Understanding Exchange 2010 Virtualization
Applies to: Exchange Server 2010 SP3
You can deploy Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 in a virtualized environment. This topic provides an overview of the scenarios that are supported for deploying Exchange 2010 on hardware virtualization software.
Contents
Prerequisites for Hardware Virtualization
Root Machine Storage Requirements
Exchange Storage Requirements
Exchange Memory Requirements and Recommendations
Host-based Failover Clustering and Migration for Exchange
The following terms are used in this topic to discuss Exchange virtualization:
Cold boot Refers to the action of bringing a system from a power-off state into a clean start of the operating system. No operating system state has been persisted in this case.
Saved state When a virtual machine is powered off, hypervisors typically have the ability to save the state of the virtual machine, so when the machine is powered back on, it returns to that saved state rather than going through a cold boot startup.
Planned migration When a system administrator initiates the move of a virtual machine from one hypervisor host to another, the action is a planned migration. The action could be a single migration, or a system administrator could configure automation to move the virtual machine on a timed basis. A planned migration could also be the result of some other event that occurs in the system, other than hardware or software failure. The key point is that the Exchange virtual machine is operating normally and needs to be relocated for some reason. This relocation can be done via technology, like Live Migration or vMotion. However, if the Exchange virtual machine or the hypervisor host where the virtual machine is located experiences some sort of failure condition, the outcome isn’t characterized as a planned migration.
Requirements for Hardware Virtualization
Microsoft supports Exchange 2010 in production on hardware virtualization software only when all the following conditions are true:
The hardware virtualization software is running one of the following:
Any version of Windows Server with Hyper-V technology or Microsoft Hyper-V Server
Any third-party hypervisor that has been validated under the Windows Server Virtualization Validation Program.
Note
Deployment of production Exchange servers on Windows Azure virtual machines is not supported.
The Exchange guest virtual machine has the following conditions:
It is running Exchange 2010. This includes Exchange 2010 Hosting Mode, available in Exchange 2010 SP1 and later.
It is deployed on a version of Windows Server supported in combination with the deployed service pack level of Exchange 2010.
Note
When you install Exchange 2010 in a Hyper-V environment, you may receive the following error message: "Hub Transport Server role installation failed." For virtualized Active Directory servers, we recommend that you disable the time sync integration component, and then set the time to a reliable external time provider before you install the Hub Transport role. This recommendation is especially important if your host is joined to the domain that the virtual machine is hosting.
For deployments of Exchange 2010:
All Exchange 2010 server roles are supported in a virtual machine. The Unified Messaging role requires the installation of Exchange 2010 Service Pack 1 or higher. Unified Messaging virtual machines have the following special requirements:
Four virtual processors are required for the virtual machine. Memory should be sized using standard best practices guidance. For more information, see Understanding Memory Configurations and Exchange Performance.
Four physical processor cores are available for use by each Unified Messaging role virtual machine at all times. This requirement means that no processor oversubscription can be in use. This requirement affects the ability of the Unified Messaging role virtual machine to use physical processor resources. For more information, see the Virtualizing Unified Messaging Servers section.
If the deployed version of Exchange 2010 includes Service Pack 1 or higher, Exchange server virtual machines (including Exchange Mailbox virtual machines that are part of a database availability group, or DAG), may be combined with host-based failover clustering and migration technology, as long as the virtual machines are configured such that they will not save and restore state on disk when moved or taken offline (as in Hyper-V Quick Migration). All failover activity must result in a cold boot when the virtual machine is activated on the target node. All planned migration must either result in shutdown and cold boot, or an online migration that makes use of a technology like Hyper-V Live Migration. While Microsoft supports the Windows operating system and Exchange Server roles deployed on the virtual machine, the migration technology that is used to migrate a virtual machine from one host to another is supported by the hypervisor vendor; therefore, you must ensure that your hypervisor vendor has tested and supports migration of Exchange virtual machines. If the hypervisor is Hyper-V, Microsoft provides support for Exchange, Windows, and the underlying migration technology within Hyper-V.
The storage used by the Exchange guest machine for storage of Exchange data (for example, mailbox databases or Hub transport queues) can be virtual storage of a fixed size (for example, fixed virtual hard disks (VHDs) in a Hyper-V environment), SCSI pass-through storage, or Internet SCSI (iSCSI) storage. Pass-through storage is storage that's configured at the host level and dedicated to one guest machine. All storage used by an Exchange guest machine for storage of Exchange data (Exchange Binaries, Transaction Logs, Transport or Mailbox or Public Folder Databases) must be block-level storage because Exchange 2010 doesn’t support the use of non-block-level storage protocols, such as, but not limited to NFS or CIFS/SMB. The volumes must be block-level storage protocols from the storage device to the guest machine. It also isn’t supported to present a volume to a hypervisor using a non-block-level storage protocol, even if the hypervisor presents the volume to the guest machine as a block-level storage protocol. The following virtual disk requirements apply for volumes used to store Exchange data:
Virtual disks that dynamically expand aren't supported by Exchange.
