Using Constructors (C# Programming Guide)
Constructors are class methods that are executed when an object of a given type is created. Constructors have the same name as the class, and usually initialize the data members of the new object.
In the following example, a class called Taxi is defined with a simple constructor. This class is then instantiated with the new operator. The Taxi constructor is invoked by the new operator immediately after memory is allocated for the new object.
public class Taxi
{
public bool isInitialized;
public Taxi()
{
isInitialized = true;
}
}
class TestTaxi
{
static void Main()
{
Taxi t = new Taxi();
System.Console.WriteLine(t.isInitialized);
}
}
A constructor that takes no parameters is called a default constructor. Default constructors are invoked whenever an object is instantiated using the new operator and no arguments are provided to new. For more information, see Instance Constructors.
Unless the class is static, classes without constructors are given a public default constructor by the C# compiler in order to enable class instantiation. For more information, see Static Classes and Static Class Members.
You can prevent a class from being instantiated by making the constructor private, as follows:
class NLog
{
// Private Constructor:
private NLog() { }
public static double e = System.Math.E; //2.71828...
}
For more information, see Private Constructors.
Constructors for struct types are similar to class constructors, but structs cannot contain an explicit default constructor because one is provided automatically by the compiler. This constructor initializes each field in the struct to the default values shown in the Default Values Table. However, this default constructor is only invoked if the struct is instantiated with new. For example, this code uses the default constructor for Int32, so you are assured that the integer is initialized:
int i = new int();
Console.WriteLine(i);
The following code, however, results in Compiler Error CS0165 because it does not use new, and because it attempts to use an object that has not been initialized:
int i;
Console.WriteLine(i);
Alternatively, objects based on structs can be initialized or assigned and then used, like this:
int a = 44; // Initialize the value type...
int b;
b = 33; // Or assign it before using it.
Console.WriteLine("{0}, {1}", a, b);
So calling the default constructor for a value type is not required.
Both classes and structs can define constructors that take parameters. Constructors that take parameters must be called through a new statement or a base statement. Classes and structs can also define multiple constructors, and neither is required to define a default constructor. For example:
public class Employee
{
public int salary;
public Employee(int annualSalary)
{
salary = annualSalary;
}
public Employee(int weeklySalary, int numberOfWeeks)
{
salary = weeklySalary * numberOfWeeks;
}
}
This class can be created using either of the following statements:
Employee e1 = new Employee(30000);
Employee e2 = new Employee(500, 52);
A constructor can use the base keyword to call the constructor of a base class. For example:
public class Manager : Employee
{
public Manager(int annualSalary)
: base(annualSalary)
{
//Add further instructions here.
}
}
In this example, the constructor for the base class is called before the block for the constructor is executed. The base keyword can be used with or without parameters. Any parameters to the constructor can be used as parameters to base, or as part of an expression. For more information, see base.
In a derived class, if a base-class constructor is not called explicitly using the base keyword, then the default constructor, if there is one, is called implicitly. This means that the following constructor declarations are effectively the same:
public Manager(int initialdata)
{
//Add further instructions here.
}
public Manager(int initialdata) : base()
{
//Add further instructions here.
}
If a base class does not offer a default constructor, the derived class must make an explicit call to a base constructor using base.
A constructor can invoke another constructor in the same object using the this keyword. Like base, this can be used with or without parameters, and any parameters in the constructor are available as parameters to this, or as part of an expression. For example, the second constructor in the previous example can be rewritten using this:
public Employee(int weeklySalary, int numberOfWeeks)
: this(weeklySalary * numberOfWeeks)
{
}
The use of the this keyword above causes this constructor to be called:
public Employee(int annualSalary)
{
salary = annualSalary;
}
Constructors can be marked as public, private, protected, internal, or protected internal. These access modifiers define how users of the class can construct the class. For more information, see Access Modifiers.
A constructor can be declared static using the static keyword. Static constructors are called automatically, immediately before any static fields are accessed, and are normally used to initialize static class members. For more information, see Static Constructors.
C# Language Specification
For more information, see the following sections in the C# Language Specification:
1.6.6.1 Constructors
10.10 Instance Constructors (Classes)
10.11 Instance Constructors (Classes)
11.3.8 Constructors (Structs)
11.3.10 Static Constructors (Structs)
See Also
Reference
Objects, Classes and Structs (C# Programming Guide)
Destructors (C# Programming Guide)