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Which Style of Workflow When?

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Windows Workflow Foundation supports three basic styles of workflow:  Sequential, State Machine and Data-Driven. 

I get a lot of people asking me which style is right for their problem, so I thought I’d share my thoughts on this with you all.

Let’s start with a simple problem.  I want Fred to review a document, then Joe to approve it, and finally I want to send it to my customer.

This is an obvious Sequential style workflow.  To implement it, I create a Sequential Workflow project, add a sequence of Activities which ask Fred to review, Joe to approve, and finally myself to send the document – and I’m done.

A Sequential workflow is characterized by the fact that the workflow is in control.  Fred, Joe and I get to do what we’re told, when we’re told to do it.  We do our stuff, let workflow central know that we did it, and then the workflow decides what happens next.

Of course, the Sequential style doesn’t mean that things always happen in a simple linear sequence like this.  We can have conditional branching, loops, and so on.  What it means is that the workflow controls the sequence.  The Sequential style is the classic style of workflow, as implemented by dozens of products over the years. 

In my opinion, it is also significantly responsible for giving Workflow a bad name.  Not that there’s anything wrong with telling people what to do (I’m known to indulge in the practice myself, occasionally) – but sometimes it just doesn’t work.

Let’s look at an example.  Say that I’m testing a product that’s being developed.  When I find a problem, I open a bug, assign it to the guilty developer, then wait confidently for the fix. I want to write a workflow to manage this process.

So far, this sounds very familiar.  The steps are: tester opens bug, developer fixes bug, tester approves fix.  Just like the simple document review we saw before.

But this is illusory.  What really happens?  A tester opens a bug, and assign it to Bill.  Bill says, no not me, this is Clive’s, and reassigns the bug to him.  Or Bill says, this tester is not in this case quite correct (or words to that effect), and rejects the bug as nonsense.  Or asks the tester for clarifying information.  Or even, if he’s in a good mood, fixes it and hands it back to the tester.  Or, if the original tester is out, another tester.  Or the tester withdraws an erroneous bug (surely not).  And so on, with each participant being able to make one of a set of choices at any given stage.

What happens if I write this in the Sequential style?  Something like this (if you’ll forgive my pseudocode):

               Tester T creates instance of bug workflow
               T adds bug details
               T assigns to developer D
LabelA:     Switch
                     D assigns to developer E
                           Goto LabelA
                     D rejects bug to T:
                           Switch
                                 T accepts rejection:
                                 T updates bug and assigns to developer F:
                                          Goto LabelA
                           End Switch
                     D requests info from T:
                     T submits info
                           Goto LabelA
                     D submits solution to T:
                     T withdraws bug:
               End Switch

You get the idea.  Loops and choices which arise within choices are posing structural questions (here I held my nose and used Goto, to try and keep the mapping from the scenario to the code obvious).  And if we start making the process more realistic still, with a queue of bugs coming in that a development team leader assigns to individuals (or a developer might grab them from the queue), and we add a project manager to the picture with the ability to set bug priorities in flight, and so on, things will get worse and worse.

This problem is much better tackled using the State Machine style.  The pseudo-code above becomes:

State: Initial
      Action: T adds bug details
      Action: T assigns to developer D; new state = Fixing

State: Fixing
      Action: D assigns to developer E
      Action: D rejects bug to T; new state = Rejected
      Action: D requests info;  new state = Pending Info
      Action: D submits solution; new state = Pending Approval
      Action: T withdraws bug; new state = Closed

State: Rejected
      Action: T accepts rejection; new state = Closed
      Action: T updates bug and assigns to developer F; new state = Fixing

State: Pending Info
      Action: T submits info; new state = Fixing

State:  Pending Approval
      Action: T rejects solution; new state = Fixing
      Action: T accepts solution; new state = Closed

State: Closed

This is much cleaner and more comprehensible.  Also, adding more features will not complicate the structure – it will simply mean adding more states and actions.

Implementing this style in Windows Workflow Foundation is simply a matter of creating a State Machine Workflow project and defining the states and actions required.

So what’s the criterion for using the State Machine style?  Simply this: are the important choices being made outside the workflow?  Is the user in control?  If so, then the Sequential workflow’s notion that it calls all the shots will become a nuisance.  The State Machine style of workflow, on the other hand, expects the choice of what to do to be made outside the workflow.

So if the workflow makes no choices, what is it for?  Well, a State Machine workflow controls the sets of choices.  It makes no sense for a tester to accept a solution until one has been submitted.  It only becomes valid when the bug workflow has reached an appropriate state – by one of a large number of possible routes.

It’s this last point that leads us to another insight about why the State Machine style is more applicable to this problem.  The Sequential workflow, of its nature, encodes all the possible sequences of behavior in its structure.  But here, we don’t care.  We only need to know about the current state, and what can be done next.  So if we spend time modeling routes through the process, event though we don’t in fact care about them, and these routes are many, as they are in the bug problem, then the Return On Investment from the Sequential style inevitably becomes very poor.

OK, so far, so good.  What’s this third, Data-Driven, style about?