Virtual disks that use differencing or delta mechanisms (such as Hyper-V's differencing VHDs or snapshots) aren't supported.
Note
In a Hyper-V environment, each fixed VHD must be less than 2,040 GB. For supported third-party hypervisors, check with the manufacturer to see whether any disk size limitations exist.
Only management software (for example, antivirus software, backup software, or virtual machine management software) can be deployed on the physical root machine. No other server-based applications (for example, Exchange, SQL Server, Active Directory, or SAP) should be installed on the root machine. The root machine should be dedicated to running guest virtual machines.
Some hypervisors include features for taking snapshots of virtual machines. Virtual machine snapshots capture the state of a virtual machine while it's running. This feature enables you to take multiple snapshots of a virtual machine and then revert the virtual machine to any of the previous states by applying a snapshot to the virtual machine. However, virtual machine snapshots aren't application aware, and using them can have unintended and unexpected consequences for a server application that maintains state data, such as Exchange. As a result, making virtual machine snapshots of an Exchange guest virtual machine isn't supported.
Many hardware virtualization products allow you to specify the number of virtual processors that should be allocated to each guest virtual machine. The virtual processors located in the guest virtual machine share a fixed number of logical processors in the physical system. Exchange supports a virtual processor-to-physical processor core ratio no greater than 2:1. For example, a dual processor system using quad core processors contains a total of 8 physical processor cores in the host system. On a system with this configuration, don't allocate more than a total of 16 virtual processors to all guest virtual machines combined. Note that hyperthreading can increase the logical core count available on the host system, but this doesn’t impact the 2:1 ratio, as it must be based on physical processor cores.
When you calculate the total number of virtual processors required by the root machine, you must also account for both I/O and operating system requirements. In most cases, the equivalent number of virtual processors required in the root operating system for a system hosting Exchange virtual machines is 2. This value should be used as a baseline for the root operating system virtual processor when calculating the overall ratio of physical cores to virtual processors. If performance monitoring of the root operating system indicates you're consuming more processor utilization than the equivalent of 2 processors, you should reduce the count of virtual processors assigned to guest virtual machines accordingly, and verify that the overall virtual processor-to-physical physical core ratio is no greater than 2:1.
The operating system for an Exchange guest machine must use a disk that has a size equal to at least 15 GB plus the size of the virtual memory that's allocated to the guest machine. This requirement is necessary to account for the operating system and paging file disk requirements. For example, if the guest machine is allocated 16 GB of memory, the minimum disk space needed for the guest operating system disk is 31 GB.
In addition, it's possible that guest virtual machines may be prevented from directly communicating with fibre channel or SCSI host bus adapters (HBAs) installed in the root machine. In this event, you must configure the adapters in the root machine's operating system and present the LUNs to guest virtual machines as either a virtual disk or a pass-through disk.
Exchange Jetstress 2010 is supported for use in virtual guest instances deployed on one of the following hypervisors. Jetstress is not supported when used in virtual guest instances running under any other hypervisor.
Windows Server 2008 R2 (or newer) with Hyper-V technology
Hyper-V Server 2008 R2 (or newer)
VMware ESX 4.1 (or newer)
We support running the Microsoft Exchange Server Jetstress 2010 tool in a guest virtual machine if it’s deployed on one of the following host computers:
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2, or a later version
Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2008 R2, or a later version
VMware ESX 4.1, or a later version
Root Machine Storage Requirements
The minimum disk space requirements for each root machine are as follows:
Root machines in some hardware virtualization applications may require storage space for an operating system and its components. For example, when running Windows Server 2008 with Hyper-V, you will need a minimum of 10 GB to meet the requirements for Windows Server 2008. For more details, see Windows Server 2008 R2 System Requirements. Additional storage space is also required to support the operating system's paging file, management software, and crash recovery (dump) files.
Some hypervisors maintain files on the root machine that are unique to each guest virtual machine. For example, in a Hyper-V environment, a temporary memory storage file (BIN file) is created and maintained for each guest machine. The size of each BIN file is equal to the amount of memory allocated to the guest machine. In addition, other files may also be created and maintained on the host machine for each guest machine.
