<complex>
Функции
abs
Вычисляет модуль комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
Type abs(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, модуль которого нужно определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Модуль комплексного числа.
Замечания
Модуль комплексного числа — это мера длины вектора, представляющего комплексное число. Модуль комплексного числа a + bi является квадратным корнем (2 + b2), написанным |a + bi|. Нормой комплексного числа a + bi является (2 + b2). Норма комплексного числа представляет собой квадрат его модуля.
Пример
// complex_abs.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
// Complex numbers can be entered in polar form with
// modulus and argument parameter inputs but are
// stored in Cartesian form as real & imag coordinates
complex <double> c1 ( polar ( 5.0 ) ); // Default argument = 0
complex <double> c2 ( polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) );
complex <double> c3 ( polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) );
cout << "c1 = polar ( 5.0 ) = " << c1 << endl;
cout << "c2 = polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) = " << c2 << endl;
cout << "c3 = polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) = " << c3 << endl;
// The modulus and argument of a complex number can be recovered
// using abs & arg member functions
double absc1 = abs ( c1 );
double argc1 = arg ( c1 );
cout << "The modulus of c1 is recovered from c1 using: abs ( c1 ) = "
<< absc1 << endl;
cout << "Argument of c1 is recovered from c1 using:\n arg ( c1 ) = "
<< argc1 << " radians, which is " << argc1 * 180 / pi
<< " degrees." << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is recovered from c2 using: abs ( c2 ) = "
<< absc2 << endl;
cout << "Argument of c2 is recovered from c2 using:\n arg ( c2 ) = "
<< argc2 << " radians, which is " << argc2 * 180 / pi
<< " degrees." << endl;
// Testing if the principal angles of c2 and c3 are the same
if ( (arg ( c2 ) <= ( arg ( c3 ) + .00000001) ) ||
(arg ( c2 ) >= ( arg ( c3 ) - .00000001) ) )
cout << "The complex numbers c2 & c3 have the "
<< "same principal arguments."<< endl;
else
cout << "The complex numbers c2 & c3 don't have the "
<< "same principal arguments." << endl;
}
c1 = polar ( 5.0 ) = (5,0)
c2 = polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) = (4.33013,2.5)
c3 = polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) = (4.33013,2.5)
The modulus of c1 is recovered from c1 using: abs ( c1 ) = 5
Argument of c1 is recovered from c1 using:
arg ( c1 ) = 0 radians, which is 0 degrees.
The modulus of c2 is recovered from c2 using: abs ( c2 ) = 5
Argument of c2 is recovered from c2 using:
arg ( c2 ) = 0.523599 radians, which is 30 degrees.
The complex numbers c2 & c3 have the same principal arguments.
acos
template<class T> complex<T> acos(const complex<T>&);
acosh
template<class T> complex<T> acosh(const complex<T>&);
arg
Извлекает аргумент из комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
Type arg(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, аргумент которого нужно определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Аргумент комплексного числа.
Замечания
Аргументом является угол, который сложный вектор делает с положительной реальной осью в сложной плоскости. Для комплексного числа a + bi аргумент равен arctan(b/a). Угол имеет положительное направление при измерении против часовой стрелки от положительной оси и отрицательное направление при измерении по часовой стрелке. Основное значение больше -pi и меньше или равно +pi.
Пример
// complex_arg.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
// Complex numbers can be entered in polar form with
// modulus and argument parameter inputs but are
// stored in Cartesian form as real & imag coordinates
complex <double> c1 ( polar ( 5.0 ) ); // Default argument = 0
complex <double> c2 ( polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) );
complex <double> c3 ( polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) );
cout << "c1 = polar ( 5.0 ) = " << c1 << endl;
cout << "c2 = polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) = " << c2 << endl;
cout << "c3 = polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) = " << c3 << endl;
// The modulus and argument of a complex number can be rcovered
// using abs & arg member functions
double absc1 = abs ( c1 );
double argc1 = arg ( c1 );
cout << "The modulus of c1 is recovered from c1 using: abs ( c1 ) = "
<< absc1 << endl;
cout << "Argument of c1 is recovered from c1 using:\n arg ( c1 ) = "
<< argc1 << " radians, which is " << argc1 * 180 / pi
<< " degrees." << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is recovered from c2 using: abs ( c2 ) = "
<< absc2 << endl;
cout << "Argument of c2 is recovered from c2 using:\n arg ( c2 ) = "
<< argc2 << " radians, which is " << argc2 * 180 / pi
<< " degrees." << endl;
// Testing if the principal angles of c2 and c3 are the same
if ( (arg ( c2 ) <= ( arg ( c3 ) + .00000001) ) ||
(arg ( c2 ) >= ( arg ( c3 ) - .00000001) ) )
cout << "The complex numbers c2 & c3 have the "
<< "same principal arguments."<< endl;
else
cout << "The complex numbers c2 & c3 don't have the "
<< "same principal arguments." << endl;
}
c1 = polar ( 5.0 ) = (5,0)
c2 = polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) = (4.33013,2.5)
c3 = polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) = (4.33013,2.5)
The modulus of c1 is recovered from c1 using: abs ( c1 ) = 5
Argument of c1 is recovered from c1 using:
arg ( c1 ) = 0 radians, which is 0 degrees.
