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Introducing PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC)

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Hello readers! In this blog post I will be introducing PowerShell Desired State Configuration (hereafter called DSC). I will explain what it is and how you can use it so that it can serve as a primer for upcoming posts on DSC. You can expect more blog posts coming out on how to integrate DSC for example with the Windows Azure Pack and Service Management Automation.

 

What is DSC?

DSC is a PowerShell extension and ships with Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1. A couple of examples what DSC enables you to do are:

•    Install or remove server roles and features
•    Manage registry settings
•    Manage files and directories
•    Start, stop, and manage processes and services
•    Manage local groups and user accounts
•    Install and manage packages such as .msi and .exe
•    Manage environment variables
•    Run Windows PowerShell scripts
•    Fix a configuration that has drifted away from the desired state
•    Discover the actual configuration state on a given node

 

How does DSC work?

The following section describes the DSC flow, phases and the two different models: Push and Pull. In the illustration below both models are shown.

image

Let’s dive into the different phases.

Authoring Phase

In this phase the DSC configuration is created through PowerShell or by third party languages and tools. The output from the Authoring Phase is one or more MOF (Management Object Format) files, the format which is consumable by DSC. MOF files can be created in multiple ways. You could use Notepad.exe if you wanted to. Using PowerShell v4 adds declarative syntax extensions and IntelliSense for making it easier to create a MOF file. It handles schema validations as well. The section below called “Creating a DSC configuration” will explain further how to create a DSC configuration.

Staging Phase

In this phase DSC data (MOF files) is staged. In case of adopting the Pull Model, which is likely the model which is going to be used the most, DSC data and custom providers are kept on the Pull Server. A Pull Server is an IIS webserver with a well defined OData interface. The target system contacts the Pull Server by passing an URI and an unique identifier to retrieve its configuration and verifies if all the custom providers are available. If not, those are downloaded  to the target system. In case of using the Push Model, DSC data is being pushed to the target system. One catch though is that you need to make sure that your custom provider exists on the target system. Make sure that you put it here: “%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\Modules\PSDesiredStateConfiguration\PSProviders”

 

“Make it So” Phase

The final phase is to apply (enact) the configuration, to “make it so” as Jean-Luc Picard would say. DSC data is either pulled or pushed to the “Local Configuration Store” and contains the current, previous and the desired (DSC) state configuration. The configuration then gets parsed and the relevant (WMI) provider implements the change and “makes it so”.

DSC comes with 12 out of the box providers. These providers enable you to configure roles and features, copy files, creating a registry entry, managing services, creating local users and groups, etc.  See https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn249921.aspx for a full listing. You can also create your own custom provider. How to do that can be found here:  https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn249927.aspx

 

Creating a DSC configuration

For a DSC configuration to be consumed, you need to declare it first. DSC consumes MOF (Management Object Format) files, a DMTF standard, which can actually be created with any text editor. PowerShell v4 makes it easier to create a MOF file by adding declarative syntax extensions and IntelliSense. It handles schema validations as well. The PowerShell v4 DSC extension adds a new keyword called “Configuration”. With this keyword, which is actually a “function”, you define a DSC configuration like in the example below:

001 002 003 Configuration ContosoWebsite { }

Now you can go ahead and extend your configuration by adding for example “roles and features”:

001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 Configuration ContosoWebsite { param ($MachineName) Node $MachineName { #Install the IIS Role WindowsFeature IIS { Ensure = “Present” Name = “Web-Server” } #Install ASP.NET 4.5 WindowsFeature ASP { Ensure = “Present” Name = “Web-Asp-Net45” } } }

Please notice the usage of “Node” and “WindowsFeature” in the snippet above. With “Node” you can specify your target systems so that a specific node could have a specific configuration. The usage of “WindowsFeature” is an example of one of the DSC providers you can use.

 

Now that you have declared your DSC configuration you can create a DSC consumable MOF file by calling the function just as you would call any PowerShell function:

001 ContosoWebsite –MachineName “MyServer”

This will create a folder with the same name as your configuration name and will contain our MOF output file.

 

Applying a DSC configuration

Now that we have a MOF file which can be consumed by DSC, we can apply it by using the “Start-DscConfiguration” cmdlet:

001 Start-DscConfiguration –Path .\ContosoWebsite –Wait –Verbose

The “Path” parameter (the path where your MOF file is stored) can be a UNC or a local path.

