Overview of Declarators

Declarators are the components of a declaration that specify names of objects or functions. Declarators also specify whether or not the named object is an object, pointer, reference or array. While declarators do not specify the base type, they do modify the type information in the basic type to specify derived types such as pointers, references, and arrays. Applied to functions, the declarator works with the type specifier to fully specify the return type of a function to be an object, pointer, or reference. (Specifiers, discussed in Declarations, convey properties such as type and storage class. Modifiers, discussed in this section and in Microsoft-Specific Modifiers, modify declarators.) The following figure shows a complete declaration of MyFunction, and calls out the components of the declaration.

Specifiers, Modifiers, and Declarators

Microsoft Specific

Most Microsoft extended keywords can be used as modifiers to form derived types; they are not specifiers or declarators. (See Microsoft-Specific Modifiers.)

END Microsoft Specific

Declarators appear in the declaration syntax after an optional list of specifiers. These specifiers are discussed in Declarations. A declaration can contain more than one declarator, but each declarator declares only one name.

The following sample declaration shows how specifiers and declarators are combined to form a complete declaration:

const char *pch, ch;

In the preceding declaration, the keywords const and char make up the list of specifiers. Two declarators are listed: *pch and ch. A declaration that declares multiple entities consists of a type specifier followed by a comma-separated list of declarators, terminated with a semicolon.

Declarators for Simple Objects

The declarator of a simple object such as an int or double is simply its name, with optional parentheses.

int i; // declarator is i

int (i); // declarator is (i)

Declarators for Pointers, References and Arrays

Pointer operators inserted in front of the name cause the object to be a pointer or reference. The * operator declares the name as a pointer; the & operator declares it as a reference.

int *i; // declarator is *i
int **i; // declarator is **i;
int &i = x; // declaratory is &i

Appending const or volatile give the pointer these special properties. The use of these specifiers in a declarator (as opposed to in the type specifier) modifies the properties of the pointer, not the object pointed to:

char *const cpc; // const pointer to char 
const char *pcc; // pointer to const char 
const char *const cpcc; // const pointer to const char

Further information may be found in const and volatile Pointers.

A pointer to a member of a class or struct is declared with the appropriate nested name specifier:

int X::* pIntMember; 
int ::X::* pIntMember; // the initial :: specifies X is in global scope
char Outer::Inner::* pIntMember; // pointer to char in a nested class

Brackets enclosing an optional constant expression after the name cause the object to be an array. Successive brackets declare additional dimensions to the array.

int i[5]; // array with five elements of type int numbered from 0 to 4
int i[]; // array of unknown size
char *s[4]; // array of pointers to char
int i[2][2]; // two dimensional array

Declarators for Functions

Parentheses containing the argument list are used after the name to declare a function. The following declares a function of return type int and three arguments of type int.

int f(int a, int b, int c);

For information on argument lists, see Function Declarations.

Pointers and references to functions are declared by prepending the pointer or reference operator to the function name as shown below. Parentheses, normally optional, are required to distinguish a pointer to a function from a function that returns a pointer:

int (*pf)(int); // pointer to function returning int
int *f(int i); // function returning pointer to int
int (&pf)(int); // reference to function 

Pointers to member functions are distinguished by nested name specifiers:

int (X::* pmf)(); // pointer to member function of X returning int
int* (X::* pmf)(); // pointer to member function returning pointer to int

See also Pointers to Members.

Functions and objects in the same declaration

Functions and objects may be declared in the same declaration as follows:

int i, *j, f(int k);  // int, pointer to int, function returning int

The syntax may be misleading in some circumstances. The following declaration

int* i, f(int k);  // pointer to int, function returning int (not int*)

may look like the declaration of an int pointer and a function returning int*, but it is not. That's because the * is part of the declarator for i, not part of the declarator for f.

Simplifying declarator syntax with typedef

A better technique, however, is to use a typedef or a combination of parentheses and the typedef keyword. Consider declaring an array of pointers to functions:

//  Function returning type int that takes one 
//   argument of type char *.
typedef int (*PIFN)( char * );
//  Declare an array of 7 pointers to functions 
//   returning int and taking one argument of type 
//   char *.
PIFN pifnDispatchArray[7];

The equivalent declaration can be written without the typedef declaration, but it is so complicated that the potential for error exceeds any benefits:

int ( *pifnDispatchArray[7] )( char * );

For more information on typedef, see typedef Specifier.

Pointers, references, arrays of a single base type can be combined in a single declaration (separated by commas) as

int a, *b, c[5], **d, &e=a;

More complex declarator syntax

• Pointer, reference, array, and function declarators may be combined to specify such objects as arrays of pointers to functions, pointers to arrays, etc.

• The following recursive grammar describes pointer declarator syntax fully.

• A declarator is defined as one of:

1. identifier 
2. qualified-name 
3. declarator ( argument-list ) [cv-qualfiers] [exception-spec]
4. declarator [ [ constant-expression ] ] 

5. pointer-operator declarator 
6. ( declarator )

• and pointer-operator is one of:

* [cv-qualifiers]
& [cv-qualifiers]
:: nested-name-specifier * [cv-qualfiers]

Because a declarator may contain declarators, it is possible to construct the more complex derived types such as arrays of pointers, functions returning arrays of function pointers, by using the above rules. To form each step of the construction, start with the identifier representing the base data type and apply the syntax rule above with the previous expression as the declarator. The order that you apply the syntax rules should be the reverse of the way the expression is stated in English. If applying the pointer-operator syntax rule to an array or function expression, use parentheses if you want a pointer to the array or function, as in the last row in the table below.

The following example shows the construction of "pointer to array of 10 pointers to int".

Verbal expression	Declarator	Syntax Rule Applied
	i	1
pointer(s) to	*i	5
array of 10	(*i)[10]	4
pointer to	*((*i)[10])	6 and then 5

When multiple pointer, reference, array or function modifiers are used, declarators may become quite complicated. The topic Interpreting More Complex Declarators describes how to read more complex declarator syntax. The topic is applicable to both C and C++, although in C++, anywhere the * is used to indicate a pointer, a qualified name such as MyClass::* may be used to specify a pointer to a member of a class.

See Also

Reference

Declarators