Introduction to LINQ in Visual Basic
Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) adds query capabilities to Visual Basic and provides simple and powerful capabilities when you work with all kinds of data. Rather than sending a query to a database to be processed, or working with different query syntax for each type of data that you are searching, LINQ introduces queries as part of the Visual Basic language. It uses a unified syntax regardless of the type of data.
LINQ enables you to query data from a SQL Server database, XML, in-memory arrays and collections, ADO.NET datasets, or any other remote or local data source that supports LINQ. You can do all this with common Visual Basic language elements. Because your queries are written in the Visual Basic language, your query results are returned as strongly typed objects. These objects support IntelliSense, which enables you to write code faster and catch errors in your queries at compile time instead of at run time. LINQ queries can be used as the source of additional queries to refine results. They can also be bound to controls so that users can easily view and modify your query results.
For example, the following code example shows a LINQ query that returns a list of customers from a collection and groups them based on their location.
' Obtain a list of customers.
Dim customers As List(Of Customer) = GetCustomers()
' Return customers that are grouped based on country.
Dim countries = From cust In customers
Order By cust.Country, cust.City
Group By CountryName = cust.Country
Into CustomersInCountry = Group, Count()
Order By CountryName
' Output the results.
For Each country In countries
Debug.WriteLine(country.CountryName & " count=" & country.Count)
For Each customer In country.CustomersInCountry
Debug.WriteLine(" " & customer.CompanyName & " " & customer.City)
Next
Next
' Output:
' Canada count=2
' Contoso, Ltd Halifax
' Fabrikam, Inc. Vancouver
' United States count=1
' Margie's Travel Redmond
Running the examples
To run the examples in the introduction and in the Structure of a LINQ Query section, include the following code, which returns lists of customers and orders.
' Return a list of customers.
Private Function GetCustomers() As List(Of Customer)
Return New List(Of Customer) From
{
New Customer With {.CustomerID = 1, .CompanyName = "Contoso, Ltd", .City = "Halifax", .Country = "Canada"},
New Customer With {.CustomerID = 2, .CompanyName = "Margie's Travel", .City = "Redmond", .Country = "United States"},
New Customer With {.CustomerID = 3, .CompanyName = "Fabrikam, Inc.", .City = "Vancouver", .Country = "Canada"}
}
End Function
' Return a list of orders.
Private Function GetOrders() As List(Of Order)
Return New List(Of Order) From
{
New Order With {.CustomerID = 1, .Amount = "200.00"},
New Order With {.CustomerID = 3, .Amount = "600.00"},
New Order With {.CustomerID = 1, .Amount = "300.00"},
New Order With {.CustomerID = 2, .Amount = "100.00"},
New Order With {.CustomerID = 3, .Amount = "800.00"}
}
End Function
' Customer Class.
Private Class Customer
Public Property CustomerID As Integer
Public Property CompanyName As String
Public Property City As String
Public Property Country As String
End Class
' Order Class.
Private Class Order
Public Property CustomerID As Integer
Public Property Amount As Decimal
End Class
LINQ providers
A LINQ provider maps your Visual Basic LINQ queries to the data source being queried. When you write a LINQ query, the provider takes that query and translates it into commands that the data source will be able to execute. The provider also converts data from the source to the objects that make up your query result. Finally, it converts objects to data when you send updates to the data source.
Visual Basic includes the following LINQ providers.