 

How to detect configuration drift

If you want to compare the current and the actual configuration, you can use the cmdlet “Test-DscConfiguration” in the following way:

001 Test-DscConfiguration –CimSession $session

This will either return a “True” (when the current and actual configuration match) or “False” (if there’s a mismatch).

 

Why is DSC so cool?

  • First of all declaring a DSC configuration is PowerShell based. So you can leverage all your PowerShell skills to not only define a configuration, but also for troubleshooting.
  • DSC is designed to support “continuous deployments” which means that you can deploy your configuration over and over without breaking anything
  • When a DSC configuration is being applied only those settings which do not match will be set, the rest will be skipped which can result in a faster deployment time
  • You can separate the configuration data from the logic of your configuration so that you can reuse your configuration data for different resources, nodes, and configurations, see https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn249925.aspx
  • DSC can be used on-premise, in a public or in a private Cloud environment. You just need either Windows Server 2012 R2 or Windows 8.1 and local administrator permissions to execute the DSC PowerShell scripts
  • You can integrate DSC with any Microsoft or non-Microsoft solutions as long as you can execute a PowerShell script on the target system. Using DSC within the Windows Azure Pack portal in conjunction with SMA is a good example

 

I hope you found this explanation useful and would encourage you to start testing it. As always we appreciate your feedback and suggestions for content.

Until next time where we will take DSC to the next level!

 

Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration Overview

Desired State Configuration in Windows Server 2012 R2 PowerShell

Automation – Service Management Automation – Getting Started with SMA Runbooks

Comments

  • Anonymous
    January 01, 2003
    thx for this, helped me to clear up some things on this new feature. Very easy to understand.

  • Anonymous
    January 01, 2003
    Very nice writeup!

  • Anonymous
    January 01, 2003
    I keep getting "PSDesiredStateConfigurationNode : The property 'CommandType' cannot be found on this object." on a simple configuration when it gets to the "Node" statement.

  • Anonymous
    January 01, 2003
    Thanks for sharing.

  • Anonymous
    January 01, 2003
    It would be great to get some practical information on how to use it. All the articles I've seen on DSC so far describe the "what" and steer clear of the "how".

  • Anonymous
    October 21, 2013
    Will DSC work with earlier versions of Windows Client/Server if Powershell 4 is installed?

  • Anonymous
    October 30, 2013
    When would you use this vs SCCM 2012 Compliance settings? (2007 DCM?)

  • Anonymous
    January 21, 2014
    COSA # 44: DESIRED STATE CONFIGURATION (DSC) Aquí estoy de Nuevo con ustedes para mostrarles una “Cosa

  • Anonymous
    April 20, 2014
    寓教于乐，轻松掌握 Windows Apps 和 Cloud
    //Build/ 2014 开发者大会第二天重点整理 ( 上 )
    //Build/ 2014 开发者大会第二天的主题演讲主要包含两部分

  • Anonymous
    April 20, 2014
    寓教于乐，轻松掌握 Windows Apps 和 Cloud
    //Build/ 2014 开发者大会第二天重点整理 ( 上 )
    //Build/ 2014 开发者大会第二天的主题演讲主要包含两部分

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    May 19, 2014
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    May 19, 2014
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    May 21, 2014
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  • Anonymous
    June 11, 2014
    Pingback from Techorama 2014 takeaways | jvaneyck

  • Anonymous
    July 08, 2014
    With Microsoft Release Management 2013 Update 3 RC, you can now use Windows PowerShell or Windows PowerShell

  • Anonymous
    September 05, 2014
    Good explanation..

  • Anonymous
    September 25, 2014
    EVERY time I try Start-DscConfiguration, I get "the target of the specified cmdlet cannot be a windows client-based operating system" error. When I google this, I get NO answers on why this is happening. I know this article is a year old, but I'm studying for my MCSE, and I've spent TWO DAYS trying to figure out why this isn't working. Please help!

  • Anonymous
    November 22, 2014
    Why Windows Server 2008 is not supporrted?

  • Anonymous
    March 24, 2015
    Hello PowerShell World,
    Just a few resources as we start gathering information to support your need