rowversion (Transact-SQL)

Artikel
02/01/2023

Applies to: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance

Is a data type that exposes automatically generated, unique binary numbers within a database. rowversion is generally used as a mechanism for version-stamping table rows. The storage size is 8 bytes. The rowversion data type is just an incrementing number and does not preserve a date or a time. To record a date or time, use a datetime2 data type.

Remarks

Each database has a counter that is incremented for each insert or update operation that is performed on a table that contains a rowversion column within the database. This counter is the database rowversion. This tracks a relative time within a database, not an actual time that can be associated with a clock. A table can have only one rowversion column. Every time that a row with a rowversion column is modified or inserted, the incremented database rowversion value is inserted in the rowversion column. This property makes a rowversion column a poor candidate for keys, especially primary keys. Any update made to the row changes the rowversion value and, therefore, changes the key value. If the column is in a primary key, the old key value is no longer valid, and foreign keys referencing the old value are no longer valid. If the table is referenced in a dynamic cursor, all updates change the position of the rows in the cursor. If the column is in an index key, all updates to the data row also generate updates of the index. The rowversion value is incremented with any update statement, even if no row values are changed. (For example, if a column value is 5, and an update statement sets the value to 5, this action is considered an update even though there is no change, and the rowversion is incremented.)

timestamp is the synonym for the rowversion data type and is subject to the behavior of data type synonyms. In DDL statements, use rowversion instead of timestamp wherever possible. For more information, see Data Type Synonyms (Transact-SQL).

The Transact-SQL timestamp data type is different from the timestamp data type defined in the ISO standard.

Note

The timestamp syntax is deprecated. This feature will be removed in a future version of SQL Server. Avoid using this feature in new development work, and plan to modify applications that currently use this feature.

In a CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement, you do not have to specify a column name for the timestamp data type, for example:

CREATE TABLE ExampleTable (PriKey int PRIMARY KEY, timestamp);

If you do not specify a column name, the SQL Server Database Engine generates the timestamp column name; however, the rowversion synonym does not follow this behavior. When you use rowversion, you must specify a column name, for example:

CREATE TABLE ExampleTable2 (PriKey int PRIMARY KEY, VerCol rowversion) ;

Note

Duplicate rowversion values can be generated by using the SELECT INTO statement in which a rowversion column is in the SELECT list. We do not recommend using rowversion in this manner.

A nonnullable rowversion column is semantically equivalent to a binary(8) column. A nullable rowversion column is semantically equivalent to a varbinary(8) column.

You can use the rowversion column of a row to easily determine whether an update statement has been run against the row since the last time it was read. If an update statement is run against the row, the rowversion value is updated. If no update statements are run against the row, the rowversion value is the same as when it was previously read. To return the current rowversion value for a database, use @@DBTS.

You can add a rowversion column to a table to help maintain the integrity of the database when multiple users are updating rows at the same time. You may also want to know how many rows and which rows were updated without re-querying the table.

For example, assume that you create a table named MyTest. You populate some data in the table by running the following Transact-SQL statements.

CREATE TABLE MyTest (myKey int PRIMARY KEY  
    ,myValue int, RV rowversion);  
GO   
INSERT INTO MyTest (myKey, myValue) VALUES (1, 0);  
GO   
INSERT INTO MyTest (myKey, myValue) VALUES (2, 0);  
GO

You can then use the following sample Transact-SQL statements to implement optimistic concurrency control on the MyTest table during the update. The script uses <myRv> to represent the rowversion value from the last time you read the row. Replace the value with the actual rowversion value. An example of an actual rowversion value is 0x00000000000007D3.

DECLARE @t TABLE (myKey int);  
UPDATE MyTest  
SET myValue = 2  
    OUTPUT inserted.myKey INTO @t(myKey)   
WHERE myKey = 1   
    AND RV = <myRv>;  
IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM @t) = 0  
    BEGIN  
        RAISERROR ('error changing row with myKey = %d'  
            ,16 -- Severity.  
            ,1 -- State   
            ,1) -- myKey that was changed   
    END;

You can also put the sample Transact-SQL statements into a transaction. By querying the @t variable in the scope of the transaction, you can retrieve the updated myKey column of the table without requerying the MyTest table.

The following is the same example using the timestamp syntax. Replace <myTS> with an actual timestamp.

CREATE TABLE MyTest2 (myKey int PRIMARY KEY  
    ,myValue int, TS timestamp);  
GO   
INSERT INTO MyTest2 (myKey, myValue) VALUES (1, 0);  
GO   
INSERT INTO MyTest2 (myKey, myValue) VALUES (2, 0);  
GO  
DECLARE @t TABLE (myKey int);  
UPDATE MyTest2  
SET myValue = 2  
    OUTPUT inserted.myKey INTO @t(myKey)   
WHERE myKey = 1   
    AND TS = <myTS>;  
IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM @t) = 0  
    BEGIN  
        RAISERROR ('error changing row with myKey = %d'  
            ,16 -- Severity.  
            ,1 -- State   
            ,1) -- myKey that was changed   
    END;

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rowversion (Transact-SQL)

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