This time, we’ll use the example of an inventory shortfall.  An assembly line is making a gadget, and the computer said there were enough widgets in stock for the purpose, but when the stockroom manager went to fetch the widgets, there was a shortfall of 10.

We want to build a workflow to handle this scenario.

What are the possible actions?  The supplies department could order more widgets, perhaps going to a different supplier or paying more money for faster delivery.  The account manager could go to the customer and defer delivery, or split the delivery in two parts and bear the extra shipping cost.  The production manager could take assembled gadgets from an order for another customer and divert them.  The stockroom manager could search his stock to find the missing widgets.

Our workflow will be a collaboration, containing all these actions, restricted to the appropriate roles.  Any given action might be performed multiple times.  One obvious constraint is that the collaboration is not done until the shortfall is fixed by some combination of the above actions.

There will also be business constraints.  For instance, there may be a rule that says deferral of delivery to gold customers is never permitted.  Also, the actions will affect each other.  For instance, we may say that total added cost from corrective action may not exceed 5% of original factory cost – so placing an order for accelerated supplies might prevent a shipment being split.

This is not a Sequential workflow – all the decisions are being made outside the workflow.  Is it a State Machine workflow?  Clearly, the sets of actions allowed to each role varies as the collaboration progresses – as splitting shipments becomes impossible, for instance – and the workflow is determining these sets of actions.

But the set of actions available at any given point is determined by the interaction of a number of  independent rules – whether the customer is a gold customer, whether we have already deferred delivery once, whether the profit margin on the order is becoming a problem, etc.  So the number of possible sets of actions – and therefore the number of corresponding states – is going to be large. 

Crucially, we’re actually not interested in what these possible combinations of actions are – only that the rules are enforced.  So we find ourselves again in a situation where a modeling approach, in this case the state machine, captures information we don’t care about – and therefore has poor ROI.

What do we get ROI from modeling?  Why, simply what are the available actions, and who can perform them under what circumstances.  This is just a set of actions, and for each, a role and a boolean expression which determines availability.

There is one more thing.  We’d like to know when our collaboration is done – so we add to the model another boolean expression which is true when the collaboration is finished.  In this case, the expression will test whether there are, or will be, enough widgets in stock for assembly.

How is this Data-Driven style implemented in Windows Workflow Foundation?  There are two model elements to support this approach:  the Constrained Activity Group, and the Policy.  Both are typically used within a Sequential Workflow project, and represent regions of ‘data-drivenness’.

Clearly, it would be possible to model all workflows in this Data-Driven style.  Wouldn’t we then have only one modeling approach to worry about?

This is true, but not optimal.  To see why, consider how we know that a Data-Driven workflow is correct.  We cannot predict its behavior very easily at all – the number of possible different series of actions that the workflow will allow is very large.  So really the only way to test it is to try it, using enough different initial states, and enough different paths through it, that we feel confident in its operation.

Contrast the testing of a Sequential style of workflow.  It has only a few possible sequences of behavior, which we can test exhaustively.  We can get a higher level of confidence more cheaply.

So the motto is, choose the workflow model which has as much structure as your problem has – and no more.  Deviating in either direction costs you money.  Using a style with too much structure adds cost because you’re encoding information which has no value.  Using a style with too little structure adds cost because your testing costs are higher than they need to be.

And one final word.  Do not think that a typical real world application should use only one style.  Most applications are most cost-effectively built from a composition of styles.  Consider a Call Center application where most of the time the system uses scripts to drive the telephone operators.  Probably a  Sequential workflow.  But then there are always the exceptions, such as an account in a shouldn’t-have-got-there state.  Now we want to refer to an expert.  Experts need to make choices – and so should be supported with a State Machine or Data Driven workflow.

So there you have it – my thinking on styles of workflow in the Windows Workflow Foundation.  Feedback, as ever, solicited and welcome!

Comments

  • Anonymous
    October 21, 2005
    I found this information really helpful.

    Initially, I just read the post and moved on in my aggregator but I kept coming back to the fact that this post is important to those of us who are new to working with workflow on a regular basis and to WWF in particular.

    I think there are a lot of us out here who would like to see you continue post this type of information. We would also like you to link to other workflow and WWF sources that you think would be of benefit to us including books that you would recommend.

  • Anonymous
    October 22, 2005
    David - this is just superb insight! By providing a set of simple rules to help us make choices is great ROI in of itself. Thanks a zillion.

    P.S. Over on my Blog, I posted a piece on WF.

  • Anonymous
    October 22, 2005
    Yes, please continue to post info, very helpful. Any other WF events coming up?

  • Anonymous
    October 25, 2005
    Very smart and simple explanation!

    It´s really helpful to have this kind of posts, thanks!

  • Anonymous
    October 26, 2005
    just posted a sumarized version of the subject here: http://staff.southworks.net/blogs/ariel/archive/2005/10/27/What_style_of_Workflow_should_I_use.aspx

    Thanks!

