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BETWEEN (Transact-SQL)

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Applies to: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance Azure Synapse Analytics Analytics Platform System (PDW) SQL analytics endpoint in Microsoft Fabric Warehouse in Microsoft Fabric SQL database in Microsoft Fabric

Specifies a range to test.

Transact-SQL syntax conventions

Syntax

test_expression [ NOT ] BETWEEN begin_expression AND end_expression

Arguments

test_expression

The expression to test for in the range defined by begin_expressionand end_expression. test_expression must be the same data type as both begin_expression and end_expression.

NOT

Specifies that the result of the predicate is negated.

begin_expression

Any valid expression. begin_expression must be the same data type as both test_expression and end_expression.

end_expression

Any valid expression. end_expression must be the same data type as both test_expressionand begin_expression.

AND

Acts as a placeholder that indicates test_expression should be within the range indicated by begin_expression and end_expression.

Return types

Boolean

Remarks

BETWEEN returns TRUE if the value of test_expression is greater than or equal to the value of begin_expression and less than or equal to the value of end_expression.

NOT BETWEEN returns TRUE if the value of test_expression is less than the value of begin_expression or greater than the value of end_expression.

To specify an exclusive range, use the greater than (>) and less than operators (<). If any input to the BETWEEN or NOT BETWEEN predicate is NULL, the result depends on the results of the constituent parts.

In the following example test_expression >= begin_expression AND test_expression <= end_expression, if either part is FALSE then the overall BETWEEN expression evaluates to FALSE. Otherwise the expression evaluates to UNKNOWN.

Examples

The code samples in this article use the AdventureWorks2022 or AdventureWorksDW2022 sample database, which you can download from the Microsoft SQL Server Samples and Community Projects home page.

A. Use BETWEEN

The following example returns information about the database roles in a database. The first query returns all the roles. The second example uses the BETWEEN clause to limit the roles to the specified database_id values.

SELECT principal_id,
       name
FROM sys.database_principals
WHERE type = 'R';

Here's the result set.

principal_id name
------------  ----
0             public
16384         db_owner
16385         db_accessadmin
16386         db_securityadmin
16387         db_ddladmin
16389         db_backupoperator
16390         db_datareader
16391         db_datawriter
16392         db_denydatareader
16393         db_denydatawriter

SELECT principal_id,
       name
FROM sys.database_principals
WHERE type = 'R'
      AND principal_id BETWEEN 16385 AND 16390;
GO

Here's the result set.

principal_id name
------------  ----
16385         db_accessadmin
16386         db_securityadmin
16387         db_ddladmin
16389         db_backupoperator
16390         db_datareader

B. Use > and < instead of BETWEEN

The following example uses greater than (>) and less than (<) operators and, because these operators aren't inclusive, returns nine rows instead of 10 that were returned in the previous example.

SELECT e.FirstName,
       e.LastName,
       ep.Rate
FROM HumanResources.vEmployee AS e
     INNER JOIN HumanResources.EmployeePayHistory AS ep
         ON e.BusinessEntityID = ep.BusinessEntityID
WHERE ep.Rate > 27
      AND ep.Rate < 30
ORDER BY ep.Rate;
GO

Here's the result set.

 FirstName   LastName             Rate
 ---------   -------------------  ---------
 Paula       Barreto de Mattos    27.1394
 Janaina     Bueno                27.4038
 Dan         Bacon                27.4038
 Ramesh      Meyyappan            27.4038
 Karen       Berg                 27.4038
 David       Bradley              28.7500
 Hazem       Abolrous             28.8462
 Ovidiu      Cracium              28.8462
 Rob         Walters              29.8462

C. Use NOT BETWEEN

The following example finds all rows outside a specified range of 27 through 30.

SELECT e.FirstName,
       e.LastName,
       ep.Rate
FROM HumanResources.vEmployee AS e
     INNER JOIN HumanResources.EmployeePayHistory AS ep
         ON e.BusinessEntityID = ep.BusinessEntityID
WHERE ep.Rate NOT BETWEEN 27 AND 30
ORDER BY ep.Rate;
GO

D. Use BETWEEN with datetime values

The following example retrieves rows in which datetime values are between 20011212 and 20020105, inclusive.

SELECT BusinessEntityID,
       RateChangeDate
FROM HumanResources.EmployeePayHistory
WHERE RateChangeDate BETWEEN '20011212' AND '20020105';

Here's the result set.

BusinessEntityID RateChangeDate
----------- -----------------------
3           2001-12-12 00:00:00.000
4           2002-01-05 00:00:00.000

The query retrieves the expected rows, because the date values in the query and the datetime values stored in the RateChangeDate column are specified without the time part of the date. When the time part is unspecified, it defaults to 12:00 A.M. A row that contains a time part that is after 12:00 A.M. on January 5, 2002, isn't returned by this query, because it falls outside the range.

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