Query Expression Basics (C# Programming Guide)
What Is a Query and What Does It Do?
A query is a set of instructions that describes what data to retrieve from a given data source (or sources) and what shape and organization the returned data should have. A query is distinct from the results that it produces.
Generally, the source data is organized logically as a sequence of elements of the same kind. A SQL database table contains a sequence of rows. Similarly, an ADO.NET DataTable contains a sequence of DataRow objects. In an XML file, there is a "sequence" of XML elements (although these are organized hierarchically in a tree structure). An in-memory collection contains a sequence of objects.
From an application's viewpoint, the specific type and structure of the original source data is not important. The application always sees the source data as an IEnumerable<T> or IQueryable<T> collection. In LINQ to XML, the source data is made visible as an IEnumerable<XElement>. In LINQ to DataSet, it is an IEnumerable<DataRow>. In LINQ to SQL, it is an IEnumerable or IQueryable of whatever custom objects you have defined to represent the data in the SQL table.
Given this source sequence, a query may do one of three things:
Retrieve a subset of the elements to produce a new sequence without modifying the individual elements. The query may then sort or group the returned sequence in various ways, as shown in the following example (assume scores is an int[]):
IEnumerable<int> highScoresQuery = from score in scores where score > 80 orderby score descending select score;Retrieve a sequence of elements as in the previous example but transform them to a new type of object. For example, a query may retrieve only the last names from certain customer records in a data source. Or it may retrieve the complete record and then use it to construct another in-memory object type or even XML data before generating the final result sequence. The following example shows a transform from an int to a string. Note the new type of highScoresQuery.
IEnumerable<string> highScoresQuery2 = from score in scores where score > 80 orderby score descending select String.Format("The score is {0}", score);Retrieve a singleton value about the source data, such as:
The number of elements that match a certain condition.
The element that has the greatest or least value.
The first element that matches a condition, or the sum of particular values in a specified set of elements. For example, the following query returns the number of scores greater than 80 from the scores integer array:
int highScoreCount = (from score in scores where score > 80 select score) .Count();In the previous example, note the use of parentheses around the query expression before the call to the Count method. You can also express this by using a new variable to store the concrete result. This technique is more readable because it keeps the variable that store the query separate from the query that stores a result.
IEnumerable<int> highScoresQuery3 = from score in scores where score > 80 select score; int scoreCount = highScoresQuery3.Count();
In the previous example, the query is executed in the call to Count, because Count must iterate over the results in order to determine the number of elements returned by highScoresQuery.
What Is a Query Expression?
A query expression is a query expressed in query syntax. A query expression is a first-class language construct. It is just like any other expression and can be used in any context in which a C# expression is valid. A query expression consists of a set of clauses written in a declarative syntax similar to SQL or XQuery. Each clause in turn contains one or more C# expressions, and these expressions may themselves be either a query expression or contain a query expression.
A query expression must begin with a from clause and must end with a select or group clause. Between the first from clause and the last select or group clause, it can contain one or more of these optional clauses: where, orderby, join, let and even additional from clauses. You can also use the into keyword to enable the result of a join or group clause to serve as the source for additional query clauses in the same query expression.
Query Variable
In LINQ, a query variable is any variable that stores a query instead of the results of a query. More specifically, a query variable is always an enumerable type that will produce a sequence of elements when it is iterated over in a foreach statement or a direct call to its IEnumerator.MoveNext method.
The following code example shows a simple query expression with one data source, one filtering clause, one ordering clause, and no transformation of the source elements. The select clause ends the query.
static void Main()
{
// Data source.
int[] scores = { 90, 71, 82, 93, 75, 82 };
// Query Expression.
IEnumerable<int> scoreQuery = //query variable
from score in scores //required
where score > 80 // optional
orderby score descending // optional
select score; //must end with select or group
// Execute the query to produce the results
foreach (int testScore in scoreQuery)
{
Console.WriteLine(testScore);
}
}
// Outputs: 93 90 82 82
In the previous example, scoreQuery is a query variable, which is sometimes referred to as just a query. The query variable stores no actual result data, which is produced in the foreach loop. And when the foreach statement executes, the query results are not returned through the query variable scoreQuery. Rather, they are returned through the iteration variable testScore. The scoreQuery variable can be iterated in a second foreach loop. It will produce the same results as long as neither it nor the data source has been modified.