  • Anonymous
    October 27, 2005
    Just posted an extended version of my older post.
    It´s here: <a href="http://staff.southworks.net/blogs/ariel/archive/2005/10/27/What_style_of_Workflow_should_I_use.aspx"> "Which Workflow Style should I use?: More approaches..."</a>

    Thanks!

  • Anonymous
    November 01, 2005
    Excellent stuff Dave. But considering most of my apps will be WinForms I am struggling to picture where in a typical WinForms app I will need a workflow. E.g. I have an Sales Order Entry app. Would this standard type of app be a candidate for a workflow?

  • Anonymous
    November 16, 2005
    The comment has been removed

  • Anonymous
    January 03, 2006
    Yep, that helped ! Keep the good stuff coming :-) Thanks.

  • Anonymous
    January 30, 2006
    Excellent post! I'm just trying to learn the concepts and think of ways that I could use WWF. This is really helpful information. Please continue.

  • Anonymous
    February 09, 2006
    Good Post, and helpful , any information on Declarative Workflows

  • Anonymous
    March 02, 2006
    Muy bueno, simplemente claro.
    Gracias

  • Anonymous
    March 02, 2006
    Your insight is very helpful  Dave, don't blog fast aand dry young on us now ;-)

  • Anonymous
    March 20, 2006
    This posting is really helpfull to me. I was thinking Which style should i use. But it solves my problem. Please continue.

  • Anonymous
    April 05, 2006
    The comment has been removed

  • Anonymous
    May 30, 2006
    Excellent and very useful post. Pls post more...

  • Anonymous
    June 09, 2006
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  • Anonymous
    June 09, 2006
    The comment has been removed

  • Anonymous
    June 12, 2006
    Very simple explanation. Very good. !!! Bravo !!!

  • Anonymous
    June 14, 2006
    Thanks Dave  !!  Wow provided good clarity , specially to the State Machine WF !!!
     Also come to think of it the Data Driven Flow is not always viable and can cross over to Sequential  
     sometimes or State .
     

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    This is Gold ! The framework is visionary and this article is a beacon of clarity. I was on the edge of abandoning further investigation of Workflow Solutions on the basis that its purpose was incomprehensible. Ironic indeed now that I understand how it is intended to bring simplicity to my workplace. Thanks for the insight.

  • Anonymous
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    PingBack from http://deant.wordpress.com/2006/06/26/windows-workflow-solutions/

  • Anonymous
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    http://www.thispointer.com/pivot/entry.php?id=167
    what type of  workflow is that??

  • Anonymous
    August 06, 2006
    Here are the&amp;nbsp;Windows Workflow Foundation&amp;nbsp;articles that I have found useful:
    What Is Windows...

  • Anonymous
    August 07, 2006
    Good effort my friend..
    really useful.

  • Anonymous
    August 07, 2006
    Hoping to see more examples on finalising aproach of selecting type of model..

  • Anonymous
    August 11, 2006
    This was very helpful. I'm new to this, and I would like to understand more about the role of business rules in all this. You mentioned rules... but didn't mention the MS Business Rules Engine and authoring capability. I want to know more about judgement calls regarding whether some logic should be in workflow or in rules... or is that even a good question?

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    Can you please give some information on Data-driven workflows .
    I don't see any example or good article on it

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    Here are the&amp;nbsp;Windows Workflow Foundation&amp;nbsp;articles that I
    have found useful:
    What Is Windows...

  • Anonymous
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    PingBack from http://windowsworkflow.wordpress.com/2006/09/11/types-of-windows-workflows-sequential-vs-state-machine/

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    September 12, 2006
    Excellent - for a non-technical workflow person.  We who would presume to design a workflow and then ask someone else to build the pieces in Sharepoint need this kind of overview on the logic of the systems.  Indispensible.

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    Dave,I found this explanation very usefu, i think there should be more articles on WWF like yours!Good use of simple understandable scenarios.

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    Hi,I am trying to implement bug tracking system using windows workflow. I am already running a bug tracking system which is non windows workflow based.My doubt is – how should I handle my earlier bugs which have their own states (e.g. Open/ Resolved/ Need more clarification/ Closed) while creating this workflow based bug tracking system?Please guide.Thanks in advance

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  • Anonymous
    May 16, 2007
    I think these blog is really useful for new comers and Excellent resource list.It´s a very interesting Blog and simple answer of many questions.

  • Anonymous
    May 16, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    May 16, 2007
    what can i say? you made my day... you cannot imagine how timely your informations came. thanks a lot!

  • Anonymous
    May 16, 2007
    Can you please give some information on Data-driven workflows .I don't see any example or good article on it

  • Anonymous
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  • Anonymous
    May 16, 2007
    It´s really helpful and Excellent post! Implementing this style in Windows Workflow Foundation is very simply. Thanks Darius.

  • Anonymous
    May 18, 2007
    Great and excellent article t’s realy helpful. Thanks again.Wow. Very impressive.

  • Anonymous
    May 19, 2007
    Very impressive. . Keep up the good work!

  • Anonymous
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  • Anonymous
    May 20, 2007
    Good post Greg, I'll have to try this out, Thanks!