The modulus of c2 is recovered from c2 using: abs ( c2 ) = 5
Argument of c2 is recovered from c2 using:
arg ( c2 ) = 0.523599 radians, which is 30 degrees.
The complex numbers c2 & c3 have the same principal arguments.
asin
template<class T> complex<T> asin(const complex<T>&);
asinh
template<class T> complex<T> asinh(const complex<T>&);
atan
template<class T> complex<T> atan(const complex<T>&);
atanh
template<class T> complex<T> atanh(const complex<T>&);
conj
Возвращает комплексно-сопряженную величину комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> conj(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, комплексно-сопряженная величина которого возвращается.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексно-сопряженная величина входного комплексного числа.
Замечания
Сложный конъюгат комплексного числа a + bi — би. Произведение комплексного числа и его сопряженной величины является нормой числа a2 + b2.
Пример
// complex_conj.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
complex <double> c1 ( 4.0 , 3.0 );
cout << "The complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
double dr1 = real ( c1 );
cout << "The real part of c1 is real ( c1 ) = "
<< dr1 << "." << endl;
double di1 = imag ( c1 );
cout << "The imaginary part of c1 is imag ( c1 ) = "
<< di1 << "." << endl;
complex <double> c2 = conj ( c1 );
cout << "The complex conjugate of c1 is c2 = conj ( c1 )= "
<< c2 << endl;
double dr2 = real ( c2 );
cout << "The real part of c2 is real ( c2 ) = "
<< dr2 << "." << endl;
double di2 = imag ( c2 );
cout << "The imaginary part of c2 is imag ( c2 ) = "
<< di2 << "." << endl;
// The real part of the product of a complex number
// and its conjugate is the norm of the number
complex <double> c3 = c1 * c2;
cout << "The norm of (c1 * conj (c1) ) is c1 * c2 = "
<< real( c3 ) << endl;
}
The complex number c1 = (4,3)
The real part of c1 is real ( c1 ) = 4.
The imaginary part of c1 is imag ( c1 ) = 3.
The complex conjugate of c1 is c2 = conj ( c1 )= (4,-3)
The real part of c2 is real ( c2 ) = 4.
The imaginary part of c2 is imag ( c2 ) = -3.
The norm of (c1 * conj (c1) ) is c1 * c2 = 25
cos
Возвращает косинус комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> cos(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, косинус которого требуется определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексное число, которое является косинусом входного комплексного числа.
Замечания
Тождественные равенства, определяющие косинусы комплексных чисел:
cos (z) = (1/2)*(exp (iz) + exp (- iz) )
cos (z) = cos (a + bi) = cos (a) cosh (b) - isin (a) sinh (b)
Пример
// complex_cos.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
complex <double> c1 ( 3.0 , 4.0 );
cout << "Complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
// Values of cosine of a complex number c1
complex <double> c2 = cos ( c1 );
cout << "Complex number c2 = cos ( c1 ) = " << c2 << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is: " << absc2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of c2 is: "<< argc2 << " radians, which is "
<< argc2 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// Cosines of the standard angles in the first
// two quadrants of the complex plane
vector <complex <double> > v1;
vector <complex <double> >::iterator Iter1;
complex <double> vc1 ( polar (1.0, pi / 6) );
v1.push_back( cos ( vc1 ) );
complex <double> vc2 ( polar (1.0, pi / 3) );
v1.push_back( cos ( vc2 ) );
complex <double> vc3 ( polar (1.0, pi / 2) );
v1.push_back( cos ( vc3) );
complex <double> vc4 ( polar (1.0, 2 * pi / 3) );
v1.push_back( cos ( vc4 ) );
complex <double> vc5 ( polar (1.0, 5 * pi / 6) );
v1.push_back( cos ( vc5 ) );
complex <double> vc6 ( polar (1.0, pi ) );
v1.push_back( cos ( vc6 ) );
cout << "The complex components cos (vci), where abs (vci) = 1"
<< "\n& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:\n" ;
for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )
cout << *Iter1 << endl;
}
Complex number c1 = (3,4)
Complex number c2 = cos ( c1 ) = (-27.0349,-3.85115)
The modulus of c2 is: 27.3079
The argument of c2 is: -3.00009 radians, which is -171.893 degrees.
The complex components cos (vci), where abs (vci) = 1
& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:
(0.730543,-0.39695)
(1.22777,-0.469075)
(1.54308,1.21529e-013)
(1.22777,0.469075)
(0.730543,0.39695)
(0.540302,-1.74036e-013)
cosh
Возвращает гиперболический косинус комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> cosh(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, гиперболический косинус которого требуется определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексное число, которое является гиперболическим косинусом входного комплексного числа.
