ATL and MFC String Conversion Macros
The string conversion macros discussed here are valid for both ATL and MFC. For more information on MFC string conversion, see TN059: Using MFC MBCS/Unicode Conversion Macros and MFC Macros and Globals.
ATL 7.0 String Conversion Classes and Macros
ATL 3.0 String Conversion Macros
ATL 7.0 String Conversion Classes and Macros
ATL 7.0 introduces several new conversion classes and macros, providing significant improvements over the existing macros.
The names of the new string conversion classes and macros take the form:
CSourceType2[C]DestinationType[EX]
where:
SourceType and DestinationType are described in the table below.
[C] is present when the destination type must be constant.
[EX] is present when the initial size of the buffer must be specified as a template argument.
SourceType/DestinationType
Description
A
ANSI character string.
W
Unicode character string.
T
Generic character string (equivalent to W when _UNICODE is defined, equivalent to A otherwise).
OLE
OLE character string (equivalent to W).
For example, to convert from a Unicode string to a generic string without changing the converted string, use CW2CT.
If it is known that the converted string is unlikely to be more than 64 characters, the EX version, such as CW2CTEX<64>, can be used to save space on the stack.
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The recommended way of converting to and from BSTR strings is to use the CComBSTR class. To convert to a BSTR, pass the existing string to the constructor of CComBSTR. To convert from a BSTR, use COLE2[C]DestinationType[EX], such as COLE2T. |
The new conversion classes which require a buffer (CA2AEX, CA2WEX, CW2AEX, and CW2WEX) use a fixed-size static buffer to store the result of the conversion. If the result is too large to fit into the static buffer, the class allocates memory using malloc, freeing the memory when the object goes out of scope. This ensures that, unlike the older text conversion macros, these classes are safe to use in loops and won't overflow the stack.
The conversion macros introduced in ATL 7.0 are optimized to be aware of input NULL strings. These macros will return NULL if the input parameter is NULL without allocating any memory.
By default, the ATL conversion classes and macros will use the current thread's ANSI code page for the conversion. If you want to override that behavior for a specific conversion using macros based on the classes CA2WEX or CW2AEX, specify the code page as the second parameter to the constructor for the class.
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Check the length of the strings before passing them to these macros to avoid potential buffer overrun problems. Stack overflows are exceptions that could also be caught with try/except. |
There are several important differences between the older string conversion macros and the new string conversion classes:
Old ATL 3.0 Conversion Macros |
New ATL 7.0 Conversion Classes |
|---|---|
Allocates memory on the stack. |
Uses stack memory for small strings. Uses the heap if the stack is not large enough. |
The string is freed when the function is exited. |
The string is freed when the variable goes out of scope. |
Cannot be used in exception handlers. |
Can be used in exception handlers. |
Not suitable for use in loops. Memory use grows until the function is exited. |
Supports use in loops. Loop scope ensures that memory is freed on each iteration. |
Not good for large strings. Stack space is limited. |
No problems with large strings. Strings will be allocated on the heap. |
Usually require USES_CONVERSION to be defined. |
Never require USES_CONVERSION to be defined. |
Meaning of OLE depends on definition of OLE2ANSI. |
OLE is always equivalent to W. |
Example
Code
//Example 1
// Convert LPCWSTR to LPCSTR.
void ExampleFunction1(LPCWSTR pszW)
{
// Create an instance of CW2A, called pszA,
// and initialize it with pszW.
CW2A pszA(pszW);
// pszA works like an LPCSTR, and can be used thus:
ExampleFunctionA(pszA);
// Note: pszA will become invalid when it goes out of scope.
}
// Example 2
// Use a temporary instance of CW2A.
void ExampleFunction2(LPCWSTR pszW)
{
// Create a temporary instance of CW2A,
// and initialize it with pszW.
ExampleFunctionA(CW2A(pszW));
// Note: the temporary instance becomes invalid
// after the execution of the statement above.
}
// Example 3
// Incorrect use of conversion macros.
void ExampleFunction3(LPCWSTR pszW)
{
// Create a temporary instance of CW2A,
// save a pointer to it and then delete
// the temportary instance.