| Provider | Description |
|---|---|
| LINQ to Objects | The LINQ to Objects provider enables you to query in-memory collections and arrays. If an object supports either the IEnumerable or IEnumerable<T> interface, the LINQ to Objects provider enables you to query it. You can enable the LINQ to Objects provider by importing the System.Linq namespace, which is imported by default for all Visual Basic projects. For more information about the LINQ to Objects provider, see LINQ to Objects. |
| LINQ to SQL | The LINQ to SQL provider enables you to query and modify data in a SQL Server database. This makes it easy to map the object model for an application to the tables and objects in a database. Visual Basic makes it easier to work with LINQ to SQL by including the Object Relational Designer (O/R Designer). This designer is used to create an object model in an application that maps to objects in a database. The O/R Designer also provides functionality to map stored procedures and functions to the DataContext object, which manages communication with the database and stores state for optimistic concurrency checks. For more information about the LINQ to SQL provider, see LINQ to SQL. For more information about the Object Relational Designer, see LINQ to SQL Tools in Visual Studio. |
| LINQ to XML | The LINQ to XML provider enables you to query and modify XML. You can modify in-memory XML, or you can load XML from and save XML to a file. Additionally, the LINQ to XML provider enables XML literals and XML axis properties that enable you to write XML directly in your Visual Basic code. For more information, see XML. |
| LINQ to DataSet | The LINQ to DataSet provider enables you to query and update data in an ADO.NET dataset. You can add the power of LINQ to applications that use datasets in order to simplify and extend your capabilities for querying, aggregating, and updating the data in your dataset. For more information, see LINQ to DataSet. |
Structure of a LINQ query
A LINQ query, often referred to as a query expression, consists of a combination of query clauses that identify the data sources and iteration variables for the query. A query expression can also include instructions for sorting, filtering, grouping, and joining, or calculations to apply to the source data. Query expression syntax resembles the syntax of SQL; therefore, you may find much of the syntax familiar.
A query expression starts with a From clause. This clause identifies the source data for a query and the variables that are used to refer to each element of the source data individually. These variables are named range variables or iteration variables. The From clause is required for a query, except for Aggregate queries, where the From clause is optional. After the scope and source of the query are identified in the From or Aggregate clauses, you can include any combination of query clauses to refine the query. For details about query clauses, see Visual Basic LINQ Query Operators later in this topic. For example, the following query identifies a source collection of customer data as the customers variable, and an iteration variable named cust.
Dim customers = GetCustomers()
Dim queryResults = From cust In customers
For Each result In queryResults
Debug.WriteLine(result.CompanyName & " " & result.Country)
Next
' Output:
' Contoso, Ltd Canada
' Margie's Travel United States
' Fabrikam, Inc. Canada
This example is a valid query by itself; however, the query becomes far more powerful when you add more query clauses to refine the result. For example, you can add a Where clause to filter the result by one or more values. Query expressions are a single line of code; you can just append additional query clauses to the end of the query. You can break up a query across multiple lines of text to improve readability by using the underscore (_) line-continuation character. The following code example shows an example of a query that includes a Where clause.
Dim queryResults = From cust In customers
Where cust.Country = "Canada"
Another powerful query clause is the Select clause, which enables you to return only selected fields from the data source. LINQ queries return enumerable collections of strongly typed objects. A query can return a collection of anonymous types or named types. You can use the Select clause to return only a single field from the data source. When you do this, the type of the collection returned is the type of that single field. You can also use the Select clause to return multiple fields from the data source. When you do this, the type of the collection returned is a new anonymous type. You can also match the fields returned by the query to the fields of a specified named type. The following code example shows a query expression that returns a collection of anonymous types that have members populated with data from the selected fields from the data source.
Dim queryResults = From cust In customers
Where cust.Country = "Canada"
Select cust.CompanyName, cust.Country
LINQ queries can also be used to combine multiple sources of data and return a single result. This can be done with one or more From clauses, or by using the Join or Group Join query clauses. The following code example shows a query expression that combines customer and order data and returns a collection of anonymous types containing customer and order data.
Dim customers = GetCustomers()
Dim orders = GetOrders()
Dim queryResults = From cust In customers, ord In orders
Where cust.CustomerID = ord.CustomerID
Select cust, ord
For Each result In queryResults
Debug.WriteLine(result.ord.Amount & " " & result.ord.CustomerID & " " & result.cust.CompanyName)
Next
' Output:
' 200.00 1 Contoso, Ltd
' 300.00 1 Contoso, Ltd
' 100.00 2 Margie's Travel
' 600.00 3 Fabrikam, Inc.