  • Anonymous
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  • Anonymous
    May 23, 2007
    Clearly, it would be possible to model all workflows in this Data-Driven style.  Wouldn’t we then have only one modeling approach to worry about?

  • Anonymous
    May 23, 2007
    Clearly, it would be possible to model all workflows in this Data-Driven style.

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  • Anonymous
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    Excellent Job Dave. Thanks a Lot for providing all the workflow information in a nutshell.

  • Anonymous
    May 28, 2007
    thanks. great post dave. i always looked at workflows differently than everyone else.

  • Anonymous
    May 28, 2007
    Very impressive. Supreme concept of a personalized web portal. I look forward to using this as my browsers' start page. Keep up the good work!

  • Anonymous
    May 28, 2007
    I think these blog is really useful for new comers and Excellent resource list. It´s a very interesting Blog and simple answer of many questions.Keep up the good work!Thanks it helps me a lot…

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    May 29, 2007
    Very great and excellent article. It’s realy helpful. Thanks again.

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  • Anonymous
    May 30, 2007
    Very good blog - I will visit you more time - best regards.

  • Anonymous
    June 01, 2007
    Fantastic article covering some points I really needed some good usability info for. Best regards

  • Anonymous
    June 01, 2007
    Good Post, and helpful , any information on Declarative Workflows

  • Anonymous
    June 05, 2007
    Thanks, i was desperately looking for that info!, great and excellent article, it’s realy helpful. Covering some points I really needed, really useful.

  • Anonymous
    June 07, 2007
    Good article, thanks a lot for putting all this together.

  • Anonymous
    June 07, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    June 07, 2007
    Great and excellent article t’s realy helpful. Thanks again.

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    June 08, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    June 10, 2007
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    June 11, 2007
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    June 11, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    June 11, 2007
    Very helpful explanation...Thanks

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  • Anonymous
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    Fantastic article covering some points I really needed some good usability info for.

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  • Anonymous
    June 13, 2007
    A quite interesting idea is realized in this website! And a good and easy to handle design has been found too!

  • Anonymous
    June 13, 2007
    Yep, that helped ! Keep the good stuff coming :-) Thanks......

  • Anonymous
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    This posting is really helpfull to me.

  • Anonymous
    June 16, 2007
    This was very helpful. I'm new to this, and I would like to understand more about the role of business rules in all this. You mentioned rules... but didn't mention the MS Business Rules Engine and authoring capability. I want to know more about judgement calls regarding whether some logic should be in workflow or in rules... or is that even a good question?

  • Anonymous
    June 17, 2007
    is there any information in spanish??regardspeter

  • Anonymous
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    It´s a very interesting Blog and simple answer of many questions

  • Anonymous
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    Great site.We want more like that

  • Anonymous
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    I really enjoyed reading this posts. Greetings..

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    Some people asked for new features; others were wondering if formerly deprecatedelements would return; some had comments and criticisms about the decision itself,the WHATWG or W3C process; and a few raised concerns about the WHATWG and W3Cignoring the needs of particular groups.

  • Anonymous
    June 24, 2007
    Some people asked for new features; others were wondering if formerly deprecatedelements would return; some had comments and criticisms about the decision itself,the WHATWG or W3C process; and a few raised concerns about the WHATWG and W3Cignoring the needs of particular groups.

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    June 25, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    June 26, 2007
    It's very good article. Can i translate this and insert on my site in Poland?  Thanks<a title="Apteka internetowa" href="http://sklep.apteka-cito.pl/" >Apteka internetowa</a>

  • Anonymous
    June 27, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    July 04, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    July 04, 2007
    Yes, Dave has really summarized it very well. This information is really helpful in selecting the type of WF.

  • Anonymous
    July 07, 2007
    Absolutely great information – thanks for posting!

  • Anonymous
    July 10, 2007
    Good use of simple understandable scenarios.

  • Anonymous
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  • Anonymous
    July 14, 2007
    Thanks for very interesting article. btw. I really enjoyed reading all of your posts. It’s interesting to read ideas, and observations from someone else’s point of view… makes you think more. So please keep up the great work. Greetings <b><a href="http://solarisnet.pl" title="Książki Solaris">Księgarnia internetowa</a></b>

  • Anonymous
    July 14, 2007
    Thanks for very interesting article. btw. I really enjoyed reading all of your posts. It’s interesting to read ideas, and observations from someone else’s point of view… makes you think more. So please keep up the great work. Greetings  http://solarisnet.pl

  • Anonymous
    July 15, 2007
    Fantastic article covering some points I really needed some good usability info for.

  • Anonymous
    July 15, 2007
    http://ww.amateurtagebuch.de .. nice amateurblog, nice girls

  • Anonymous
    July 15, 2007
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    July 15, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    July 17, 2007
    Do you collect spam and trash here?

  • Anonymous
    July 18, 2007
    Thanks for very interesting article. btw. I really enjoyed reading all of your posts. It’s interesting to read ideas, and observations from someone else’s point of view… makes you think more. So please keep up the great work. Greetings.

