Condividi tramite

Object-Oriented Programming (C# and Visual Basic)

  • Articolo

All managed languages in the .NET Framework, such as Visual Basic and C#, provide full support for object-oriented programming including encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Encapsulation means that a group of related properties, methods, and other members are treated as a single unit or object.

Inheritance describes the ability to create new classes based on an existing class.

Polymorphism means that you can have multiple classes that can be used interchangeably, even though each class implements the same properties or methods in different ways.

This section describes the following concepts:

  • Classes and Objects

    • Class Members

      Properties and Fields

      Methods

      Constructors

      Destructors

      Events

      Nested Classes

    • Access Modifiers and Access Levels

    • Instantiating Classes

    • Static (Shared) Classes and Members

    • Anonymous Types

  • Inheritance

    • Overriding Members

  • Interfaces

  • Generics

  • Delegates

Classes and Objects

The terms class and object are sometimes used interchangeably, but in fact, classes describe the type of objects, while objects are usable instances of classes. So, the act of creating an object is called instantiation. Using the blueprint analogy, a class is a blueprint, and an object is a building made from that blueprint.

To define a class:

Class SampleClass
End Class

class SampleClass
{
}

Both Visual Basic and C# also provide a light version of classes called structures that are useful when you need to create large array of objects and do not want to consume too much memory for that.

To define a structure:

Structure SampleStructure
End Structure

struct SampleStruct
{
}

For more information, see:

Class Members

Each class can have different class members that include properties that describe class data, methods that define class behavior, and events that provide communication between different classes and objects.

Properties and Fields

Fields and properties represent information that an object contains. Fields are like variables because they can be read or set directly.

To define a field:

Class SampleClass
    Public SampleField As String
End Class

Class SampleClass
{
    public string sampleField;
}

Properties have get and set procedures, which provide more control on how values are set or returned.

Both C# and Visual Basic allow you either to create a private field for storing the property value or use so-called auto-implemented properties that create this field automatically behind the scenes and provide the basic logic for the property procedures.

To define an auto-implemented property:

Class SampleClass
    Public Property SampleProperty as String
End Class

class SampleClass
{
    public int SampleProperty { get; set; }
}

If you need to perform some additional operations for reading and writing the property value, define a field for storing the property value and provide the basic logic for storing and retrieving it:

Class Samplelass
    Private m_Sample As String
    Public Property Sample() As String
        Get
            ' Return the value stored in the field.
            Return m_Sample
        End Get
        Set(ByVal Value As String)
            ' Store the value in the field.
            m_Sample = Value
        End Set
    End Property
End Class

class SampleClass
{
    private int _sample;
    public int Sample
    {
        // Return the value stored in a field.
        get { return _sample; }
        // Store the value in the field.
        set { _sample = value; }
    }
}

Most properties have methods or procedures to both set and get the property value. However, you can create read-only or write-only properties to restrict them from being modified or read. In Visual Basic you can use ReadOnly and WriteOnly keywords. In C#, you can omit the get or set property method. However, in both Visual Basic and C#, auto-implemented properties cannot be read-only or write-only.

For more information, see:

Methods

A method is an action that an object can perform.

Note

In Visual Basic, there are two ways to create a method: the Sub statement is used if the method does not return a value; the Function statement is used if a method returns a value.

To define a method of a class:

Class SampleClass
    Public Function SampleFunc(ByVal SampleParam As String)
        ' Add code here
    End Function
End Class

class SampleClass
{
    public int sampleMethod(string sampleParam)
    {
        // Insert code here
    }
}

A class can have several implementations, or overloads, of the same method that differ in the number of parameters or parameter types.

To overload a method:

Overloads Sub Display(ByVal theChar As Char)
    ' Add code that displays Char data.
End Sub
Overloads Sub Display(ByVal theInteger As Integer)
    ' Add code that displays Integer data.
End Sub

public int sampleMethod(string sampleParam) {};
public int sampleMethod(int sampleParam) {}

In most cases you declare a method within a class definition. However, both Visual Basic and C# also support extension methods that allow you to add methods to an existing class outside the actual definition of the class.

For more information, see:

Constructors

Constructors are class methods that are executed automatically when an object of a given type is created. Constructors usually initialize the data members of the new object. A constructor can run only once when a class is created. Furthermore, the code in the constructor always runs before any other code in a class. However, you can create multiple constructor overloads in the same way as for any other method.