LPCSTR pszA = CW2A(pszW);
// The pszA in the following line is an invalid pointer,
// as the instance of CW2A has gone out of scope.
ExampleFunctionA(pszA);
}
A Warning Regarding Temporary Class Instances
It should be stressed that the following is not good code:
LPCTSTR szr = CA2T(szReplaceFile);
Using ATL 3.0 macros, it was acceptable to use:
LPCTSTR szr = A2T(szReplaceFile);
as the memory allocated by the conversion functions would not be freed until the current function was exited. The same code does not work with the new classes.
This code:
LPCTSTR szr = CA2T(szReplaceFile);
is equivalent to this:
LPCTSTR szr;
{
CA2T temp(szReplaceFile);
szr = temp.operator LPTSTR();
}
As the memory allocated by the temporary object and returned from the cast operator is destroyed when the temporary object is destroyed, using the value in szr will have undesirable results.
Instead, use this code:
CA2T szr(szReplaceFile);
The cast operator makes the CA2T object look like a LPCTSTR.
Advanced Usage
The default static buffer size is 128 characters. If the buffer size must be changed for a specific conversion, use the EX version of a macro, and specify the buffer size as a template argument.
// Example 4
// Changing the size of the buffer.
void ExampleFunction4(LPCWSTR pszW)
{
// Use a 16-character buffer.
ExampleFunctionA(CW2AEX<16>(pszW));
}
Here is an example of specifying the code page as the second parameter to the constructor for the class.
// Example 5
// Specifying the code page.
void ExampleFunction5(LPCWSTR pszW)
{
// Convert to the Macintosh code page
ExampleFunctionA(CW2A(pszW, CP_MACCP));
}
ATL 3.0 String Conversion Macros
The original text conversion macros are still available and are listed in the table below:
ATL 3.0 String Conversion Macros
A2BSTR |
OLE2A |
T2A |
W2A |
A2COLE |
OLE2BSTR |
T2BSTR |
W2BSTR |
A2CT |
OLE2CA |
T2CA (Deprecated. Use T2CA_EX or CT2CA instead.) |
W2CA |
A2CW |
OLE2CT |
T2COLE |
W2COLE |
A2OLE |
OLE2CW |
T2CW |
W2CT |
A2T |
OLE2T |
T2OLE |
W2OLE |
A2W |
OLE2W |
T2W |
W2T |
The syntax for using these macros is as follows:
MACRONAME( string_address )
For example:
A2W(lpa);
In the macro names, the source string type is on the left (for example, A) and the destination string type is on the right (for example, W). A stands for LPSTR, OLE stands for LPOLESTR, T stands for LPTSTR, and W stands for LPWSTR.
If there is a C in the macro name, the macro converts to a const string. For example, W2CA converts an LPWSTR to an LPCSTR.
Thus, A2W converts an LPSTR to an LPWSTR, OLE2T converts an LPOLESTR to an LPTSTR, and so on.
The behavior of the ATL string conversion macros depends on the compiler directive in effect, if any. If the source and destination types are the same, no conversion takes place. Compiler directives change T and OLE as follows:
Compiler directive in effect |
T becomes |
OLE becomes |
|---|---|---|
None |
A |
W |
_UNICODE |
W |
W |
OLE2ANSI |
A |
A |
_UNICODE and OLE2ANSI |
W |
A |
The destination string is created using _alloca, except when the destination type is BSTR. Using _alloca allocates memory off the stack, so that when your function returns, it is automatically cleaned up. By default this macro will only convert up to 500KB at one time.
When using an ATL string conversion macro, specify the USES_CONVERSION macro at the beginning of your function in order to avoid compiler errors. For example:
void StringFunc(LPSTR lpsz)
{
USES_CONVERSION;
LPWSTR x = A2W(lpsz);
// Do something with x
wprintf_s(L"x is %s", x);
}
Requirements
Header file: AtlBase.h, AtlConv.h (declared in AtlConv.h)