Замечания
Тождественные равенства, определяющие гиперболические косинусы комплексных чисел:
cos (z) = (1/2)*( exp (z) + exp (- z) )
cos (z) = cosh (a + bi) = cosh (a) cos (b) + isinh (a) sin (b) (b)
Пример
// complex_cosh.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
complex <double> c1 ( 3.0 , 4.0 );
cout << "Complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
// Values of cosine of a complex number c1
complex <double> c2 = cosh ( c1 );
cout << "Complex number c2 = cosh ( c1 ) = " << c2 << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is: " << absc2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of c2 is: "<< argc2 << " radians, which is "
<< argc2 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// Hyperbolic cosines of the standard angles
// in the first two quadrants of the complex plane
vector <complex <double> > v1;
vector <complex <double> >::iterator Iter1;
complex <double> vc1 ( polar (1.0, pi / 6) );
v1.push_back( cosh ( vc1 ) );
complex <double> vc2 ( polar (1.0, pi / 3) );
v1.push_back( cosh ( vc2 ) );
complex <double> vc3 ( polar (1.0, pi / 2) );
v1.push_back( cosh ( vc3) );
complex <double> vc4 ( polar (1.0, 2 * pi / 3) );
v1.push_back( cosh ( vc4 ) );
complex <double> vc5 ( polar (1.0, 5 * pi / 6) );
v1.push_back( cosh ( vc5 ) );
complex <double> vc6 ( polar (1.0, pi ) );
v1.push_back( cosh ( vc6 ) );
cout << "The complex components cosh (vci), where abs (vci) = 1"
<< "\n& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:\n" ;
for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )
cout << *Iter1 << endl;
}
Complex number c1 = (3,4)
Complex number c2 = cosh ( c1 ) = (-6.58066,-7.58155)
The modulus of c2 is: 10.0392
The argument of c2 is: -2.28564 radians, which is -130.957 degrees.
The complex components cosh (vci), where abs (vci) = 1
& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:
(1.22777,0.469075)
(0.730543,0.39695)
(0.540302,-8.70178e-014)
(0.730543,-0.39695)
(1.22777,-0.469075)
(1.54308,2.43059e-013)
exp
Возвращает экспоненциальную функцию комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> exp(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, экспоненту которого требуется определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексное число, которое является экспонентой входного комплексного числа.
Пример
// complex_exp.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main() {
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
complex <double> c1 ( 1 , pi/6 );
cout << "Complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
// Value of exponential of a complex number c1:
// note the argument of c2 is determined by the
// imaginary part of c1 & the modulus by the real part
complex <double> c2 = exp ( c1 );
cout << "Complex number c2 = exp ( c1 ) = " << c2 << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is: " << absc2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of c2 is: "<< argc2 << " radians, which is "
<< argc2 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// Exponentials of the standard angles
// in the first two quadrants of the complex plane
vector <complex <double> > v1;
vector <complex <double> >::iterator Iter1;
complex <double> vc1 ( 0.0 , -pi );
v1.push_back( exp ( vc1 ) );
complex <double> vc2 ( 0.0, -2 * pi / 3 );
v1.push_back( exp ( vc2 ) );
complex <double> vc3 ( 0.0, 0.0 );
v1.push_back( exp ( vc3 ) );
complex <double> vc4 ( 0.0, pi / 3 );
v1.push_back( exp ( vc4 ) );
complex <double> vc5 ( 0.0 , 2 * pi / 3 );
v1.push_back( exp ( vc5 ) );
complex <double> vc6 ( 0.0, pi );
v1.push_back( exp ( vc6 ) );
cout << "The complex components exp (vci), where abs (vci) = 1"
<< "\n& arg (vci) = i * pi / 3 of the vector v1 are:\n" ;
for ( Iter1 = v1.begin() ; Iter1 != v1.end() ; Iter1++ )
cout << ( * Iter1 ) << "\n with argument = "
<< ( 180/pi ) * arg ( *Iter1 )
<< " degrees\n modulus = "
<< abs ( * Iter1 ) << endl;
}
imag
Извлекает мнимую часть комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
Type imag(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, вещественная часть которого извлекается.
Возвращаемое значение
Мнимая часть комплексного числа как глобальная функция.
Замечания
Эта функция-шаблон не может использоваться для изменения вещественной части комплексного числа. Чтобы изменить вещественную часть, значению компонента следует назначить новое комплексное число.
Пример
// complexc_imag.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
complex <double> c1 ( 4.0 , 3.0 );
cout << "The complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
double dr1 = real ( c1 );
cout << "The real part of c1 is real ( c1 ) = "
<< dr1 << "." << endl;
double di1 = imag ( c1 );
cout << "The imaginary part of c1 is imag ( c1 ) = "
<< di1 << "." << endl;
}
The complex number c1 = (4,3)
The real part of c1 is real ( c1 ) = 4.
The imaginary part of c1 is imag ( c1 ) = 3.
Журнал
Возвращает натуральный логарифм комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> log(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, натуральный логарифм которого требуется определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексное число, которое является натуральным логарифмом входного комплексного числа.
Замечания
Узловые точки находятся вдоль отрицательной оси.
