" {0}: {1}", row[0], row[1]);
}
}
// Merge the two DataTables.
categories.Merge(dataChanges);
// Commit the changes.
categories.AcceptChanges();
Console.WriteLine("Rows after merge:");
foreach (DataRow row in categories.Rows)
{
{
Console.WriteLine(" {0}: {1}", row[0], row[1]);
}
}
}
}
Shared connection As OleDbConnection = Nothing
Private Shared Sub MergeIdentityColumns(ByVal connection As OleDbConnection)
Using connection
' Create a DataAdapter based on a SELECT query.
Dim adapter As OleDbDataAdapter = New OleDbDataAdapter(
"SELECT CategoryID, CategoryName FROM Categories",
connection)
' Create the INSERT command for the new category.
adapter.InsertCommand = New OleDbCommand(
"INSERT INTO Categories (CategoryName) Values(?)", connection)
adapter.InsertCommand.CommandType = CommandType.Text
' Add the parameter for the CategoryName.
adapter.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add(
"@CategoryName", OleDbType.VarWChar, 15, "CategoryName")
adapter.InsertCommand.UpdatedRowSource = UpdateRowSource.Both
' Create a DataTable.
Dim categories As DataTable = New DataTable
' Create the CategoryID column and set its auto
' incrementing properties to decrement from zero.
Dim column As New DataColumn()
column.DataType = System.Type.GetType("System.Int32")
column.ColumnName = "CategoryID"
column.AutoIncrement = True
column.AutoIncrementSeed = 0
column.AutoIncrementStep = -1
categories.Columns.Add(column)
' Create the CategoryName column.
column = New DataColumn()
column.DataType = System.Type.GetType("System.String")
column.ColumnName = "CategoryName"
categories.Columns.Add(column)
' Set the primary key on CategoryID.
Dim pKey(0) As DataColumn
pKey(0) = categories.Columns("CategoryID")
categories.PrimaryKey = pKey
' Fetch the data and fill the DataTable.
adapter.Fill(categories)
' Add a new row.
Dim newRow As DataRow = categories.NewRow()
newRow("CategoryName") = "New Category"
categories.Rows.Add(newRow)
' Add another new row.
Dim newRow2 As DataRow = categories.NewRow()
newRow2("CategoryName") = "Another New Category"
categories.Rows.Add(newRow2)
' Add changed rows to a new DataTable that will be
' used to post the inserts to the database.
Dim dataChanges As DataTable = categories.GetChanges()
' Include an event to fill in the Autonumber value.
AddHandler adapter.RowUpdated,
New OleDbRowUpdatedEventHandler(AddressOf OnRowUpdated)
' Update the database, inserting the new rows.
adapter.Update(dataChanges)
Console.WriteLine("Rows before merge:")
Dim row1 As DataRow
For Each row1 In categories.Rows
Console.WriteLine(" {0}: {1}", row1(0), row1(1))
Next
' Merge the two DataTables.
categories.Merge(dataChanges)
' Commit the changes.
categories.AcceptChanges()
Console.WriteLine("Rows after merge:")
Dim row As DataRow
For Each row In categories.Rows
Console.WriteLine(" {0}: {1}", row(0), row(1))
Next
End Using
End Sub
RowUpdated 事件处理程序使用相同的开放式 OleDbConnection 作为 Update 的 OleDbDataAdapter 语句。 它会检查已插入行的 StatementType 的 OleDbRowUpdatedEventArgs。 对于每个已插入的行，会创建一个新的 OleDbCommand，以在连接上执行 SELECT @@IDENTITY 语句，返回新的 Autonumber 值，该值将被放在 DataRow 的 CategoryID 列中。 然后将 Status 属性设置为 UpdateStatus.SkipCurrentRow 以取消对 AcceptChanges 的隐藏调用。 在过程的正文中，调用 Merge 方法以合并两个 DataTable 对象，最后调用 AcceptChanges。
static void OnRowUpdated(
object sender, OleDbRowUpdatedEventArgs e)
{
// Conditionally execute this code block on inserts only.
if (e.StatementType == StatementType.Insert)
{
OleDbCommand cmdNewID = new("SELECT @@IDENTITY",
s_connection);
// Retrieve the Autonumber and store it in the CategoryID column.
e.Row["CategoryID"] = (int)cmdNewID.ExecuteScalar()!;
e.Status = UpdateStatus.SkipCurrentRow;
}
}
Private Shared Sub OnRowUpdated(
ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As OleDbRowUpdatedEventArgs)
' Conditionally execute this code block on inserts only.