  • Anonymous
    July 22, 2007
    Hi, nice web - site, and thanks a lot for all the useful informations, kind greetings

  • Anonymous
    July 23, 2007
    Nice Amateursite.. come and see

  • Anonymous
    July 23, 2007
    Nice Lexikon...http://www.reinigungslexikon.de

  • Anonymous
    July 24, 2007
    Fantastic article covering some points I really needed some good usability info for.Greetings from Germany

  • Anonymous
    July 25, 2007
    Greatfull Information, congratulation

  • Anonymous
    July 26, 2007
    Rejsy morskie po morzu Śródziemnym

  • Anonymous
    July 28, 2007
    It´s a very useful article. Thanks!

  • Anonymous
    July 28, 2007
    Very good site, is interesting and very informative, nicely interface.

  • Anonymous
    July 28, 2007
    It´s a very interesting Blog and simple answer of many questions.

  • Anonymous
    July 29, 2007
    interesting vision of workflow style.

  • Anonymous
    July 29, 2007
    Do somebody know a german website about this topic? I don`t speak english very good.

  • Anonymous
    July 29, 2007
    Very helpful explanation...Thanks

  • Anonymous
    July 31, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    August 03, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    August 04, 2007
    Yes this site definitly should translate into more language`s - fantastic site

  • Anonymous
    August 08, 2007
    I am interested in the topics discussed but have been feeling a little intimidated by the thought of the work

  • Anonymous
    August 10, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    August 10, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    August 17, 2007
    very instristing article. i love it

  • Anonymous
    August 18, 2007
    Always a good thing the read some information on your web - site , thanks

  • Anonymous
    August 19, 2007
    very useful and interesting, thank you!

  • Anonymous
    August 20, 2007
    Always a good thing the read some information on your web - site , thanks

  • Anonymous
    August 20, 2007
    really great.its works better. thxgood luck in future projects

  • Anonymous
    August 20, 2007
    Thanks for the explanation. It's really good.

  • Anonymous
    August 22, 2007
    Thanks for this great and interesting site!

  • Anonymous
    August 23, 2007
    A great read, very informative. Been looking for a blog like this one for a while. Keep up the good work.

  • Anonymous
    August 23, 2007
    It's very intresting. I admire you because it's briliant article

  • Anonymous
    August 23, 2007
    Great article! It was very intresting, i've learn a lot.

  • Anonymous
    September 02, 2007
    Thanks for very interesting article. btw. I really enjoyed reading all of your posts. It’s interesting to read ideas, and observations from someone else’s point of view… makes you think more.

  • Anonymous
    September 07, 2007
    For me an very good article which covering some points, really good!

  • Anonymous
    September 09, 2007
    This post was originally published at http://solepano.blogspot.com I have started to play with Windows

  • Anonymous
    September 10, 2007
    Hi Dave, why did you stop blogging? You've an interesting view and helped me to rethink our support-workflow...

  • Anonymous
    September 10, 2007
    This article is very interesting and written by some clever guy.:) Thank you!

  • Anonymous
    September 10, 2007
    hey! your article is great. thanks

  • Anonymous
    September 10, 2007
    Thanks for this article. I like your posts

  • Anonymous
    September 11, 2007
    Indeed, i appreciate with Rene. Dave, why did you stop blogging?

  • Anonymous
    September 12, 2007
    Could you give an example for C#?

  • Anonymous
    September 14, 2007
    Thanks for very interesting article.

  • Anonymous
    September 16, 2007
    Thanks for help, Keep up the good work

  • Anonymous
    September 17, 2007
    I really find this article usefull... Great job.

  • Anonymous
    September 17, 2007
    Great site with very good look and perfect information.

  • Anonymous
    September 18, 2007
    HeyExcellent stuff Dave. But considering most of my apps will be WinForms I am struggling to picture where in a typical WinForms app I will need a workflow. E.g. I have an Sales Order Entry app. Would this standard type of app be a candidate for a workflow?

  • Anonymous
    September 18, 2007
    Thanx a lot! This is very useful.

  • Anonymous
    September 19, 2007
    So many comments with good words. Nothing else to add. Very good job. I`m impressed.

  • Anonymous
    September 22, 2007
    Always a good thing the read some information on your web - site , thanks

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  • Anonymous
    September 29, 2007
    A very interesting artikle Dave.

  • Anonymous
    October 02, 2007
    a bit complicated first, but really helpfull. Thanx!

  • Anonymous
    October 05, 2007
    very nice article and site with many information.

  • Anonymous
    October 05, 2007
    Fantastic article covering some points I really needed some good usability info for.

  • Anonymous
    October 06, 2007
    Very impressive. . Keep up the good work!

  • Anonymous
    October 06, 2007
    Thanks for very interesting article. btw. I really enjoyed reading all of your posts. It’s interesting to read ideas, and observations from someone else’s point of view… makes you think more. So please keep up the great work. Greetings.

  • Anonymous
    October 07, 2007
    This article is very interesting and written by some clever guy.:) Thank you!

