vector::back
Returns a reference to the last element of the vector.
reference back( );
const_reference back( ) const;
Return Value
The last element of the vector. If the vector is empty, the return value is undefined.
Remarks
If the return value of back is assigned to a const_reference, the vector object cannot be modified. If the return value of back is assigned to a reference, the vector object can be modified.
When compiling with _SECURE_SCL 1, a runtime error will occur if you attempt to access an element in an empty vector. See Checked Iterators for more information.
Example
// vector_back.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
int main() {
using namespace std;
vector <int> v1;
v1.push_back( 10 );
v1.push_back( 11 );
int& i = v1.back( );
const int& ii = v1.front( );
cout << "The last integer of v1 is " << i << endl;
i--;
cout << "The next-to-last integer of v1 is "<< ii << endl;
}
Output
The last integer of v1 is 11
The next-to-last integer of v1 is 10
Requirements
Header: <vector>
Namespace: std