If e.StatementType = StatementType.Insert Then
' Retrieve the Autonumber and store it in the CategoryID column.
Dim cmdNewID As New OleDbCommand("SELECT @@IDENTITY",
connection)
e.Row("CategoryID") = CInt(cmdNewID.ExecuteScalar)
e.Status = UpdateStatus.SkipCurrentRow
End If
End Sub
检索标识值
当列中的值必须唯一时，我们经常将该列设置为标识。 而且有时我们需要新数据的标识值。 此示例演示了如何检索标识值：
创建存储过程以插入数据和返回标识值。
执行命令以插入新数据并显示结果。
使用 SqlDataAdapter 以插入新数据并显示结果。
在你编译并运行该示例之前，你必须使用以下脚本创建示例数据库：
USE [master]
GO
CREATE DATABASE [MySchool]
GO
USE [MySchool]
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATE procedure [dbo].[CourseExtInfo] @CourseId int
as
select c.CourseID,c.Title,c.Credits,d.Name as DepartmentName
from Course as c left outer join Department as d on c.DepartmentID=d.DepartmentID
where c.CourseID=@CourseId
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
create procedure [dbo].[DepartmentInfo] @DepartmentId int,@CourseCount int output
as
select @CourseCount=Count(c.CourseID)
from course as c
where c.DepartmentID=@DepartmentId
select d.DepartmentID,d.Name,d.Budget,d.StartDate,d.Administrator
from Department as d
where d.DepartmentID=@DepartmentId
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
Create PROCEDURE [dbo].[GetDepartmentsOfSpecifiedYear]
@Year int,@BudgetSum money output
AS
BEGIN
SELECT @BudgetSum=SUM([Budget])
FROM [MySchool].[dbo].[Department]
Where YEAR([StartDate])=@Year
SELECT [DepartmentID]
,[Name]
,[Budget]
,[StartDate]
,[Administrator]
FROM [MySchool].[dbo].[Department]
Where YEAR([StartDate])=@Year
END
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[GradeOfStudent]
-- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here
@CourseTitle nvarchar(100),@FirstName nvarchar(50),
@LastName nvarchar(50),@Grade decimal(3,2) output
AS
BEGIN
select @Grade=Max(Grade)
from [dbo].[StudentGrade] as s join [dbo].[Course] as c on
s.CourseID=c.CourseID join [dbo].[Person] as p on s.StudentID=p.PersonID
where c.Title=@CourseTitle and p.FirstName=@FirstName
and p.LastName= @LastName
END
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[InsertPerson]
-- Add the parameters for the stored procedure here
@FirstName nvarchar(50),@LastName nvarchar(50),
@PersonID int output
AS
BEGIN
insert [dbo].[Person](LastName,FirstName) Values(@LastName,@FirstName)
set @PersonID=SCOPE_IDENTITY()
END
Go
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Course]([CourseID] [nvarchar](10) NOT NULL,
[Year] [smallint] NOT NULL,
[Title] [nvarchar](100) NOT NULL,
[Credits] [int] NOT NULL,
[DepartmentID] [int] NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT [PK_Course] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[CourseID] ASC,
[Year] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Department]([DepartmentID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[Name] [nvarchar](50) NOT NULL,
[Budget] [money] NOT NULL,
[StartDate] [datetime] NOT NULL,
[Administrator] [int] NULL,
CONSTRAINT [PK_Department] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[DepartmentID] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Person]([PersonID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[LastName] [nvarchar](50) NOT NULL,
[FirstName] [nvarchar](50) NOT NULL,
[HireDate] [datetime] NULL,
[EnrollmentDate] [datetime] NULL,
[Picture] [varbinary](max) NULL,
CONSTRAINT [PK_School.Student] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[PersonID] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]) ON [PRIMARY] TEXTIMAGE_ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[StudentGrade]([EnrollmentID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[CourseID] [nvarchar](10) NOT NULL,
[StudentID] [int] NOT NULL,
[Grade] [decimal](3, 2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT [PK_StudentGrade] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[EnrollmentID] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
create view [dbo].[EnglishCourse]
as