A query variable may store a query that is expressed in query syntax or method syntax, or a combination of the two. In the following examples, both queryMajorCities and queryMajorCities2 are query variables:
//Query syntax
IEnumerable<City> queryMajorCities =
from city in cities
where city.Population > 100000
select city;
// Method-based syntax
IEnumerable<City> queryMajorCities2 = cities.Where(c => c.Population > 100000);
On the other hand, the following two examples show variables that are not query variables even through each is initialized with a query. They are not query variables because they store results:
int highestScore =
(from score in scores
select score)
.Max();
// or split the expression
IEnumerable<int> scoreQuery =
from score in scores
select score;
int highScore = scoreQuery.Max();
List<City> largeCitiesList =
(from country in countries
from city in country.Cities
where city.Population > 10000
select city)
.ToList();
// or split the expression
IEnumerable<City> largeCitiesQuery =
from country in countries
from city in country.Cities
where city.Population > 10000
select city;
List<City> largeCitiesList2 = largeCitiesQuery.ToList();
Note
In the LINQ documentation, variables that store a query have the word "query" as part of their names. Variables that store an actual result do not have "query" in their names.
For more information about the different ways to express queries, see LINQ Query Syntax versus Method Syntax (C#).
Explicit and Implicit Typing of Query Variables
This documentation usually provides the explicit type of the query variable in order to show the type relationship between the query variable and the select clause. However, you can also use the var keyword to instruct the compiler to infer the type of a query variable (or any other local variable) at compile time. For example, the query example that was shown previously in this topic can also be expressed by using implicit typing:
// Use of var is optional here and in all queries.
// queryCities is an IEnumerable<City> just as
// when it is explicitly typed.
var queryCities =
from city in cities
where city.Population > 100000
select city;
For more information, see Implicitly Typed Local Variables (C# Programming Guide) and Type Relationships in LINQ Query Operations (C#).
Starting a Query Expression
A query expression must begin with a from clause. It specifies a data source together with a range variable. The range variable represents each successive element in the source sequence as the source sequence is being traversed. The range variable is strongly typed based on the type of elements in the data source. In the following example, because countries is an array of Country objects, the range variable is also typed as Country. Because the range variable is strongly typed, you can use the dot operator to access any available members of the type.
IEnumerable<Country> countryAreaQuery =
from country in countries
where country.Area > 500000 //sq km
select country;
The range variable is in scope until the query is exited either with a semicolon or with a continuation clause.
A query expression may contain multiple from clauses. Use additional from clauses when each element in the source sequence is itself a collection or contains a collection. For example, assume that you have a collection of Country objects, each of which contains a collection of City objects named Cities. To query the City objects in each Country, use two from clauses as shown here:
IEnumerable<City> cityQuery =
from country in countries
from city in country.Cities
where city.Population > 10000
select city;
For more information, see from clause (C# Reference).
Ending a Query Expression
A query expression must end with either a select clause or a group clause.
group Clause
Use the group clause to produce a sequence of groups organized by a key that you specify. The key can be any data type. For example, the following query creates a sequence of groups that contains one or more Country objects and whose key is a char value.
var queryCountryGroups =
from country in countries
group country by country.Name[0];
For more information about grouping, see group clause (C# Reference).
select Clause
Use the select clause to produce all other types of sequences. A simple select clause just produces a sequence of the same type of objects as the objects that are contained in the data source. In this example, the data source contains Country objects. The orderby clause just sorts the elements into a new order and the select clause produces a sequence of the reordered Country objects.
IEnumerable<Country> sortedQuery =
from country in countries
orderby country.Area
select country;
The select clause can be used to transform source data into sequences of new types. This transformation is also named a projection. In the following example, the select clause projects a sequence of anonymous types which contains only a subset of the fields in the original element. Note that the new objects are initialized by using an object initializer.