Пример
// complex_log.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main() {
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
complex <double> c1 ( 3.0 , 4.0 );
cout << "Complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
// Values of log of a complex number c1
complex <double> c2 = log ( c1 );
cout << "Complex number c2 = log ( c1 ) = " << c2 << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is: " << absc2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of c2 is: "<< argc2 << " radians, which is "
<< argc2 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// log of the standard angles
// in the first two quadrants of the complex plane
vector <complex <double> > v1;
vector <complex <double> >::iterator Iter1;
complex <double> vc1 ( polar (1.0, pi / 6) );
v1.push_back( log ( vc1 ) );
complex <double> vc2 ( polar (1.0, pi / 3) );
v1.push_back( log ( vc2 ) );
complex <double> vc3 ( polar (1.0, pi / 2) );
v1.push_back( log ( vc3) );
complex <double> vc4 ( polar (1.0, 2 * pi / 3) );
v1.push_back( log ( vc4 ) );
complex <double> vc5 ( polar (1.0, 5 * pi / 6) );
v1.push_back( log ( vc5 ) );
complex <double> vc6 ( polar (1.0, pi ) );
v1.push_back( log ( vc6 ) );
cout << "The complex components log (vci), where abs (vci) = 1 "
<< "\n& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:\n" ;
for ( Iter1 = v1.begin() ; Iter1 != v1.end() ; Iter1++ )
cout << *Iter1 << " " << endl;
}
log10
Возвращает десятичный логарифм комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> log10(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, десятичный логарифм которого требуется определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексное число, которое является десятичным логарифмом входного комплексного числа.
Замечания
Узловые точки находятся вдоль отрицательной оси.
Пример
// complex_log10.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main() {
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
complex <double> c1 ( 3.0 , 4.0 );
cout << "Complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
// Values of log10 of a complex number c1
complex <double> c2 = log10 ( c1 );
cout << "Complex number c2 = log10 ( c1 ) = " << c2 << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is: " << absc2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of c2 is: "<< argc2 << " radians, which is "
<< argc2 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// log10 of the standard angles
// in the first two quadrants of the complex plane
vector <complex <double> > v1;
vector <complex <double> >::iterator Iter1;
complex <double> vc1 ( polar (1.0, pi / 6) );
v1.push_back( log10 ( vc1 ) );
complex <double> vc2 ( polar (1.0, pi / 3) );
v1.push_back( log10 ( vc2 ) );
complex <double> vc3 ( polar (1.0, pi / 2) );
v1.push_back( log10 ( vc3) );
complex <double> vc4 ( polar (1.0, 2 * pi / 3) );
v1.push_back( log10 ( vc4 ) );
complex <double> vc5 ( polar (1.0, 5 * pi / 6) );
v1.push_back( log10 ( vc5 ) );
complex <double> vc6 ( polar (1.0, pi ) );
v1.push_back( log10 ( vc6 ) );
cout << "The complex components log10 (vci), where abs (vci) = 1"
<< "\n& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:\n" ;
for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )
cout << *Iter1 << endl;
}
norm
Извлекает норму комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
Type norm(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, норму которого нужно определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Норма комплексного числа.
Замечания
Нормой комплексного числа a + bi является (2 + b2). Норма комплексного числа представляет собой квадрат его модуля. Модуль комплексного числа — это мера длины вектора, представляющего комплексное число. Модуль комплексного числа a + bi является квадратным корнем (2 + b2), написанным |a + bi|.
Пример
// complex_norm.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
// Complex numbers can be entered in polar form with
// modulus and argument parameter inputs but are
// stored in Cartesian form as real & imag coordinates
complex <double> c1 ( polar ( 5.0 ) ); // Default argument = 0
complex <double> c2 ( polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) );
complex <double> c3 ( polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) );
cout << "c1 = polar ( 5.0 ) = " << c1 << endl;
cout << "c2 = polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) = " << c2 << endl;
cout << "c3 = polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) = " << c3 << endl;
if ( (arg ( c2 ) <= ( arg ( c3 ) + .00000001) ) ||
(arg ( c2 ) >= ( arg ( c3 ) - .00000001) ) )
cout << "The complex numbers c2 & c3 have the "
<< "same principal arguments."<< endl;
else
cout << "The complex numbers c2 & c3 don't have the "
<< "same principal arguments." << endl;
// The modulus and argument of a complex number can be recovered
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is recovered from c2 using: abs ( c2 ) = "
<< absc2 << endl;
cout << "Argument of c2 is recovered from c2 using:\n arg ( c2 ) = "
<< argc2 << " radians, which is " << argc2 * 180 / pi
<< " degrees." << endl;
// The norm of a complex number is the square of its modulus
double normc2 = norm ( c2 );
double sqrtnormc2 = sqrt ( normc2 );
cout << "The norm of c2 given by: norm ( c2 ) = " << normc2 << endl;
cout << "The modulus of c2 is the square root of the norm: "
<< "sqrt ( normc2 ) = " << sqrtnormc2 << ".";
}
c1 = polar ( 5.0 ) = (5,0)
c2 = polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) = (4.33013,2.5)
c3 = polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) = (4.33013,2.5)
The complex numbers c2 & c3 have the same principal arguments.