select c.CourseID,c.Title,c.Credits,c.DepartmentID
from Course as c join Department as d on c.DepartmentID=d.DepartmentID
where d.Name=N'English'
GO
INSERT [dbo].[Course] ([CourseID], [Year], [Title], [Credits], [DepartmentID]) VALUES (N'C1045', 2012, N'Calculus', 4, 7)
INSERT [dbo].[Course] ([CourseID], [Year], [Title], [Credits], [DepartmentID]) VALUES (N'C1061', 2012, N'Physics', 4, 1)
INSERT [dbo].[Course] ([CourseID], [Year], [Title], [Credits], [DepartmentID]) VALUES (N'C2021', 2012, N'Composition', 3, 2)
INSERT [dbo].[Course] ([CourseID], [Year], [Title], [Credits], [DepartmentID]) VALUES (N'C2042', 2012, N'Literature', 4, 2)
SET IDENTITY_INSERT [dbo].[Department] ON
INSERT [dbo].[Department] ([DepartmentID], [Name], [Budget], [StartDate], [Administrator]) VALUES (1, N'Engineering', 350000.0000, CAST(0x0000999C00000000 AS DateTime), 2)
INSERT [dbo].[Department] ([DepartmentID], [Name], [Budget], [StartDate], [Administrator]) VALUES (2, N'English', 120000.0000, CAST(0x0000999C00000000 AS DateTime), 6)
INSERT [dbo].[Department] ([DepartmentID], [Name], [Budget], [StartDate], [Administrator]) VALUES (4, N'Economics', 200000.0000, CAST(0x0000999C00000000 AS DateTime), 4)
INSERT [dbo].[Department] ([DepartmentID], [Name], [Budget], [StartDate], [Administrator]) VALUES (7, N'Mathematics', 250024.0000, CAST(0x0000999C00000000 AS DateTime), 3)
SET IDENTITY_INSERT [dbo].[Department] OFF
SET IDENTITY_INSERT [dbo].[Person] ON
INSERT [dbo].[Person] ([PersonID], [LastName], [FirstName], [HireDate], [EnrollmentDate]) VALUES (1, N'Hu', N'Nan', NULL, CAST(0x0000A0BF00000000 AS DateTime))
INSERT [dbo].[Person] ([PersonID], [LastName], [FirstName], [HireDate], [EnrollmentDate]) VALUES (2, N'Norman', N'Laura', NULL, CAST(0x0000A0BF00000000 AS DateTime))
INSERT [dbo].[Person] ([PersonID], [LastName], [FirstName], [HireDate], [EnrollmentDate]) VALUES (3, N'Olivotto', N'Nino', NULL, CAST(0x0000A0BF00000000 AS DateTime))
INSERT [dbo].[Person] ([PersonID], [LastName], [FirstName], [HireDate], [EnrollmentDate]) VALUES (4, N'Anand', N'Arturo', NULL, CAST(0x0000A0BF00000000 AS DateTime))
INSERT [dbo].[Person] ([PersonID], [LastName], [FirstName], [HireDate], [EnrollmentDate]) VALUES (5, N'Jai', N'Damien', NULL, CAST(0x0000A0BF00000000 AS DateTime))
INSERT [dbo].[Person] ([PersonID], [LastName], [FirstName], [HireDate], [EnrollmentDate]) VALUES (6, N'Holt', N'Roger', CAST(0x000097F100000000 AS DateTime), NULL)
INSERT [dbo].[Person] ([PersonID], [LastName], [FirstName], [HireDate], [EnrollmentDate]) VALUES (7, N'Martin', N'Randall', CAST(0x00008B1A00000000 AS DateTime), NULL)
SET IDENTITY_INSERT [dbo].[Person] OFF
SET IDENTITY_INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ON
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (1, N'C1045', 1, CAST(3.50 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (2, N'C1045', 2, CAST(3.00 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (3, N'C1045', 3, CAST(2.50 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (4, N'C1045', 4, CAST(4.00 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (5, N'C1045', 5, CAST(3.50 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (6, N'C1061', 1, CAST(4.00 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (7, N'C1061', 3, CAST(3.50 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (8, N'C1061', 4, CAST(2.50 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (9, N'C1061', 5, CAST(1.50 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (10, N'C2021', 1, CAST(2.50 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (11, N'C2021', 2, CAST(3.50 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (12, N'C2021', 4, CAST(3.00 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (13, N'C2021', 5, CAST(3.00 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (14, N'C2042', 1, CAST(2.00 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (15, N'C2042', 2, CAST(3.50 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (16, N'C2042', 3, CAST(4.00 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] ([EnrollmentID], [CourseID], [StudentID], [Grade]) VALUES (17, N'C2042', 5, CAST(3.00 AS Decimal(3, 2)))