To define a constructor for a class:

Class SampleClass
    Sub New(ByVal s As String)
        // Add code here.
    End Sub
End Class

public class SampleClass
{
    public SampleClass()
    {
        // Add code here
    }
}

For more information, see:

Destructors

Destructors are used to destruct instances of classes. In the .NET Framework, the garbage collector automatically manages the allocation and release of memory for the managed objects in your application. However, you may still need destructors to clean up any unmanaged resources that your application creates. There can be only one destructor for a class.

For more information about destructors and garbage collection in the .NET Framework, see Garbage Collection.

Events

Events enable a class or object to notify other classes or objects when something of interest occurs. The class that sends (or raises) the event is called the publisher and the classes that receive (or handle) the event are called subscribers. For more information about events, how they are raised and handled, see Handling and Raising Events.

Nested Classes

A class defined within another class is called nested. By default, the nested class is private.

Class Container
    Class Nested
    ' Add code here.
    End Class
End Class

class Container
{
    class Nested
    {
        // Add code here.
    }
}

To create an instance of the nested class, use the name of the container class followed by the dot and then followed by the name of the nested class:

Dim nestedInstance As Container.Nested = New Container.Nested()

Container.Nested nestedInstance = new Container.Nested()

Access Modifiers and Access Levels

All classes and class members can specify what access level they provide to other classes by using access modifiers.

The following access modifiers are available:

Visual Basic Modifier

C# Modifier

Definition

Public (Visual Basic)

public

The type or member can be accessed by any other code in the same assembly or another assembly that references it.

Private (Visual Basic)

private

The type or member can only be accessed by code in the same class.

Protected (Visual Basic)

protected

The type or member can only be accessed by code in the same class or in a derived class.

Friend (Visual Basic)

internal

The type or member can be accessed by any code in the same assembly, but not from another assembly.

Protected Friend

protected internal

The type or member can be accessed by any code in the same assembly, or by any derived class in another assembly.

For more information, see Access Levels in Visual Basic and Access Modifiers (C# Programming Guide).

Instantiating Classes

To create an object, you need to instantiate a class, or create a class instance.

Dim sampleObject as New SampleClass()

SampleClass sampleObject = new SampleClass();

After instantiating a class, you can assign values to the instance's properties and fields and invoke class methods.

' Set a property value.
sampleObject.SampleProperty = "Sample String"
' Call a method.
sampleObject.SampleMethod()

// Set a property value.
sampleObject.sampleProperty = "Sample String";
// Call a method.
sampleObject.sampleMethod();

To assign values to properties during the class instantiation process, use object initializers:

Dim sampleObject = New SampleClass With 
    {.FirstProperty = "A", .SecondProperty = "B"}

// Set a property value.
SampleClass sampleObject = new SampleClass 
    { FirstProperty = "A", SecondProperty = "B" };

For more information, see:

Static (Shared) Classes and Members

A static (shared in Visual Basic) member of the class is a property, procedure, or field that is shared by all instances of a class.

To define a static (shared) member:

Class SampleClass
    Public Shared SampleString As String = "Sample String"
End Class

static class SampleClass
{
    public static string SampleString = "Sample String";
}

To access the static (shared) member, use the name of the class without creating an object of this class:

MsgBox(SampleClass.SampleString)

Console.WriteLine(SampleClass.SampleString);

Static (shared) classes in C# and modules in Visual Basic have static (shared) members only and cannot be instantiated. Static (shared) members also cannot access non-static (non-shared) properties, fields or methods

For more information, see:

Anonymous Types

Anonymous types enable you to create objects without writing a class definition for the data type. Instead, the compiler generates a class for you. The class has no usable name and contains the properties you specify in declaring the object.

To create an instance of an anonymous type:

' sampleObject is an instance of a simple anonymous type.
Dim sampleObject = 
    New With {Key .FirstProperty = "A", .SecondProperty = "B"}

// sampleObject is an instance of a simple anonymous type.
var sampleObject = 
    new { FirstProperty = "A", SecondProperty = "B" };

For more information, see:

Inheritance

Inheritance enables you to create a new class that reuses, extends, and modifies the behavior that is defined in another class. The class whose members are inherited is called the base class, and the class that inherits those members is called the derived class. However, all classes in both C# and Visual Basic implicitly inherit from the Object class that supports .NET class hierarchy and provides low-level services to all classes.