Exchange Storage Requirements
Requirements for storage connected to a virtualized Exchange server are as follows:
Each Exchange guest machine must be allocated sufficient storage space on the root machine for the fixed disk that contains the guest's operating system, any temporary memory storage files in use, and related virtual machine files that are hosted on the host machine. In addition, for each Exchange guest machine, you must also allocate sufficient storage for the message queues on the Hub Transport and Edge Transport servers and sufficient storage for the databases and log files on Mailbox servers.
Storage used by Exchange should be hosted in disk spindles that are separate from the storage that's hosting the guest virtual machine's operating system.
Configuring iSCSI storage to use an iSCSI initiator inside an Exchange guest virtual machine is supported. However, there will be reduced performance in this configuration if the network stack inside a virtual machine isn't full-featured (for example, not all virtual network stacks support jumbo frames).
Exchange Memory Requirements and Recommendations
Some hypervisors have the ability to oversubscribe or dynamically adjust the amount of memory available to a specific guest machine based on the perceived usage of memory in the guest machine as compared to the needs of other guest machines managed by the same hypervisor. This technology makes sense for workloads in which memory is needed for brief periods of time and then can be surrendered for other uses. However, it doesn't make sense for workloads that are designed to use memory on an ongoing basis. Exchange, like many server applications with optimizations for performance that involve caching of data in memory, is susceptible to poor system performance and an unacceptable client experience if it doesn't have full control over the memory allocated to the physical or virtual machine on which it’s running.
Many of the performance gains in recent versions of Exchange, especially those related to reduction in I/O, are based on highly efficient usage of large amounts of memory. When that memory is no longer available, the expected performance of the system can't be achieved. For this reason, memory oversubscription or dynamic adjustment of virtual machine memory should be disabled for production Exchange servers.
Size the memory for guest machines using the same methods as used for physical deployments. You can find details about memory sizing for Exchange 2010 server roles in Understanding Memory Configurations and Exchange Performance. For additional guidance, see the “Application Considerations” section of a white paper written by the Microsoft Hyper-V team, available for download at Implementing and Configuring Dynamic Memory.
Host-based Failover Clustering and Migration for Exchange
Here are answers to some frequently asked questions about host-based failover clustering and migration technology with Exchange 2010 DAGs.
Does Microsoft support third-party migration technology?
Microsoft can’t make support statements for the integration of third party hypervisor products using these technologies with Exchange, because these technologies aren’t part of the Server Virtualization Validation Program (SVVP). The SVVP covers the other aspects of our support for third-party hypervisors. You need to ensure that your hypervisor vendor supports the combination of their migration and clustering technology with Exchange. Simply put, if your hypervisor vendor supports their migration technology with Exchange, then we support Exchange with their migration technology.
How does Microsoft define host-based failover clustering?
Host-based failover clustering refers to any technology that provides the automatic ability to react to host-level failures and start affected virtual machines on alternate servers. Use of this technology is supported given that, in a failure scenario, the virtual machine is coming up from a cold boot on the alternate host. This technology helps to make sure that the virtual machine never comes up from a saved state that is persisted on disk because it will be stale relative to the rest of the DAG members.
What does Microsoft mean by migration support?
Migration technology refers to any technology that allows a planned move of a virtual machine from one host machine to another host machine. This move could also be an automated move that occurs as part of resource load balancing, but it isn’t related to a failure in the system. Migrations are supported as long as the virtual machines never come up from a saved state that is persisted on disk. This means that technology that moves a virtual machine by transporting the state and virtual machine memory over the network with no perceived downtime is supported for use with Exchange. A third-party hypervisor vendor must provide support for the migration technology, while Microsoft will provide support for Exchange when used in this configuration.
Warning
In the case of Microsoft Hyper-V, the Live Migration option is supported, but the Quick Migration option is not supported. It’s important to note that when you select the Move operation on a virtual machine in a Hyper-V environment, the default behavior is to perform a quick migration. To stay in a supported state with Exchange SP1 and later DAG members, it’s critical that you use the Live Migration option, as shown in the following figure.
Live Migration of DAG members in Hyper-V
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Virtualizing Unified Messaging Servers
Unlike Exchange 2010 RTM, Exchange 2010 SP1 and later supports the Unified Messaging (UM) role on Hyper-V and other supported hypervisors. Exchange 2010 SP1 and later must be deployed for UM support because the UM role is dependent on a media component provided by Microsoft Lync. Prior to the release of Exchange 2010 SP1, the Lync engineering team had enabled high-quality, real-time audio processing in a virtual deployment. Beginning with Exchange 2010 SP1, the changes were integrated into the UM role.
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