COALESCE (Transact-SQL)

Returns the first nonnull expression among its arguments.

Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions

Syntax

COALESCE ( expression [ ,...n ] ) 

Arguments

• expression
  Is an expression of any type.

Return Types

Returns the data type of expression with the highest data type precedence.

Remarks

If all arguments are NULL, COALESCE returns NULL.

Note

At least one of the null values must be a typed NULL.

COALESCE(expression1**,**...n) is equivalent to this CASE function:

CASE
   WHEN (expression1 IS NOT NULL) THEN expression1
   ...
   WHEN (expressionN IS NOT NULL) THEN expressionN
   ELSE NULL
END

ISNULL and COALESCE though equivalent, can behave differently. An expression involving ISNULL with non-null parameters is considered to be NOT NULL, while expressions involving COALESCE with non-null parameters is considered to be NULL. In SQL Server, to index expressions involving COALESCE with non-null parameters, the computed column can be persisted using the PERSISTED column attribute as in the following statement:

CREATE TABLE #CheckSumTest 
(
        ID int identity ,
        Num int DEFAULT ( RAND() * 100 ) ,
        RowCheckSum AS COALESCE( CHECKSUM( id , num ) , 0 ) PERSISTED PRIMARY KEY
)

Examples

In the following example, the wages table includes three columns with information about the yearly wages of the employees: the hourly wage, salary, and commission. However, an employee receives only one type of pay. To determine the total amount paid to all employees, use the COALESCE function to receive only the nonnull value found in hourly_wage, salary, and commission.

SET NOCOUNT ON;
GO
USE master;
IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sys.tables
      WHERE name = 'wages')
   DROP TABLE wages;
GO
CREATE TABLE wages
(
   emp_id      tinyint    identity,
   hourly_wage   decimal   NULL,
   salary      decimal    NULL,
   commission   decimal   NULL,
   num_sales   tinyint   NULL
);
GO
INSERT wages VALUES(10.00, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT wages VALUES(20.00, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT wages VALUES(30.00, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT wages VALUES(40.00, NULL, NULL, NULL);
INSERT wages VALUES(NULL, 10000.00, NULL, NULL);
INSERT wages VALUES(NULL, 20000.00, NULL, NULL);
INSERT wages VALUES(NULL, 30000.00, NULL, NULL);
INSERT wages VALUES(NULL, 40000.00, NULL, NULL);
INSERT wages VALUES(NULL, NULL, 15000, 3);
INSERT wages VALUES(NULL, NULL, 25000, 2);
INSERT wages VALUES(NULL, NULL, 20000, 6);
INSERT wages VALUES(NULL, NULL, 14000, 4);
GO
SET NOCOUNT OFF;
GO
SELECT CAST(COALESCE(hourly_wage * 40 * 52, 
   salary, 
   commission * num_sales) AS money) AS 'Total Salary' 
FROM wages;
GO

Here is the result set.

Total Salary 
------------ 
20800.0000
41600.0000
62400.0000
83200.0000
10000.0000
20000.0000
30000.0000
40000.0000
45000.0000
50000.0000
120000.0000
56000.0000

(12 row(s) affected)

See Also

Reference

CASE (Transact-SQL)
ISNULL (Transact-SQL)
System Functions (Transact-SQL)

Help and Information

Getting SQL Server 2005 Assistance