The modulus of c2 is recovered from c2 using: abs ( c2 ) = 5
Argument of c2 is recovered from c2 using:
arg ( c2 ) = 0.523599 radians, which is 30 degrees.
The norm of c2 given by: norm ( c2 ) = 25
The modulus of c2 is the square root of the norm: sqrt ( normc2 ) = 5.
polar
Возвращает комплексное число, соответствующее указанному модулю и аргументу, в декартовой форме.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> polar(const Type& _Modulus, const Type& _Argument = 0);
Параметры
_Modulus
Модуль вводимого комплексного числа.
_Argument
Аргумент вводимого комплексного числа.
Возвращаемое значение
Алгебраическая форма комплексного числа, указанного в тригонометрической форме.
Замечания
Полярная форма сложного числа предоставляет модулу r и аргумент p, где эти параметры связаны с реальными и мнимыми декартианскими компонентами a и b по уравнениям a = r * cos p и b = r * sin p.
Пример
// complex_polar.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
// Complex numbers can be entered in polar form with
// modulus and argument parameter inputs but are
// stored in Cartesian form as real & imag coordinates
complex <double> c1 ( polar ( 5.0 ) ); // Default argument = 0
complex <double> c2 ( polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) );
complex <double> c3 ( polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) );
cout << "c1 = polar ( 5.0 ) = " << c1 << endl;
cout << "c2 = polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) = " << c2 << endl;
cout << "c3 = polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) = " << c3 << endl;
if ( (arg ( c2 ) <= ( arg ( c3 ) + .00000001) ) ||
(arg ( c2 ) >= ( arg ( c3 ) - .00000001) ) )
cout << "The complex numbers c2 & c3 have the "
<< "same principal arguments."<< endl;
else
cout << "The complex numbers c2 & c3 don't have the "
<< "same principal arguments." << endl;
// the modulus and argument of a complex number can be rcovered
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is recovered from c2 using: abs ( c2 ) = "
<< absc2 << endl;
cout << "Argument of c2 is recovered from c2 using:\n arg ( c2 ) = "
<< argc2 << " radians, which is " << argc2 * 180 / pi
<< " degrees." << endl;
}
c1 = polar ( 5.0 ) = (5,0)
c2 = polar ( 5.0 , pi / 6 ) = (4.33013,2.5)
c3 = polar ( 5.0 , 13 * pi / 6 ) = (4.33013,2.5)
The complex numbers c2 & c3 have the same principal arguments.
The modulus of c2 is recovered from c2 using: abs ( c2 ) = 5
Argument of c2 is recovered from c2 using:
arg ( c2 ) = 0.523599 radians, which is 30 degrees.
pow
Вычисляет комплексное число, получаемое в результате возведения основания (комплексное число) в степень другого комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> pow(const complex<Type>& _Base, int _Power);
template <class Type>
complex<Type> pow(const complex<Type>& _Base, const Type& _Power);
template <class Type>
complex<Type> pow(const complex<Type>& _Base, const complex<Type>& _Power);
template <class Type>
complex<Type> pow(const Type& _Base, const complex<Type>& _Power);
Параметры
_Основа
Комплексное число или число с типом параметра для комплексного числа, которое будет возводиться в степень функцией-членом.
_Power
Целое число, комплексное число или число с типом параметра для комплексного числа, представляющее степень, в которую функция-член будет возводить базовое комплексное число.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексное число, полученное путем возведения указанного базового комплексного числа в указанную степень.
Замечания
Каждая функция эффективно преобразует оба операнда в тип возвращаемого значения, а затем возвращает левый операнд, возведенный в степень правого операнда.
Узловые точки находятся вдоль отрицательной оси.