SET IDENTITY_INSERT [dbo].[StudentGrade] OFF
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Course] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [FK_Course_Department] FOREIGN KEY([DepartmentID])
REFERENCES [dbo].[Department] ([DepartmentID])
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[Course] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_Course_Department]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[StudentGrade] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [FK_StudentGrade_Student] FOREIGN KEY([StudentID])
REFERENCES [dbo].[Person] ([PersonID])
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[StudentGrade] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_StudentGrade_Student]
GO
代码列表如下：
提示
代码列表是指名为 MySchool.mdb 的 Access 数据库文件。 可以从 MSDN 代码库存档下载 MySchool.mdb。
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.OleDb;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
String SqlDbConnectionString = "...";
InsertPerson(SqlDbConnectionString, "Janice", "Galvin");
Console.WriteLine();
InsertPersonInAdapter(SqlDbConnectionString, "Peter", "Krebs");
Console.WriteLine();
String oledbConnectionString = "...";
InsertPersonInJet4Database(oledbConnectionString, "Janice", "Galvin");
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Please press any key to exit.....");
Console.ReadKey();
}
// Using stored procedure to insert a new row and retrieve the identity value
static void InsertPerson(String connectionString, String firstName, String lastName) {
String commandText = "dbo.InsertPerson";
using (SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connectionString)) {
using (SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(commandText, conn)) {
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
cmd.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@FirstName", firstName));
cmd.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@LastName", lastName));
SqlParameter personId = new SqlParameter("@PersonID", SqlDbType.Int);
personId.Direction = ParameterDirection.Output;
cmd.Parameters.Add(personId);
conn.Open();
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
Console.WriteLine("Person Id of new person:{0}", personId.Value);
}
}
}
// Using stored procedure in adapter to insert new rows and update the identity value.
static void InsertPersonInAdapter(String connectionString, String firstName, String lastName) {
String commandText = "dbo.InsertPerson";
using (SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connectionString)) {
SqlDataAdapter mySchool = new SqlDataAdapter("Select PersonID,FirstName,LastName from [dbo].[Person]", conn);
mySchool.InsertCommand = new SqlCommand(commandText, conn);
mySchool.InsertCommand.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
mySchool.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add(
new SqlParameter("@FirstName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, 50, "FirstName"));
mySchool.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add(
new SqlParameter("@LastName", SqlDbType.NVarChar, 50, "LastName"));
SqlParameter personId = mySchool.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@PersonID", SqlDbType.Int, 0, "PersonID"));
personId.Direction = ParameterDirection.Output;
DataTable persons = new DataTable();
mySchool.Fill(persons);
DataRow newPerson = persons.NewRow();
newPerson["FirstName"] = firstName;
newPerson["LastName"] = lastName;
persons.Rows.Add(newPerson);
mySchool.Update(persons);
Console.WriteLine("Show all persons:");
ShowDataTable(persons, 14);
}
}
/// For a Jet 4.0 database, we need use the single statement and event handler to insert new rows and retrieve the identity value.
