printf, _printf_l, wprintf, _wprintf_l
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Prints formatted output to the standard output stream. More secure versions of these functions are available; see printf_s, _printf_s_l, wprintf_s, _wprintf_s_l.
Syntax
int printf(
const char *format [,
argument]...
);
int _printf_l(
const char *format,
locale_t locale [,
argument]...
);
int wprintf(
const wchar_t *format [,
argument]...
);
int _wprintf_l(
const wchar_t *format,
locale_t locale [,
argument]...
);
Parameters
format
Format control.
argument
Optional arguments.
locale
The locale to use.
Return Value
Returns the number of characters printed, or a negative value if an error occurs. If format is NULL, the invalid parameter handler is invoked, as described in Parameter Validation. If execution is allowed to continue, the function returns -1 and sets errno to EINVAL. If EOF (0xFFFF) is encountered in argument, the function returns -1.
For information on errno and error codes, see _doserrno, errno, _sys_errlist, and _sys_nerr.
Remarks
The printf function formats and prints a series of characters and values to the standard output stream, stdout. If arguments follow the format string, the format string must contain specifications that determine the output format for the arguments. printf and fprintf behave identically except that printf writes output to stdout rather than to a destination of type FILE.
wprintf is a wide-character version of printf; format is a wide-character string. wprintf and printf behave identically if the stream is opened in ANSI mode. printf does not currently support output into a UNICODE stream.
The versions of these functions with the _l suffix are identical except that they use the locale parameter passed in instead of the current thread locale.
Generic-Text Routine Mappings
| TCHAR.H routine | _UNICODE & _MBCS not defined | _MBCS defined | _unicode defined |
|---|---|---|---|
_tprintf |
printf |
printf |
wprintf |
The format argument consists of ordinary characters, escape sequences, and (if arguments follow format) format specifications. The ordinary characters and escape sequences are copied to stdout in order of their appearance. For example, the line:
printf("Line one\n\t\tLine two\n");
produces the output:
Line one
Line two
Format specifications always begin with a percent sign (%) and are read left to right. When printf encounters the first format specification (if any), it converts the value of the first argument after format and outputs it accordingly. The second format specification causes the second argument to be converted and output, and so on. If there are more arguments than there are format specifications, the extra arguments are ignored. The results are undefined if there are not enough arguments for all the format specifications.
Important
Ensure that format is not a user-defined string.
Generic-Text Routine Mappings
| Tchar.h routine | _UNICODE and _MBCS not defined | _MBCS defined | _UNICODE defined |
|---|---|---|---|
_tprintf |
printf |
printf |
wprintf |
_tprintf_l |
_printf_l |
_printf_l |
_wprintf_l |
Requirements
| Routine | Required header |
|---|---|
printf, _printf_l |
<stdio.h> |
wprintf, _wprintf_l |
<stdio.h> or <wchar.h> |
The console is not supported in Windows 8.x Store apps. The standard stream handles that are associated with the console—stdin, stdout, and stderr—must be redirected before C run-time functions can use them in Windows 8.x Store apps. For additional compatibility information, see Compatibility.
Example
// crt_printf.c
// This program uses the printf and wprintf functions
// to produce formatted output.
#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
char ch = 'h',
*string = "computer";
wchar_t wch = L'w',
*wstring = L"Unicode";
int count = -9234;
double fp = 251.7366;
// Display integers
printf( "Integer formats:\n"
" Decimal: %d Justified: %.6d "
"Unsigned: %u\n",
count, count, count, count );
// Display decimals
printf( "Decimal %d as:\n Hex: %Xh "
"C hex: 0x%x Octal: %o\n",
count, count, count, count );
// Display in different radixes
printf( "Digits 10 equal:\n Hex: %i "
"Octal: %i Decimal: %i\n",
0x10, 010, 10 );
// Display characters
printf("Characters in field (1):\n"
"%10c%5hc%5C%5lc\n",
ch, ch, wch, wch);
wprintf(L"Characters in field (2):\n"
L"%10C%5hc%5c%5lc\n",
ch, ch, wch, wch);
// Display strings
printf("Strings in field (1):\n%25s\n"
"%25.4hs\n %S%25.3ls\n",
string, string, wstring, wstring);
wprintf(L"Strings in field (2):\n%25S\n"
L"%25.4hs\n %s%25.3ls\n",
string, string, wstring, wstring);
// Display real numbers
printf("Real numbers:\n %f %.2f %e %E\n",
fp, fp, fp, fp );
// Display pointer
printf( "\nAddress as: %p\n", &count);
}
Sample Output
Integer formats:
Decimal: -9234 Justified: -009234 Unsigned: 4294958062
Decimal -9234 as:
Hex: FFFFDBEEh C hex: 0xffffdbee Octal: 37777755756
Digits 10 equal:
Hex: 16 Octal: 8 Decimal: 10
Characters in field (1):
h h w w
Characters in field (2):
h h w w
Strings in field (1):
computer
comp
Unicode Uni
Strings in field (2):
computer
comp
Unicode Uni
Real numbers:
251.736600 251.74 2.517366e+002 2.517366E+002
Address as: 0012FF3C
.NET Framework Equivalent
See Also
Floating-Point Support
Stream I/O
Locale
fopen, _wfopen
_fprintf_p, _fprintf_p_l, _fwprintf_p, _fwprintf_p_l
scanf, _scanf_l, wscanf, _wscanf_l
sprintf, _sprintf_l, swprintf, _swprintf_l, __swprintf_l
vprintf Functions
_set_output_format