Пример
// complex_pow.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
// First member function
// type complex<double> base & type integer power
complex <double> cb1 ( 3 , 4);
int cp1 = 2;
complex <double> ce1 = pow ( cb1 ,cp1 );
cout << "Complex number for base cb1 = " << cb1 << endl;
cout << "Integer for power = " << cp1 << endl;
cout << "Complex number returned from complex base and integer power:"
<< "\n ce1 = cb1 ^ cp1 = " << ce1 << endl;
double absce1 = abs ( ce1 );
double argce1 = arg ( ce1 );
cout << "The modulus of ce1 is: " << absce1 << endl;
cout << "The argument of ce1 is: "<< argce1 << " radians, which is "
<< argce1 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// Second member function
// type complex<double> base & type double power
complex <double> cb2 ( 3 , 4 );
double cp2 = pi;
complex <double> ce2 = pow ( cb2 ,cp2 );
cout << "Complex number for base cb2 = " << cb2 << endl;
cout << "Type double for power cp2 = pi = " << cp2 << endl;
cout << "Complex number returned from complex base and double power:"
<< "\n ce2 = cb2 ^ cp2 = " << ce2 << endl;
double absce2 = abs ( ce2 );
double argce2 = arg ( ce2 );
cout << "The modulus of ce2 is: " << absce2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of ce2 is: "<< argce2 << " radians, which is "
<< argce2 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// Third member function
// type complex<double> base & type complex<double> power
complex <double> cb3 ( 3 , 4 );
complex <double> cp3 ( -2 , 1 );
complex <double> ce3 = pow ( cb3 ,cp3 );
cout << "Complex number for base cb3 = " << cb3 << endl;
cout << "Complex number for power cp3= " << cp3 << endl;
cout << "Complex number returned from complex base and complex power:"
<< "\n ce3 = cb3 ^ cp3 = " << ce3 << endl;
double absce3 = abs ( ce3 );
double argce3 = arg ( ce3 );
cout << "The modulus of ce3 is: " << absce3 << endl;
cout << "The argument of ce3 is: "<< argce3 << " radians, which is "
<< argce3 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// Fourth member function
// type double base & type complex<double> power
double cb4 = pi;
complex <double> cp4 ( 2 , -1 );
complex <double> ce4 = pow ( cb4 ,cp4 );
cout << "Type double for base cb4 = pi = " << cb4 << endl;
cout << "Complex number for power cp4 = " << cp4 << endl;
cout << "Complex number returned from double base and complex power:"
<< "\n ce4 = cb4 ^ cp4 = " << ce4 << endl;
double absce4 = abs ( ce4 );
double argce4 = arg ( ce4 );
cout << "The modulus of ce4 is: " << absce4 << endl;
cout << "The argument of ce4 is: "<< argce4 << " radians, which is "
<< argce4 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
}
Complex number for base cb1 = (3,4)
Integer for power = 2
Complex number returned from complex base and integer power:
ce1 = cb1 ^ cp1 = (-7,24)
The modulus of ce1 is: 25
The argument of ce1 is: 1.85459 radians, which is 106.26 degrees.
Complex number for base cb2 = (3,4)
Type double for power cp2 = pi = 3.14159
Complex number returned from complex base and double power:
ce2 = cb2 ^ cp2 = (-152.915,35.5475)
The modulus of ce2 is: 156.993
The argument of ce2 is: 2.91318 radians, which is 166.913 degrees.
Complex number for base cb3 = (3,4)
Complex number for power cp3= (-2,1)
Complex number returned from complex base and complex power:
ce3 = cb3 ^ cp3 = (0.0153517,-0.00384077)
The modulus of ce3 is: 0.0158249
The argument of ce3 is: -0.245153 radians, which is -14.0462 degrees.
Type double for base cb4 = pi = 3.14159
Complex number for power cp4 = (2,-1)
Complex number returned from double base and complex power:
ce4 = cb4 ^ cp4 = (4.07903,-8.98725)
The modulus of ce4 is: 9.8696
The argument of ce4 is: -1.14473 radians, which is -65.5882 degrees.
proj
template<class T> complex<T> proj(const complex<T>&);
real
Извлекает вещественную часть комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
Type real(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, вещественная часть которого извлекается.
Возвращаемое значение
Вещественная часть комплексного числа как глобальная функция.
Замечания
Эта функция-шаблон не может использоваться для изменения вещественной части комплексного числа. Чтобы изменить вещественную часть, значению компонента следует назначить новое комплексное число.
Пример
// complex_real.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
complex <double> c1 ( 4.0 , 3.0 );
cout << "The complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
double dr1 = real ( c1 );
cout << "The real part of c1 is real ( c1 ) = "
<< dr1 << "." << endl;
double di1 = imag ( c1 );
cout << "The imaginary part of c1 is imag ( c1 ) = "
<< di1 << "." << endl;
}
The complex number c1 = (4,3)
The real part of c1 is real ( c1 ) = 4.
The imaginary part of c1 is imag ( c1 ) = 3.
sin
Возвращает синус комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> sin(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, синус которого требуется определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексное число, которое является синусом входного комплексного числа.
Замечания
Тождественные равенства, определяющие синусы комплексных чисел:
sin (z) = (1/2 i)*( exp (iz) - exp (- iz) )
sin (z) = грех (a + bi) = грех (a) cosh (b) + icos (a) sinh (b)
Пример
// complex_sin.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
complex <double> c1 ( 3.0 , 4.0 );
cout << "Complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
// Values of sine of a complex number c1
complex <double> c2 = sin ( c1 );
cout << "Complex number c2 = sin ( c1 ) = " << c2 << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is: " << absc2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of c2 is: "<< argc2 << " radians, which is "
<< argc2 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// sines of the standard angles in the first
// two quadrants of the complex plane
vector <complex <double> > v1;
vector <complex <double> >::iterator Iter1;
complex <double> vc1 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 6 ) );
v1.push_back( sin ( vc1 ) );
complex <double> vc2 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 3 ) );
v1.push_back( sin ( vc2 ) );
complex <double> vc3 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 2 ) );
v1.push_back( sin ( vc3 ) );
complex <double> vc4 ( polar ( 1.0, 2 * pi / 3 ) );
v1.push_back( sin ( vc4 ) );
complex <double> vc5 ( polar ( 1.0, 5 * pi / 6 ) );
v1.push_back( sin ( vc5 ) );
complex <double> vc6 ( polar ( 1.0, pi ) );
v1.push_back( sin ( vc6 ) );
cout << "The complex components sin (vci), where abs (vci) = 1"
<< "\n& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:\n" ;
for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )
cout << *Iter1 << endl;
}
Complex number c1 = (3,4)
Complex number c2 = sin ( c1 ) = (3.85374,-27.0168)
The modulus of c2 is: 27.2903
The argument of c2 is: -1.42911 radians, which is -81.882 degrees.