static void InsertPersonInJet4Database(String connectionString, String firstName, String lastName) {
String commandText = "Insert into Person(FirstName,LastName) Values(?,?)";
using (OleDbConnection conn = new OleDbConnection(connectionString)) {
OleDbDataAdapter mySchool = new OleDbDataAdapter("Select PersonID,FirstName,LastName from Person", conn);
// Create Insert Command
mySchool.InsertCommand = new OleDbCommand(commandText, conn);
mySchool.InsertCommand.CommandType = CommandType.Text;
mySchool.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add(new OleDbParameter("@FirstName", OleDbType.VarChar, 50, "FirstName"));
mySchool.InsertCommand.Parameters.Add(new OleDbParameter("@LastName", OleDbType.VarChar, 50, "LastName"));
mySchool.InsertCommand.UpdatedRowSource = UpdateRowSource.Both;
DataTable persons = CreatePersonsTable();
mySchool.Fill(persons);
DataRow newPerson = persons.NewRow();
newPerson["FirstName"] = firstName;
newPerson["LastName"] = lastName;
persons.Rows.Add(newPerson);
DataTable dataChanges = persons.GetChanges();
mySchool.RowUpdated += OnRowUpdated;
mySchool.Update(dataChanges);
Console.WriteLine("Data before merging:");
ShowDataTable(persons, 14);
Console.WriteLine();
persons.Merge(dataChanges);
persons.AcceptChanges();
Console.WriteLine("Data after merging");
ShowDataTable(persons, 14);
}
}
static void OnRowUpdated(object sender, OleDbRowUpdatedEventArgs e) {
if (e.StatementType == StatementType.Insert) {
// Retrieve the identity value
OleDbCommand cmdNewId = new OleDbCommand("Select @@IDENTITY", e.Command.Connection);
e.Row["PersonID"] = (Int32)cmdNewId.ExecuteScalar();
// After the status is changed, the original values in the row are preserved. And the
// Merge method will be called to merge the new identity value into the original DataTable.
e.Status = UpdateStatus.SkipCurrentRow;
}
}
// Create the Persons table before filling.
private static DataTable CreatePersonsTable() {
DataTable persons = new DataTable();
DataColumn personId = new DataColumn();
personId.DataType = Type.GetType("System.Int32");
personId.ColumnName = "PersonID";
personId.AutoIncrement = true;
personId.AutoIncrementSeed = 0;
personId.AutoIncrementStep = -1;
persons.Columns.Add(personId);
DataColumn firstName = new DataColumn();
firstName.DataType = Type.GetType("System.String");
firstName.ColumnName = "FirstName";
persons.Columns.Add(firstName);
DataColumn lastName = new DataColumn();
lastName.DataType = Type.GetType("System.String");
lastName.ColumnName = "LastName";
persons.Columns.Add(lastName);
DataColumn[] pkey = { personId };
persons.PrimaryKey = pkey;
return persons;
}
private static void ShowDataTable(DataTable table, Int32 length) {
foreach (DataColumn col in table.Columns) {
Console.Write("{0,-" + length + "}", col.ColumnName);
}
Console.WriteLine();
foreach (DataRow row in table.Rows) {
foreach (DataColumn col in table.Columns) {
if (col.DataType.Equals(typeof(DateTime)))
Console.Write("{0,-" + length + ":d}", row[col]);
else if (col.DataType.Equals(typeof(Decimal)))
Console.Write("{0,-" + length + ":C}", row[col]);
else
Console.Write("{0,-" + length + "}", row[col]);
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
}