Pojęcia związane z programowaniem w porównaniu w różnych językach i przykłady kodu
Oto przykład kodu podstawowe pojęcia dotyczące programowania, które nie mogą być sumowane ze słowem kluczowym.Aby uzyskać więcej informacji, zobacz Słowa kluczowe w porównaniu w różnych językach.
Przykłady kodu są prezentowane za następujące zadania:
Instrukcji przypisania
Komentarze
Instrukcje warunkowe
Deklarowania zmiennych
For, pętle
Typy rodzajowe
Ukrywanie członkowie klasy podstawowej
Inicjowanie typów wartości
Parametr przechodzącej przez odwołanie
Przekazywanie przez wartość parametru
Instrukcje zaznaczenia
Ustaw na wartość Nothing odwołanie do obiektu
Structured Exception Handling.
Podczas gdy pętli
Deklarowania zmiennych
Visual Basic
Dim x As Integer
Public x As Integer = 10
Dim x = 10
C++
int x;
int x = 10;
var x = 10;
C#
int x;
int x = 10;
F#
let x = 10
Komentarze
Visual Basic
' comment
x = 1 ' comment
Rem comment
C++
// comment
/* multiline
comment */
C#
// comment
/* multiline
comment */
F#
// comment
(* multiline
comment *)
Instrukcji przypisania
Visual Basic
nVal = 7
C++
nVal = 7;
C#
nVal = 7;
F#
nVal <- 7
Instrukcje warunkowe
Visual Basic
If nCnt <= nMax Then
nTotal += nCnt ' Same as nTotal = nTotal + nCnt.
nCnt += 1 ' Same as nCnt = nCnt + 1.
Else
nTotal += nCnt
nCnt -= 1
End If
C++
if(nCnt < nMax) {
nTotal += nCnt;
nCnt++;
}
else {
nTotal += nCnt;
nCnt --;
};
C#
if (nCnt <= nMax)
{
nTotal += nCnt;
nCnt++;
}
else
{
nTotal +=nCnt;
nCnt--;
}
F#
if (nCnt <= nMax) then
nTotal <- nTotal + nCnt
nCnt <- nCnt + 1
else
nTotal <- nTotal + nCnt
nCnt <- nCnt - 1
Instrukcje zaznaczenia
Visual Basic
Select Case n
Case 0
MsgBox ("Zero")
' Visual Basic exits the Select at the end of a Case.
Case 1
MsgBox ("One")
Case 2
MsgBox ("Two")
Case Else
MsgBox ("Default")
End Select
C++
switch(n) {
case 0:
printf_s("Zero\n");
break;
case 1:
printf_s("One\n");
break;
case 2:
printf_s("Two\n");
break;
default:
printf_s("?\n");}
C#
switch(n)
{
case 0:
Console.WriteLine("Zero");
break;
case 1:
Console.WriteLine("One");
break;
case 2:
Console.WriteLine("Two");
break;
default:
Console.WriteLine("?");
break;
}
F#
odpowiada n z
| 0 - > Console.WriteLine("zero")
| 1 - > Console.WriteLine("one")
| 2 - > Console.WriteLine("Two")
| _ - > Console.WriteLine("?")
For, pętle
Visual Basic
For n = 1 To 10
MsgBox("The number is " & n)
Next
For Each prop In obj
prop = 42
Next prop
C++
for(int n=1; n<11; n++)
printf_s("%d\n",n);
C#
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
Console.WriteLine("The number is {0}", i);
foreach (int i in testArr)
{
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
F#
for i = 1 to 10 do
printfn "%d" i
for i in testCollection do
printfn "%d" i
Ukrywanie członkowie klasy podstawowej
Visual Basic
Public Class BaseCls
Public Z As Integer = 100 ' The element to be shadowed
public Sub Test()
System.Console.WriteLine("Test in BaseCls")
End Sub
End Class
Public Class DervCls
Inherits BaseCls
Public Shadows Z As String = "*" ' The shadowing element.
public Shadows Sub Test()
System.Console.WriteLine("Test in DervCls")
End Sub
End Class
Public Class UseClasses
Dim BObj As BaseCls = New DervCls() ' DervCls widens to BaseCls.
Dim DObj As DervCls = New DervCls() ' Access through derived class.
Public Sub ShowZ()
System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through base class: " & BObj.Z)
System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through derived class: " & DObj.Z)
BObj.Test()
DObj.Test()
End Sub
End Class
C++
#using <mscorlib.dll>
#include <stdio.h>
public __gc class BaseCls
{
public:
int Z; // The element to be hidden
void Test()
{
printf_s("Test in BaseCls\n");
}
};
public __gc class DervCls : public BaseCls
{
public:
char Z; // The hiding element
void Test()
{
printf_s("Test in DervCls\n");
}
};
public __gc class UseClasses
{
public:
BaseCls * BObj; // DervCls widens to BaseCls
DervCls * DObj; // Access through derived class
void ShowZ()
{
BObj = new DervCls;
BObj->Z = 100;
DObj = new DervCls;
DObj->Z = '*';
printf_s("Accessed through base class: %d\n", BObj->Z);
printf_s("Accessed through derived class: %c\n", DObj->Z);
BObj->Test();
DObj->Test();
}
};
C#
public class BaseCls
{
public int Z = 100; // The element to be hidden
public void Test()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Test in BaseCls");
}
}
public class DervCls : BaseCls
{
public new string Z = "*"; // The hiding element
public new void Test()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Test in DervCls");
}
}
public class UseClasses
{
BaseCls BObj = new DervCls(); // DervCls widens to BaseCls
DervCls DObj = new DervCls(); // Access through derived class
public void ShowZ()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through base class: {0}", BObj.Z);
System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through derived class: {0}", DObj.Z);
BObj.Test();
DObj.Test();
}
}
F#
type BaseCls() =
member this.Z = 100
member this.Test() =
System.Console.WriteLine("Test in BaseCls")
type DervCls() =
inherit BaseCls()
member this.Z = "*"
member this.Test() =
System.Console.WriteLine("Test in DervCls")
type UseClasses() =
let BObj : BaseCls = new DervCls() :> BaseCls
let DObj : DervCls = new DervCls()
member this.ShowZ() =
System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through base class: {0}", BObj.Z)
System.Console.WriteLine("Accessed through derived class: {0}", DObj.Z)
BObj.Test()
DObj.Test()
let useClassesObj = new UseClasses()
useClassesObj.ShowZ()
Podczas gdy pętli
Visual Basic
While n < 100 ' Test at start of loop.