The complex components sin (vci), where abs (vci) = 1
& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:
(0.85898,0.337596)
(0.670731,0.858637)
(-1.59572e-013,1.1752)
(-0.670731,0.858637)
(-0.85898,0.337596)
(-0.841471,-1.11747e-013)
sinh
Возвращает гиперболический синус комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> sinh(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, гиперболический синус которого требуется определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексное число, которое является гиперболическим синусом входного комплексного числа.
Замечания
Тождественные равенства, определяющие гиперболические синусы комплексных чисел:
sinh (z) = (1/2)*( exp (z) - exp (- z) )
sinh (z) = sinh (a + bi) = sinh (a) cos (b) + icosh (a) sin (b)
Пример
// complex_sinh.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
complex <double> c1 ( 3.0 , 4.0 );
cout << "Complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
// Values of sine of a complex number c1
complex <double> c2 = sinh ( c1 );
cout << "Complex number c2 = sinh ( c1 ) = " << c2 << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is: " << absc2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of c2 is: "<< argc2 << " radians, which is "
<< argc2 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// Hyperbolic sines of the standard angles in
// the first two quadrants of the complex plane
vector <complex <double> > v1;
vector <complex <double> >::iterator Iter1;
complex <double> vc1 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 6 ) );
v1.push_back( sinh ( vc1 ) );
complex <double> vc2 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 3 ) );
v1.push_back( sinh ( vc2 ) );
complex <double> vc3 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 2 ) );
v1.push_back( sinh ( vc3) );
complex <double> vc4 ( polar ( 1.0, 2 * pi / 3 ) );
v1.push_back( sinh ( vc4 ) );
complex <double> vc5 ( polar ( 1.0, 5 * pi / 6 ) );
v1.push_back( sinh ( vc5 ) );
complex <double> vc6 ( polar ( 1.0, pi ) );
v1.push_back( sinh ( vc6 ) );
cout << "The complex components sinh (vci), where abs (vci) = 1"
<< "\n& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:\n" ;
for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )
cout << *Iter1 << endl;
}
Complex number c1 = (3,4)
Complex number c2 = sinh ( c1 ) = (-6.54812,-7.61923)
The modulus of c2 is: 10.0464
The argument of c2 is: -2.28073 radians, which is -130.676 degrees.
The complex components sinh (vci), where abs (vci) = 1
& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:
(0.858637,0.670731)
(0.337596,0.85898)
(-5.58735e-014,0.841471)
(-0.337596,0.85898)
(-0.858637,0.670731)
(-1.1752,-3.19145e-013)
sqrt
Извлекает квадратный корень из комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> sqrt(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, квадратный корень из которого требуется извлечь.
Возвращаемое значение
Квадратный корень из комплексного числа.
Замечания
Квадратный корень будет иметь фазовый угол в полуинтервале (–пи/2, пи/2].
Узловые точки на комплексной плоскости находятся вдоль отрицательной оси.
Квадратный корень из комплексного числа будет иметь модуль, представляющий собой квадратный корень из введенного числа, и аргумент, представляющий собой половину введенного числа.
Пример
// complex_sqrt.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
// Complex numbers can be entered in polar form with
// modulus and argument parameter inputs but are
// stored in Cartesian form as real & imag coordinates
complex <double> c1 ( polar ( 25.0 , pi / 2 ) );
complex <double> c2 = sqrt ( c1 );
cout << "c1 = polar ( 5.0 ) = " << c1 << endl;
cout << "c2 = sqrt ( c1 ) = " << c2 << endl;
// The modulus and argument of a complex number can be recovered
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is recovered from c2 using: abs ( c2 ) = "
<< absc2 << endl;
cout << "Argument of c2 is recovered from c2 using:\n arg ( c2 ) = "
<< argc2 << " radians, which is " << argc2 * 180 / pi
<< " degrees." << endl;
// The modulus and argument of c2 can be directly calculated
absc2 = sqrt( abs ( c1 ) );
argc2 = 0.5 * arg ( c1 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 = sqrt( abs ( c1 ) ) =" << absc2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of c2 = ( 1 / 2 ) * arg ( c1 ) ="
<< argc2 << " radians,\n which is " << argc2 * 180 / pi
<< " degrees." << endl;
}
c1 = polar ( 5.0 ) = (-2.58529e-012,25)
c2 = sqrt ( c1 ) = (3.53553,3.53553)
The modulus of c2 is recovered from c2 using: abs ( c2 ) = 5
Argument of c2 is recovered from c2 using:
arg ( c2 ) = 0.785398 radians, which is 45 degrees.
The modulus of c2 = sqrt( abs ( c1 ) ) =5
The argument of c2 = ( 1 / 2 ) * arg ( c1 ) =0.785398 radians,
which is 45 degrees.
tan
Возвращает тангенс комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> tan(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, тангенс которого требуется определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексное число, которое является тангенсом входного комплексного числа.