  • Anonymous
    October 07, 2007
    It's very intresting. I admire you because it's briliant article

  • Anonymous
    October 07, 2007
    hey! your article is great. thanks

  • Anonymous
    October 08, 2007
    Thanks for very interesting article. btw. I really enjoyed reading all of your posts. It’s interesting to read ideas, and observations from someone else’s point of view… makes you think more. So please keep up the great work. Greetings

  • Anonymous
    October 10, 2007
    Fantastico article covering some points I really needed some good usability info for.Best regards

  • Anonymous
    October 11, 2007
    Very impressive. . Keep up the good work!

  • Anonymous
    October 12, 2007
    many information. in agreat article

  • Anonymous
    October 15, 2007
    Thanks for this great and interesting site!

  • Anonymous
    October 19, 2007
    A interesting article, top infos! Thanks

  • Anonymous
    October 19, 2007
    I will try to transplate your text in spanish language.

  • Anonymous
    October 20, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    October 23, 2007
    "Dave Green's WebLog" -  Good work. Cogratulations

  • Anonymous
    October 24, 2007
    This is Excellent and very useful post. Thanks for top infos

  • Anonymous
    November 01, 2007
    Thanks so very much for taking your time to create this very useful and informative site!

  • Anonymous
    November 05, 2007
    Useful and informative articel, that helped really much

  • Anonymous
    November 11, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    November 18, 2007
    Thanks so very much for taking your time und lets hope your article will help a lot of people

  • Anonymous
    November 19, 2007
    Thanks a lot, this article helps me lot  to understand the workflow

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    November 22, 2007
    Thanks for very interesting article. btw. I really enjoyed reading all of your posts. It’sinteresting to read ideas, and observations from someone else’s point of view… makes youthink more.

  • Anonymous
    November 22, 2007
    Good Post, and helpful , any information on Declarative Workflows

  • Anonymous
    November 24, 2007
    Hi,how workflow is used is a pretty difficult thing to realise.So this is an interesting article to read.RegardsMichael

  • Anonymous
    November 24, 2007
    Absolutely great information – thanks.

  • Anonymous
    November 24, 2007
    Great site.We want more like that.

  • Anonymous
    November 26, 2007
    Thanks for very interesting article. btw. I really enjoyed reading all of your posts. It’s interesting to read ideas, and observations from someone else’s point of view… makes you think more. So please keep up the great work.....

  • Anonymous
    December 03, 2007
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    December 10, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    December 10, 2007
    hai,its  a supurb ..missing few example of data driven./

  • Anonymous
    December 10, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    December 13, 2007
    Will there by any other workflow styles in for visual studio 2008?CheersCraighttp://www.webandflo.com

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    December 18, 2007
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    December 18, 2007
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    December 18, 2007
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    December 18, 2007
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  • Anonymous
    December 19, 2007
    Your insight is very helpful  Dave, don't blog fast aand dry young on us now ;-)

  • Anonymous
    December 20, 2007
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    January 02, 2008
    Very nice article. Thanks for taking the time to write it down. Keep up the good work.

  • Anonymous
    January 07, 2008
    Nice article. Clears a lot of design related dilemmas.

  • Anonymous
    January 08, 2008
    Thanks for this very good article

  • Anonymous
    January 09, 2008
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    January 09, 2008
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    January 09, 2008
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    January 14, 2008
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  • Anonymous
    January 19, 2008
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    Great posting! Continue writing!

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  • Anonymous
    February 15, 2008
    Thanks for this very interesting article.

  • Anonymous
    February 16, 2008
    I found this information really helpful

  • Anonymous
    February 17, 2008
    Thank you for your information. It was very helpful.

  • Anonymous
    February 20, 2008
    Great article, i'm beginner in workflow, now understandig the concepts.

  • Anonymous
    February 21, 2008
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  • Anonymous
    February 21, 2008
    Thank You for another very interesting article. It’s really good written and I fully agree with You on main issue, btw. I must say that I really enjoyed reading all of Your posts

  • Anonymous
    February 29, 2008
    Great blog here on blogs.msdn.com and specially from Dave Green.

  • Anonymous
    March 01, 2008
    Thank you for your information. It was very helpful.

  • Anonymous
    March 08, 2008
    It´s a very interesting Blog. Many thanks!

  • Anonymous
    March 11, 2008
    Thank you.. I am a beginner.. but this helped out alot!

  • Anonymous
    March 14, 2008
    i find the american blogs more interessting then german blogs. and there is more quality in the blogs.compliment and so on.best regardsc.

  • Anonymous
    March 17, 2008
    Very nice and interesting site.

  • Anonymous
    March 17, 2008
    It´s a very interesting Blog. Many thanks for this explanation.Regards

  • Anonymous
    March 21, 2008
    One week ago i asked myself a similar question concerning the styles of workflow, but didnt find the right site, umpf. :)

  • Anonymous
    March 29, 2008
    It´s a great blog.  It was very helpful.

  • Anonymous
    March 31, 2008
    Very nice and interesting site for me. Thanks a lot!