Note

Managed languages in the .NET Framework do not support multiple inheritance, i.e. you can specify only one base class for a derived class.

To inherit from a base class:

Class DerivedClass
    Inherits BaseClass
End Class

class DerivedClass:BaseClass{}

By default all classes can be inherited. However, you can specify whether a class must not be used as a base class, or create a class that can be used as a base class only.

To specify that a class cannot be used as a base class:

NotInheritable Class SampleClass
End Class

public sealed class A { }

To specify that a class can be used as a base class only and cannot be instantiated:

MustInherit Class BaseClass
End Class

public abstract class B { }

For more information, see:

Overriding Members

By default, a derived class inherits all members from its base class. If you want to change the behavior of the inherited member, you need to override it. That is, you can define a new implementation of the method, property or event in the derived class.

The following modifiers are used to control how properties and methods are overridden:

Visual Basic Modifier

C# Modifier

Definition

Overridable (Visual Basic)

virtual (C# Reference)

Allows a class member to be overridden in a derived class.

Overrides (Visual Basic)

override (C# Reference)

Overrides a virtual (overridable) member defined in the base class.

NotOverridable (Visual Basic)

Not supported

Prevents a member from being overridden in an inheriting class.

MustOverride (Visual Basic)

abstract (C# Reference)

Requires that a class member to be overridden in the derived class.

Shadows (Visual Basic)

new Modifier (C# Reference)

Hides a member inherited from a base class

Interfaces

Interfaces, like classes, define a set of properties, methods, and events. But unlike classes, interfaces do not provide implementation. They are implemented by classes, and defined as separate entities from classes. An interface represents a contract, in that a class that implements an interface must implement every aspect of that interface exactly as it is defined.

To define an interface:

Public Interface ISampleInterface
    Sub DoSomething()
End Interface

interface ISampleInterface
{
    void doSomething();
}

To implement an interface in a class:

Class SampleClass
    Implements ISampleInterface
    Sub DoSomething
        ' Method implementation.
    End Sub
End Class

class SampleClass : ISampleInterface
{
    void ISampleInterface.doSomething()
    {
        // Method implementation.
    }
}

For more information, see:

Generics

Classes, structures, interfaces and methods in the .NET Framework can type parameters that define types of objects that they can store or use. The most common example of generics is a collection, where you can specify the type of objects to be stored in a collection.

To define a generic class:

Class SampleGeneric(Of T)
    Public Field As T
End Class

Public class SampleGeneric<T> 
{
    public T Field;
}

To create an instance of a generic class:

Dim sampleObject As New SampleGeneric(Of String)
sampleObject.Field = "Sample string"

SampleGeneric<string> sampleObject = new SampleGeneric<string>();
sampleObject.Field = "Sample string";

For more information, see:

Delegates

A delegate is a type that defines a method signature, and can provide a reference to any method with a compatible signature. You can invoke (or call) the method through the delegate. Delegates are used to pass methods as arguments to other methods.

Note

Event handlers are nothing more than methods that are invoked through delegates. For more information about using delegates in event handling, see Handling and Raising Events.

To create a delegate:

Delegate Sub SampleDelegate(ByVal str As String)

public delegate void SampleDelegate(string str);

To create a reference to a method that matches the signature specified by the delegate:

Class SampleClass
    ' Method that matches the SampleDelegate signature.
    Sub SampleSub(ByVal str As String)
        ' Add code here.
    End Sub
    ' Method that instantiates the delegate.
    Sub SampleDelegateSub()
        Dim sd As SampleDelegate = AddressOf SampleSub
        sd("Sample string")
    End Sub
End Class

class SampleClass
{
    // Method that matches the SampleDelegate signature.
    public static void sampleMethod(string message)
    {
        // Add code here.
    }
    // Method that instantiates the delegate.
    void SampleDelegate()
    {
        SampleDelegate sd = sampleMethod;
        sd("Sample string");
    }
}

For more information, see:

See Also

Concepts

C# Programming Guide

Other Resources

Visual Basic Programming Guide