Замечания
Тождественные равенства, определяющие тангенсы комплексных чисел:
tan (z) = sin (z) / cos (z) = ( exp (iz) - exp (- iz) ) / i( exp (iz) + exp (- iz) )
Пример
// complex_tan.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
complex <double> c1 ( 3.0 , 4.0 );
cout << "Complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
// Values of cosine of a complex number c1
complex <double> c2 = tan ( c1 );
cout << "Complex number c2 = tan ( c1 ) = " << c2 << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is: " << absc2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of c2 is: "<< argc2 << " radians, which is "
<< argc2 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// Hyperbolic tangent of the standard angles
// in the first two quadrants of the complex plane
vector <complex <double> > v1;
vector <complex <double> >::iterator Iter1;
complex <double> vc1 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 6 ) );
v1.push_back( tan ( vc1 ) );
complex <double> vc2 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 3 ) );
v1.push_back( tan ( vc2 ) );
complex <double> vc3 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 2 ) );
v1.push_back( tan ( vc3) );
complex <double> vc4 ( polar ( 1.0, 2 * pi / 3 ) );
v1.push_back( tan ( vc4 ) );
complex <double> vc5 ( polar ( 1.0, 5 * pi / 6 ) );
v1.push_back( tan ( vc5 ) );
complex <double> vc6 ( polar ( 1.0, pi ) );
v1.push_back( tan ( vc6 ) );
cout << "The complex components tan (vci), where abs (vci) = 1"
<< "\n& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:\n" ;
for ( Iter1 = v1.begin() ; Iter1 != v1.end() ; Iter1++ )
cout << *Iter1 << endl;
}
Complex number c1 = (3,4)
Complex number c2 = tan ( c1 ) = (-0.000187346,0.999356)
The modulus of c2 is: 0.999356
The argument of c2 is: 1.57098 radians, which is 90.0107 degrees.
The complex components tan (vci), where abs (vci) = 1
& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:
(0.713931,0.85004)
(0.24356,0.792403)
(-4.34302e-014,0.761594)
(-0.24356,0.792403)
(-0.713931,0.85004)
(-1.55741,-7.08476e-013)
tanh
Возвращает гиперболический тангенс комплексного числа.
template <class Type>
complex<Type> tanh(const complex<Type>& complexNum);
Параметры
complexNum
Комплексное число, гиперболический тангенс которого требуется определить.
Возвращаемое значение
Комплексное число, которое является гиперболическим тангенсом входного комплексного числа.
Замечания
Тождественные равенства, определяющие гиперболические тангенсы комплексных чисел:
tanh (z) = sinh (z) / cosh (z) = ( exp (z) - exp (- z) ) / ( exp (z) + exp (- z) )
Пример
// complex_tanh.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
using namespace std;
double pi = 3.14159265359;
complex <double> c1 ( 3.0 , 4.0 );
cout << "Complex number c1 = " << c1 << endl;
// Values of cosine of a complex number c1
complex <double> c2 = tanh ( c1 );
cout << "Complex number c2 = tanh ( c1 ) = " << c2 << endl;
double absc2 = abs ( c2 );
double argc2 = arg ( c2 );
cout << "The modulus of c2 is: " << absc2 << endl;
cout << "The argument of c2 is: "<< argc2 << " radians, which is "
<< argc2 * 180 / pi << " degrees." << endl << endl;
// Hyperbolic tangents of the standard angles
// in the first two quadrants of the complex plane
vector <complex <double> > v1;
vector <complex <double> >::iterator Iter1;
complex <double> vc1 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 6 ) );
v1.push_back( tanh ( vc1 ) );
complex <double> vc2 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 3 ) );
v1.push_back( tanh ( vc2 ) );
complex <double> vc3 ( polar ( 1.0, pi / 2 ) );
v1.push_back( tanh ( vc3 ) );
complex <double> vc4 ( polar ( 1.0, 2 * pi / 3 ) );
v1.push_back( tanh ( vc4 ) );
complex <double> vc5 ( polar ( 1.0, 5 * pi / 6 ) );
v1.push_back( tanh ( vc5 ) );
complex <double> vc6 ( polar ( 1.0, pi ) );
v1.push_back( tanh ( vc6 ) );
cout << "The complex components tanh (vci), where abs (vci) = 1"
<< "\n& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:\n" ;
for ( Iter1 = v1.begin( ) ; Iter1 != v1.end( ) ; Iter1++ )
cout << *Iter1 << endl;
}
Complex number c1 = (3,4)
Complex number c2 = tanh ( c1 ) = (1.00071,0.00490826)
The modulus of c2 is: 1.00072
The argument of c2 is: 0.00490474 radians, which is 0.281021 degrees.
The complex components tanh (vci), where abs (vci) = 1
& arg (vci) = i * pi / 6 of the vector v1 are:
(0.792403,0.24356)
(0.85004,0.713931)
(-3.54238e-013,1.55741)
(-0.85004,0.713931)
(-0.792403,0.24356)
(-0.761594,-8.68604e-014)