' 800.00 3 Fabrikam, Inc.
You can use the Group Join clause to create a hierarchical query result that contains a collection of customer objects. Each customer object has a property that contains a collection of all orders for that customer. The following code example shows a query expression that combines customer and order data as a hierarchical result and returns a collection of anonymous types. The query returns a type that includes a CustomerOrders property that contains a collection of order data for the customer. It also includes an OrderTotal property that contains the sum of the totals for all the orders for that customer. (This query is equivalent to a LEFT OUTER JOIN.)
Dim customers = GetCustomers()
Dim orders = GetOrders()
Dim queryResults = From cust In customers
Group Join ord In orders On
cust.CustomerID Equals ord.CustomerID
Into CustomerOrders = Group,
OrderTotal = Sum(ord.Amount)
Select cust.CompanyName, cust.CustomerID,
CustomerOrders, OrderTotal
For Each result In queryResults
Debug.WriteLine(result.OrderTotal & " " & result.CustomerID & " " & result.CompanyName)
For Each ordResult In result.CustomerOrders
Debug.WriteLine(" " & ordResult.Amount)
Next
Next
' Output:
' 500.00 1 Contoso, Ltd
' 200.00
' 300.00
' 100.00 2 Margie's Travel
' 100.00
' 1400.00 3 Fabrikam, Inc.
' 600.00
' 800.00
There are several additional LINQ query operators that you can use to create powerful query expressions. The next section of this topic discusses the various query clauses that you can include in a query expression. For details about Visual Basic query clauses, see Queries.
Visual Basic LINQ query operators
The classes in the System.Linq namespace and the other namespaces that support LINQ queries include methods that you can call to create and refine queries based on the needs of your application. Visual Basic includes keywords for the following common query clauses. For details about Visual Basic query clauses, see Queries.
From clause
Either a From clause or an Aggregate clause is required to begin a query. A From clause specifies a source collection and an iteration variable for a query. For example:
' Returns the company name for all customers for which
' the Country is equal to "Canada".
Dim names = From cust In customers
Where cust.Country = "Canada"
Select cust.CompanyName
Select clause
Optional. A Select clause declares a set of iteration variables for a query. For example:
' Returns the company name and ID value for each
' customer as a collection of a new anonymous type.
Dim customerList = From cust In customers
Select cust.CompanyName, cust.CustomerID
If a Select clause is not specified, the iteration variables for the query consist of the iteration variables specified by the From or Aggregate clause.
Where clause
Optional. A Where clause specifies a filtering condition for a query. For example:
' Returns all product names for which the Category of
' the product is "Beverages".
Dim names = From product In products
Where product.Category = "Beverages"
Select product.Name
Order By clause
Optional. An Order By clause specifies the sort order for columns in a query. For example:
' Returns a list of books sorted by price in
' ascending order.
Dim titlesAscendingPrice = From b In books
Order By b.price
Join clause
Optional. A Join clause combines two collections into a single collection. For example:
' Returns a combined collection of all of the
' processes currently running and a descriptive
' name for the process taken from a list of
' descriptive names.
Dim processes = From proc In Process.GetProcesses
Join desc In processDescriptions
On proc.ProcessName Equals desc.ProcessName
Select proc.ProcessName, proc.Id, desc.Description
Group By clause
Optional. A Group By clause groups the elements of a query result. It can be used to apply aggregate functions to each group. For example:
' Returns a list of orders grouped by the order date
' and sorted in ascending order by the order date.
Dim orderList = From order In orders
Order By order.OrderDate
Group By OrderDate = order.OrderDate
Into OrdersByDate = Group
Group Join clause
Optional. A Group Join clause combines two collections into a single hierarchical collection. For example:
' Returns a combined collection of customers and
' customer orders.