n += 1 ' Same as n = n + 1.
End While '
C++
while(int n < 100)
n++;
C#
while (n < 100)
n++;
F#
while n < 100 do
n <- n + 1
Przekazywanie przez wartość parametru
Visual Basic
Public Sub ABC(ByVal y As Long) ' The argument Y is passed by value.
' If ABC changes y, the changes do not affect x.
End Sub
ABC(x) ' Call the procedure.
' You can force parameters to be passed by value, regardless of how
' they are declared, by enclosing the parameters in extra parentheses.
ABC((x))
C++
testMethod(i,j);
C#
/* Note that there is no way to pass reference types (objects) strictly by value.
You can choose to either pass the reference (essentially a pointer),
or a reference to the reference (a pointer to a pointer).*/
// The method:
void ABC(int x)
{
...
}
// Calling the method:
ABC(i);
F#
let ABC(x) =
...
ABC(i)
Parametr przechodzącej przez odwołanie
Visual Basic
Public Sub ABC(ByRef y As Long)
' The parameter y is declared by by referece:
' If ABC changes y, the changes are made to the value of x.
End Sub
ABC(x) ' Call the procedure.
C++
// Prototype of ABC that takes a pointer to integer.
int ABC(long *py);
ABC(&VAR);
// Prototype of ABC that takes a reference to integer.
int ABC(long &y);
ABC(VAR);
C#
/* Note that there is no way to pass reference types (objects) strictly by value.
You can choose to either pass the reference (essentially a pointer),
or a reference to the reference (a pointer to a pointer).*/
/* Note also that unsafe C# methods can take pointers just like C++ methods.
For details, see <MSHelp:link keywords="vclrfUnsafe" TABINDEX="0">unsafe</MSHelp:link>. */
// The method:
void ABC(ref int x)
{
...
}
// Calling the method:
ABC(ref i);
F#
let ABC(x : int byref) =
...
ABC(&i)
Structured Exception Handling.
Visual Basic
Try
If x = 0 Then
Throw New Exception("x equals zero")
Else
Throw New Exception("x does not equal zero")
End If
Catch err As System.Exception
MsgBox("Error: " & Err.Description)
Finally
MsgBox("Executing finally block.")
End Try
C++
__try{
if (x == 0)
throw new Exception ("x equals zero");
else
throw new Exception ("x does not equal zero");
}
__catch(Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Caught Exception");
}
__finally
{
Console.WriteLine("Executing finally block");
}
C#
// try-catch-finally
try
{
if (x == 0)
throw new System.Exception ("x equals zero");
else
throw new System.Exception ("x does not equal zero");
}
catch (System.Exception err)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(err.Message);
}
finally
{
System.Console.WriteLine("executing finally block");
}
F#
try
try
if x = 0 then
failwith "x equals zero"
else
failwith "x does not equal zero"
with
| Failure(msg) -> System.Console.WriteLine(msg)
finally
printfn "executing finally block"
Ustaw na wartość Nothing odwołanie do obiektu
Visual Basic
o = Nothing
C++
o = nullptr; // when compiling with /clr
C#
o = null;
F#
// for an option type
o <- None
// when you really want a null value
o <- null
Inicjowanie typów wartości
Visual Basic
Dim dt as New System.DateTime(2001, 4, 12, 22, 16, 49, 844)
C++
System::DateTime dt = System::DateTime(2001, 4, 12, 22, 16, 49, 844);
C#
System.DateTime dt = new System.DateTime(2001, 4, 12, 22, 16, 49, 844);
F#
let dt = new System.DateTime(2001, 4, 12, 22, 16, 49, 844)
Typy rodzajowe
Visual Basic
' Define a generic type
Public Class classMaker(Of t)
' Constrain a type parameter
Public Class classMaker(Of t As IComparable)
' Create an object from a generic type
Dim integerClass As New classMaker(Of Integer)
C++
// Define a generic type
generic <typename T> ref class testList { ... };
// Constrain a type parameter
generic <typename T> where T : IComparable<T>
ref class testList { ... };
// Create an object from a generic type
testList<int>^ list = gcnew testList<int>();
C#
// Define a generic type
public class testList<T>{...}
// Constrain a type parameter
public class testList<T> where T : IComparable<T>
// Create an object from a generic type
testList<int> list = new testList<int>();
F#
// Define a generic type
type testList<'T> =
...
// Constraint a type parameter
type testList<'T when 'T :> IComparable<'T>>
// Create an object from a generic type
let list1 = new testList<int>()
Zobacz też
Informacje
Słowa kluczowe w porównaniu w różnych językach
Typy danych w porównaniu w różnych językach
Podmioty gospodarcze w porównaniu w różnych językach
Formantów i obiektów programowalnych porównywane w różnych językach i bibliotek