COLLATE (Transact-SQL)

Is a clause that can be applied to a database definition or a column definition to define the collation, or to a character string expression to apply a collation cast.

Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions

Syntax

COLLATE { <collation_name> | database_default }
<collation_name> :: = 
     { Windows_collation_name } | { SQL_collation_name }

Arguments

• collation_name
  Is the name of the collation to be applied to the expression, column definition, or database definition. collation_name can be only a specified Windows_collation_name or a SQL_collation_name. collation_name must be a literal value. collation_name cannot be represented by a variable or expression.

  Windows_collation_name is the collation name for a Windows Collation Name.

  SQL_collation_name is the collation name for a SQL Collation Name.

• database_default
  Causes the COLLATE clause to inherit the collation of the current database.

Remarks

The COLLATE clause can be specified at several levels. These include the following:

1. Creating or altering a database.
   You can use the COLLATE clause of the CREATE DATABASE or ALTER DATABASE statement to specify the default collation of the database. You can also specify a collation when you create a database using SQL Server Management Studio. If you do not specify a collation, the database is assigned the default collation of the instance of SQL Server.
2. Creating or altering a table column.
   You can specify collations for each character string column using the COLLATE clause of the CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement. You can also specify a collation when you create a table using SQL Server Management Studio. If you do not specify a collation, the column is assigned the default collation of the database.
   You can also use the database_default option in the COLLATE clause to specify that a column in a temporary table use the collation default of the current user database for the connection instead of tempdb.
3. Casting the collation of an expression.
   You can use the COLLATE clause to cast a character expression to a certain collation. Character literals and variables are assigned the default collation of the current database. Column references are assigned the definition collation of the column. For the collation of an expression, see Collation Precedence (Transact-SQL).

The collation of an identifier depends on the level at which it is defined. Identifiers of instance-level objects, such as logins and database names, are assigned the default collation of the instance. Identifiers of objects within a database, such as tables, views, and column names, are assigned the default collation of the database. For example, two tables with names different only in case may be created in a database with case-sensitive collation, but may not be created in a database with case-insensitive collation. For more information, see Identifiers.

Variables, GOTO labels, temporary stored procedures, and temporary tables can be created when the connection context is associated with one database, and then referenced when the context has been switched to another database. The identifiers for variables, GOTO labels, temporary stored procedures, and temporary tables are in the default collation of the instance.

The COLLATE clause can be applied only for the char, varchar, text, nchar, nvarchar, and ntext data types.

Collations are generally identified by a collation name. The exception is in Setup where you do not specify a collation name for Windows collations, but instead specify the collation designator, and then select check boxes to specify binary sorting or dictionary sorting that is either sensitive or insensitive to either case or accents.

You can execute the system function fn_helpcollations to retrieve a list of all the valid collation names for Windows collations and SQL collations:

SELECT *
FROM fn_helpcollations()

SQL Server can support only code pages that are supported by the underlying operating system. When you perform an action that depends on collations, the SQL Server collation used by the referenced object must use a code page supported by the operating system running on the computer. These actions can include the following:

• Specifying a default collation for a database when you create or alter the database.
• Specifying a collation for a column when you create or alter a table.
• When restoring or attaching a database, the default collation of the database and the collation of any char, varchar, and text columns or parameters in the database must be supported by the operating system.
  Code page translations are supported for char and varchar data types, but not for text data type. Data loss during code page translations is not reported.

If the collation specified or the collation used by the referenced object, uses a code page not supported by Windows, SQL Server issues an error.

See Also

Reference

ALTER TABLE (Transact-SQL)
Collation Precedence (Transact-SQL)
Constants (Transact-SQL)
CREATE DATABASE (Transact-SQL)
CREATE TABLE (Transact-SQL)
DECLARE @local\_variable (Transact-SQL)
table (Transact-SQL)

Other Resources

Working with Collations
Working with Unicode Data

Help and Information

Getting SQL Server 2005 Assistance

Change History

Release	History
5 December 2005	New content: Added additional description to the collation_name argument: collation_name must be a literal value. collation_name cannot be represented by a variable or expression.