Dim customerList = From cust In customers
Group Join ord In orders On
cust.CustomerID Equals ord.CustomerID
Into CustomerOrders = Group,
TotalOfOrders = Sum(ord.Amount)
Select cust.CompanyName, cust.CustomerID,
CustomerOrders, TotalOfOrders
Aggregate clause
Either an Aggregate clause or a From clause is required to begin a query. An Aggregate clause applies one or more aggregate functions to a collection. For example, you can use the Aggregate clause to calculate a sum for all the elements returned by a query, as the following example does.
' Returns the sum of all order amounts.
Dim orderTotal = Aggregate order In orders
Into Sum(order.Amount)
You can also use the Aggregate clause to modify a query. For example, you can use the Aggregate clause to perform a calculation on a related query collection. For example:
' Returns the customer company name and largest
' order amount for each customer.
Dim customerMax = From cust In customers
Aggregate order In cust.Orders
Into MaxOrder = Max(order.Amount)
Select cust.CompanyName, MaxOrder
Let clause
Optional. A Let clause computes a value and assigns it to a new variable in the query. For example:
' Returns a list of products with a calculation of
' a ten percent discount.
Dim discountedProducts = From prod In products
Let Discount = prod.UnitPrice * 0.1
Where Discount >= 50
Select prod.Name, prod.UnitPrice, Discount
Distinct clause
Optional. A Distinct clause restricts the values of the current iteration variable to eliminate duplicate values in query results. For example:
' Returns a list of cities with no duplicate entries.
Dim cities = From item In customers
Select item.City
Distinct
Skip clause
Optional. A Skip clause bypasses a specified number of elements in a collection and then returns the remaining elements. For example:
' Returns a list of customers. The first 10 customers
' are ignored and the remaining customers are
' returned.
Dim customerList = From cust In customers
Skip 10
Skip While clause
Optional. A Skip While clause bypasses elements in a collection as long as a specified condition is true and then returns the remaining elements. For example:
' Returns a list of customers. The query ignores all
' customers until the first customer for whom
' IsSubscriber returns false. That customer and all
' remaining customers are returned.
Dim customerList = From cust In customers
Skip While IsSubscriber(cust)
Take clause
Optional. A Take clause returns a specified number of contiguous elements from the start of a collection. For example:
' Returns the first 10 customers.
Dim customerList = From cust In customers
Take 10
Take While clause
Optional. A Take While clause includes elements in a collection as long as a specified condition is true and bypasses the remaining elements. For example:
' Returns a list of customers. The query returns
' customers until the first customer for whom
' HasOrders returns false. That customer and all
' remaining customers are ignored.
Dim customersWithOrders = From cust In customers
Order By cust.Orders.Count Descending
Take While HasOrders(cust)
Use additional LINQ query features
You can use additional LINQ query features by calling members of the enumerable and queryable types provided by LINQ. You can use these additional capabilities by calling a particular query operator on the result of a query expression. For example, the following example uses the Enumerable.Union method to combine the results of two queries into one query result. It uses the Enumerable.ToList method to return the query result as a generic list.
Public Function GetAllCustomers() As List(Of Customer)
Dim customers1 = From cust In domesticCustomers
Dim customers2 = From cust In internationalCustomers
Dim customerList = customers1.Union(customers2)
Return customerList.ToList()
End Function
For details about additional LINQ capabilities, see Standard Query Operators Overview.
Connect to a database by using LINQ to SQL
In Visual Basic, you identify the SQL Server database objects, such as tables, views, and stored procedures, that you want to access by using a LINQ to SQL file. A LINQ to SQL file has an extension of .dbml.
When you have a valid connection to a SQL Server database, you can add a LINQ to SQL Classes item template to your project. This will display the Object Relational Designer (O/R designer). The O/R Designer enables you to drag the items that you want to access in your code from the Server Explorer/Database Explorer onto the designer surface. The LINQ to SQL file adds a DataContext object to your project. This object includes properties and collections for the tables and views that you want access to, and methods for the stored procedures that you want to call. After you have saved your changes to the LINQ to SQL (.dbml) file, you can access these objects in your code by referencing the DataContext object that is defined by the O/R Designer. The DataContext object for your project is named based on the name of your LINQ to SQL file. For example, a LINQ to SQL file that is named Northwind.dbml will create a DataContext object named NorthwindDataContext.