  • Anonymous
    March 31, 2008
    Great posting! Continue writing!

  • Anonymous
    April 01, 2008
    Thank you for your information. It was very helpful.

  • Anonymous
    April 02, 2008
    This is very useful, simple concise and clear - compliment and so on

  • Anonymous
    April 18, 2008
    Thanks for all this very interessting articles!

  • Anonymous
    April 20, 2008
    HiI work with BizTalk server 2006 and I have a big problem with it, I will be thankful if you can help me.I want to create a process in BizTalk orchestrator which runs in SharePoint and assign tasks to users.I can create process and run it in SharePoint but all tasks (of process) is run for one user, So my problem is how to assign each task to each user (SharePoint users).Best Regard

  • Anonymous
    May 07, 2008
    Thank you for this perfect information. It is really helpful

  • Anonymous
    May 13, 2008
    Thanks for very interesting article.

  • Anonymous
    May 13, 2008
    good start point here for newbie as me, Thanks a lot!

  • Anonymous
    June 17, 2008
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  • Anonymous
    June 22, 2008
    Hi there, thanks for this helpful information. Rgds Reinhard

  • Anonymous
    June 24, 2008
    I have to start working on WWF and this article helped me alot understanding which workflow should be used in what sinerio, thanks!

  • Anonymous
    July 01, 2008
    I really wish that these kind of resources were available years ago... or, should I say, that years ago I knew where to get these kind of resources (given that this post is 3 years old.) This kind of way of looking at workflow would have greatly assisted us in the Logistics industry, even, many years ago when we were going through some major process issues. Of course, that was when I was in Logistics – and now I'm not. And, now, I know how to access this kind of info... it figures, I guess...

  • Anonymous
    July 09, 2008
    Very nice and interesting site for me.

  • Anonymous
    July 23, 2008
    I was reading another blog about “State Machine” and I couldn't make heads or tales of what they were talking about. What a coincidence – as I now have stumbled onto this blog and I see you're also talking about “State Machine”. IT makes a whole lot of sense now what it's all about and what it's used for, and I think I can make total sense of the other guy's blog now. I wish we had workflow eight years ago!

  • Anonymous
    July 26, 2008
    This week, we've added two new articles for WF to the MSDN Online Library : an article by Jon Flanders

  • Anonymous
    August 17, 2008
    Great and excellent article it’s realy helpful. Thanks again.

  • Anonymous
    August 24, 2008
    Great and excellent article it’s realy helpful. Thanks again.

  • Anonymous
    September 20, 2008
    Excellent stuff Dave. But considering most of my apps will be WinForms I am struggling to picture where in a typical WinForms app I will need a workflow. E.g. I have an Sales Order Entry app. Would this standard type of app be a candidate for a workflow?

  • Anonymous
    September 25, 2008
    This is interesting article, I did not it think that it yes. Interesting it knew persons about this how much. Sorry if I wrote bad there now my English is novice and I do not it write yet good

  • Anonymous
    September 30, 2008
    Wow that was very interesting. My workflows look more like giant spiders attacking a villiage :)

  • Anonymous
    October 01, 2008
    Cool, pretty interesting! Keep up the good work!

  • Anonymous
    October 01, 2008
    Wow exciting article! Very useful and very interesting. Keep ist up. Thx

  • Anonymous
    October 05, 2008
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  • Anonymous
    October 08, 2008
    I guess that mist people here did not even read the article. They just say anything.

  • Anonymous
    October 30, 2008
    really nice blog...it was helpful... i would like to know the approach for following use case: i have a simple workflow where a manger can approve or reject a request. the workflow exists in In Review, Accepted and Rejected status. The no of status's to which the task gets transitioned to 2 is just 2 (accepted or rejected) . Ideally this might have to be implemented using a State machine workflow. Can we implement this as a Event Driven Sequential workflow. (Using the CallExternalMethods or HandleExternalEvent activity) Which is a better approach.?

  • Anonymous
    November 02, 2008
    I am working on a task in SharePoint where we need to develop the following scenario We need to develop a product development Lifecycle in SharePoint 1.1.1     Create Product Development Plan Primary Actor – Project Manager The project manager is notified of the new product development comprising one or more competencies.  Project manager creates the product development plan and assigns tasks to a writer.   After product review the Project Manager updates the project schedule and assigns any rework back to the Writer. 1.1.2     Develop Product Primary Actor - Writer The Writer creates or updates the product based on product development guidelines.  Write at later stage also incorporates feedback from the reviewers in to the product. 1.1.3     Develop Assessment Instrument Primary Actor - Writer As part of product development process, the Writer creates an assessment instrument. 1.1.4     Access Product Development Guidelines Primary Actor – Writer Secondary Actors – Reviewer, Editor Comprehensive product development guidelines have been developed by the department. The writer is required to develop product based on these set of guidelines. Editor and Reviewer also assess the material against these guidelines. 1.1.5     Edit Product Primary Actor - Editor The Editor makes editorial changes to the product and assessment instrument.  Upon completion the material is submitted for review 1.1.6     Review Product Primary Actor - Reviewer The reviewer reviews the product and assessment instrument.  If changes are required, the product and assessment instrument are passed back to the Project Manager to schedule updatesReview Product Primary Actor - Reviewer Reviewer’s comments are discussed in a meeting and the feedback is officially formally collected using review forms.                Kindly provide your inputs and revert back for any clarification. Thanks Girish

  • Anonymous
    December 08, 2008
    @ Girishgouda: I am sure it would interest many people here if you post your blog URL. For sure you have written more about it.