// Here var is required because the query
// produces an anonymous type.
var queryNameAndPop =
from country in countries
select new { Name = country.Name, Pop = country.Population };
For more information about all the ways that a select clause can be used to transform source data, see select clause (C# Reference).
Continuations with "into"
You can use the into keyword in a select or group clause to create a temporary identifier that stores a query. Do this when you must perform additional query operations on a query after a grouping or select operation. In the following example countries are grouped according to population in ranges of 10 million. After these groups are created, additional clauses filter out some groups, and then to sort the groups in ascending order. To perform those additional operations, the continuation represented by countryGroup is required.
// percentileQuery is an IEnumerable<IGrouping<int, Country>>
var percentileQuery =
from country in countries
let percentile = (int) country.Population / 10000000
group country by percentile into countryGroup
where countryGroup.Key >= 20
orderby countryGroup.Key
select countryGroup;
// grouping is an IGrouping<int, Country>
foreach (var grouping in percentileQuery)
{
Console.WriteLine(grouping.Key);
foreach (var country in grouping)
Console.WriteLine(country.Name + ":" + country.Population);
}
For more information, see into (C# Reference).
Filtering, Ordering, and Joining
Between the starting from clause, and the ending select or group clause, all other clauses (where, join, orderby, from, let) are optional. Any of the optional clauses may be used zero times or multiple times in a query body.
where Clause
Use the where clause to filter out elements from the source data based on one or more predicate expressions. The where clause in the following example has two predicates.
IEnumerable<City> queryCityPop =
from city in cities
where city.Population < 200000 && city.Population > 100000
select city;
For more information, see where clause (C# Reference).
orderby Clause
Use the orderby clause to sort the results in either ascending or descending order. You can also specify secondary sort orders. The following example performs a primary sort on the country objects by using the Area property. It then performs a secondary sort by using the Population property.
IEnumerable<Country> querySortedCountries =
from country in countries
orderby country.Area, country.Population descending
select country;
The ascending keyword is optional; it is the default sort order if no order is specified. For more information, see orderby clause (C# Reference).
join Clause
Use the join clause to associate and/or combine elements from one data source with elements from another data source based on an equality comparison between specified keys in each element. In LINQ, join operations are performed on sequences of objects whose elements are different types. After you have joined two sequences, you must use a select or group statement to specify which element to store in the output sequence. You can also use an anonymous type to combine properties from each set of associated elements into a new type for the output sequence. The following example associates prod objects whose Category property matches one of the categories in the categories string array. Products whose Category does not match any string in categories are filtered out. The select statement projects a new type whose properties are taken from both cat and prod.
var categoryQuery =
from cat in categories
join prod in products on cat equals prod.Category
select new { Category = cat, Name = prod.Name };
You can also perform a group join by storing the results of the join operation into a temporary variable by using the into keyword. For more information, see join clause (C# Reference).
let Clause
Use the let clause to store the result of an expression, such as a method call, in a new range variable. In the following example, the range variable firstName stores the first element of the array of strings that is returned by Split.
string[] names = { "Svetlana Omelchenko", "Claire O'Donnell", "Sven Mortensen", "Cesar Garcia" };
IEnumerable<string> queryFirstNames =
from name in names
let firstName = name.Split(new char[] { ' ' })[0]
select firstName;
foreach (string s in queryFirstNames)
Console.Write(s + " ");
//Output: Svetlana Claire Sven Cesar
For more information, see let clause (C# Reference).
Subqueries in a Query Expression
A query clause may itself contain a query expression, which is sometimes referred to as a subquery. Each subquery starts with its own from clause that does not necessarily point to the same data source in the first from clause. For example, the following query shows a query expression that is used in the select statement to retrieve the results of a grouping operation.
var queryGroupMax =
from student in students
group student by student.GradeLevel into studentGroup
select new
{
Level = studentGroup.Key,
HighestScore =
(from student2 in studentGroup
select student2.Scores.Average())
.Max()
};
For more information, see How to: Perform a Subquery on a Grouping Operation (C# Programming Guide).
See Also
Concepts
LINQ Query Expressions (C# Programming Guide)
Standard Query Operators Overview