For examples with step-by-step instructions, see How to: Query a Database and How to: Call a Stored Procedure.
Visual Basic features that support LINQ
Visual Basic includes other notable features that make the use of LINQ simple and reduce the amount of code that you must write to perform LINQ queries. These include the following:
Anonymous types, which enable you to create a new type based on a query result.
Implicitly typed variables, which enable you to defer specifying a type and let the compiler infer the type based on the query result.
Extension methods, which enable you to extend an existing type with your own methods without modifying the type itself.
For details, see Visual Basic Features That Support LINQ.
Deferred and immediate query execution
Query execution is separate from creating a query. After a query is created, its execution is triggered by a separate mechanism. A query can be executed as soon as it is defined (immediate execution), or the definition can be stored and the query can be executed later (deferred execution).
By default, when you create a query, the query itself does not execute immediately. Instead, the query definition is stored in the variable that is used to reference the query result. When the query result variable is accessed later in code, such as in a For…Next loop, the query is executed. This process is referred to as deferred execution.
Queries can also be executed when they are defined, which is referred to as immediate execution. You can trigger immediate execution by applying a method that requires access to individual elements of the query result. This can be the result of including an aggregate function, such as Count, Sum, Average, Min, or Max. For more information about aggregate functions, see Aggregate Clause.
Using the ToList or ToArray methods will also force immediate execution. This can be useful when you want to execute the query immediately and cache the results. For more information about these methods, see Converting Data Types.
For more information about query execution, see Writing Your First LINQ Query.
XML in Visual Basic
The XML features in Visual Basic include XML literals and XML axis properties, which enable you easily to create, access, query, and modify XML in your code. XML literals enable you to write XML directly in your code. The Visual Basic compiler treats the XML as a first-class data object.
The following code example shows how to create an XML element, access its sub-elements and attributes, and query the contents of the element by using LINQ.
' Place Imports statements at the top of your program.
Imports <xmlns:ns="http://SomeNamespace">
Module Sample1
Sub SampleTransform()
' Create test by using a global XML namespace prefix.
Dim contact =
<ns:contact>
<ns:name>Patrick Hines</ns:name>
<ns:phone ns:type="home">206-555-0144</ns:phone>
<ns:phone ns:type="work">425-555-0145</ns:phone>
</ns:contact>
Dim phoneTypes =
<phoneTypes>
<%= From phone In contact.<ns:phone>
Select <type><%= phone.@ns:type %></type>
%>
</phoneTypes>
Console.WriteLine(phoneTypes)
End Sub
End Module
For more information, see XML.
Related resources
| Topic | Description |
|---|---|
| XML | Describes the XML features in Visual Basic that can be queried and that enable you to include XML as first-class data objects in your Visual Basic code. |
| Queries | Provides reference information about the query clauses that are available in Visual Basic. |
| LINQ (Language-Integrated Query) | Includes general information, programming guidance, and samples for LINQ. |
| LINQ to SQL | Includes general information, programming guidance, and samples for LINQ to SQL. |
| LINQ to Objects | Includes general information, programming guidance, and samples for LINQ to Objects. |
| LINQ to ADO.NET (Portal Page) | Includes links to general information, programming guidance, and samples for LINQ to ADO.NET. |
| LINQ to XML | Includes general information, programming guidance, and samples for LINQ to XML. |
How to and walkthrough topics
How to: Call a Stored Procedure
How to: Modify Data in a Database
How to: Combine Data with Joins
How to: Count, Sum, or Average Data
How to: Find the Minimum or Maximum Value in a Query Result
How to: Assign stored procedures to perform updates, inserts, and deletes (O/R Designer)
Featured book chapters
Chapter 17: LINQ in Programming Visual Basic 2008