  • Anonymous
    December 29, 2008
    Very useful and very interesting Thanks

  • Anonymous
    December 29, 2008
    What is the Windows Workflow Foundation roadmap?

  • Anonymous
    January 17, 2009
    Thanks for the stuff david, it was very helpful for me.

  • Anonymous
    January 24, 2009
    Thanks for very interesting article.derek

  • Anonymous
    February 24, 2009
    Cool stuff ... Interesting stuff

  • Anonymous
    February 24, 2009
    We want to build a workflow to handle this scenario. ;)

  • Anonymous
    February 25, 2009
    Thanx for the clear examples, students who are doing a project on WWF were referring to this blog and find this blog very useful.

  • Anonymous
    March 17, 2009
    Thank you author for interesting information article

  • Anonymous
    March 29, 2009
    Thanks for this grate article.thanks....

  • Anonymous
    May 07, 2009
    This is Good ! The framework is cool and this article is very informative.

  • Anonymous
    May 17, 2009
    Absolutely great information...good site

  • Anonymous
    May 17, 2009
    Absolutely great information – thanks for posting!

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    May 25, 2009
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  • Anonymous
    June 04, 2009
    Wow exciting article! Very useful and very interesting. Keep ist up. Thx

  • Anonymous
    June 16, 2009
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  • Anonymous
    June 18, 2009
    Thank you for your information.

  • Anonymous
    June 25, 2009
    Thanks for very interesting article.

  • Anonymous
    July 17, 2009
    Great article with interesting points. I Like the informations, thank  you!

  • Anonymous
    July 17, 2009
    I found this article during surfing. I also was thinking which style I could use and this gives me good ideas.

  • Anonymous
    August 12, 2009
    Thanks for the useful infiórmations, its an older article but it helps me a lot , Please continue your infos in the Blog.

  • Anonymous
    August 12, 2009
    I think there are only 2 types of workflows. "Workflows come in two varieties: sequential and state machine." Refer from page 60 in "Pro WF Windows Workflow in .NET 3.0" publish by Apress.

  • Anonymous
    October 24, 2009
    Very useful article, thanks for your thoughts! I wrote my thesis about this topic, unfotunately I found your blog until now... But your summary is very good! all the best, olli

  • Anonymous
    October 26, 2009
    Thanks for this very interesting article.

  • Anonymous
    October 26, 2009
    Thank you for your information.

  • Anonymous
    October 26, 2009
    Hello, this article was really helpful.

  • Anonymous
    November 16, 2009
    Thanks for this great insight on workflow rules to decide on which workflow technique to use. This article is really helpful as its very simple and explains in a very practical summary.

  • Anonymous
    December 19, 2009
    Brilliant Job Dave. Thanks a Lot for all the workflow information. I needed them for my study in Germany. But now i have to work on my boss's Homepage http://www.strandkoje.de and http://www.immobilien-hillmer.de  Hope to hear more from you in your blog. Greetz from Germany Dennis

  • Anonymous
    January 08, 2010
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  • Anonymous
    January 10, 2010
    This is Good ! The framework is cool and this article is very informative.

  • Anonymous
    January 18, 2010
    Absolutely great information – thanks for posting!

  • Anonymous
    February 18, 2010
    Thanks for this grate article.thanks....

  • Anonymous
    March 22, 2010
    Excellent and very useful post. Pls post more...

  • Anonymous
    March 22, 2010
    Thanks for this grate article.

  • Anonymous
    March 22, 2010
    Very useful and very interesting

  • Anonymous
    March 22, 2010
    Thanks for the useful infiórmations

  • Anonymous
    March 23, 2010
    Thank you fpr the useful Informations!

  • Anonymous
    March 23, 2010
    Thankyou for this grate article.thanks....

  • Anonymous
    March 31, 2010
    This article is great and very helpful.. Thank you.

  • Anonymous
    April 12, 2010
    Thanks for this useful information, keep it up! thx

  • Anonymous
    April 21, 2010
    Keep posting so that people like me can take benifit and can say thank to you.

  • Anonymous
    April 21, 2010
    Thanks for this useful information!

  • Anonymous
    April 28, 2010
    I´d wish we had such good blogs over here in Germany! Absolutely great information – thanks for posting! THX Trauringe

  • Anonymous
    January 09, 2011
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    November 29, 2011
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    December 04, 2012
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    January 12, 2013
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    January 12, 2013
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    January 12, 2013
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    March 27, 2013
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    March 27, 2013
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    March 27, 2013
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