Création de threads et passage de données au démarrage
Lorsqu’un processus de système d’exploitation est créé, le système d’exploitation injecte un thread pour exécuter du code dans ce processus, y compris un domaine d’application d’origine. À ce stade, des domaines d’application peuvent être créés et détruits sans nécessairement avoir à créer ou à détruire des threads de système d’exploitation. Si le code en cours d’exécution est un code géré, un objet Thread pour le thread s’exécutant dans le domaine d’application actuel peut être obtenu en récupérant la propriété statique CurrentThread de type Thread. Cette rubrique décrit la création de threads et présente des alternatives pour transmettre des données à la procédure de thread.
Création d’un thread
La création d’un nouvel objet Thread entraîne la création d’un thread managé. La classe Thread a des constructeurs qui acceptent un délégué ThreadStart ou ParameterizedThreadStart ; le délégué inclut dans un wrapper la méthode qui est appelée par le nouveau thread lorsque vous appelez la méthode Start. L’appel de Start plus d’une fois entraîne la levée d’une ThreadStateException.
La méthode Start est retournée immédiatement, souvent avant que le nouveau thread n’ait réellement démarré. Vous pouvez utiliser les propriétés ThreadState et IsAlive pour déterminer l’état du thread à tout moment, mais ces propriétés ne doivent jamais être utilisées pour synchroniser les activités de threads.
Notes
Une fois qu’un thread a démarré, il n’est pas nécessaire de conserver une référence à l’objet Thread. Le thread continue à s’exécuter jusqu'à la fin de la procédure de thread.
L’exemple de code suivant crée deux nouveaux threads pour appeler des méthodes statiques et d’instance sur un autre objet.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Threading;
public ref class ServerClass
{
public:
// The method that will be called when the thread is started.
void InstanceMethod()
{
Console::WriteLine(
"ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.");
// Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
// threads more apparent.
Thread::Sleep(3000);
Console::WriteLine(
"The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.");
}
static void StaticMethod()
{
Console::WriteLine(
"ServerClass.StaticMethod is running on another thread.");
// Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
// threads more apparent.
Thread::Sleep(5000);
Console::WriteLine(
"The static method called by the worker thread has ended.");
}
};
public ref class Simple
{
public:
static void Main()
{
ServerClass^ serverObject = gcnew ServerClass();
// Create the thread object, passing in the
// serverObject.InstanceMethod method using a
// ThreadStart delegate.
Thread^ InstanceCaller = gcnew Thread(
gcnew ThreadStart(serverObject, &ServerClass::InstanceMethod));
// Start the thread.
InstanceCaller->Start();
Console::WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after "
+ "starting the new InstanceCaller thread.");
// Create the thread object, passing in the
// serverObject.StaticMethod method using a
// ThreadStart delegate.
Thread^ StaticCaller = gcnew Thread(
gcnew ThreadStart(&ServerClass::StaticMethod));
// Start the thread.
StaticCaller->Start();
Console::WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after "
+ "starting the new StaticCaller thread.");
}
};
int main()
{
Simple::Main();
}
// The example displays output like the following:
// The Main() thread calls this after starting the new InstanceCaller thread.
// The Main() thread calls this after starting the new StaticCaller thread.
// ServerClass.StaticMethod is running on another thread.
// ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.
// The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.
// The static method called by the worker thread has ended.
using System;
using System.Threading;
public class ServerClass
{
// The method that will be called when the thread is started.
public void InstanceMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine(
"ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.");
// Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
// threads more apparent.
Thread.Sleep(3000);
Console.WriteLine(
"The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.");
}
public static void StaticMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine(
"ServerClass.StaticMethod is running on another thread.");
// Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
// threads more apparent.
Thread.Sleep(5000);
Console.WriteLine(
"The static method called by the worker thread has ended.");
}
}
public class Simple
{
public static void Main()
{
ServerClass serverObject = new ServerClass();
// Create the thread object, passing in the
// serverObject.InstanceMethod method using a
// ThreadStart delegate.
Thread InstanceCaller = new Thread(
new ThreadStart(serverObject.InstanceMethod));
// Start the thread.
InstanceCaller.Start();
Console.WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after "
+ "starting the new InstanceCaller thread.");
// Create the thread object, passing in the
// serverObject.StaticMethod method using a
// ThreadStart delegate.
Thread StaticCaller = new Thread(
new ThreadStart(ServerClass.StaticMethod));
// Start the thread.
StaticCaller.Start();
Console.WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after "
+ "starting the new StaticCaller thread.");
}
}
// The example displays the output like the following:
// The Main() thread calls this after starting the new InstanceCaller thread.
// The Main() thread calls this after starting the new StaticCaller thread.
// ServerClass.StaticMethod is running on another thread.
// ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.
// The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.
// The static method called by the worker thread has ended.
Imports System.Threading
Public class ServerClass
' The method that will be called when the thread is started.
Public Sub InstanceMethod()
Console.WriteLine(
"ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.")
' Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
' threads more apparent.
Thread.Sleep(3000)
Console.WriteLine(
"The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.")
End Sub
Public Shared Sub SharedMethod()
Console.WriteLine(
"ServerClass.SharedMethod is running on another thread.")
' Pause for a moment to provide a delay to make
' threads more apparent.
Thread.Sleep(5000)
Console.WriteLine(
"The Shared method called by the worker thread has ended.")
End Sub
End Class
Public class Simple
Public Shared Sub Main()
Dim serverObject As New ServerClass()
' Create the thread object, passing in the
' serverObject.InstanceMethod method using a
' ThreadStart delegate.
Dim InstanceCaller As New Thread(AddressOf serverObject.InstanceMethod)
' Start the thread.
InstanceCaller.Start()
Console.WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after " _
+ "starting the new InstanceCaller thread.")
' Create the thread object, passing in the
' serverObject.SharedMethod method using a
' ThreadStart delegate.
Dim SharedCaller As New Thread( _
New ThreadStart(AddressOf ServerClass.SharedMethod))
' Start the thread.
SharedCaller.Start()
Console.WriteLine("The Main() thread calls this after " _
+ "starting the new SharedCaller thread.")
End Sub
End Class
' The example displays output like the following:
' The Main() thread calls this after starting the new InstanceCaller thread.
' The Main() thread calls this after starting the new StaticCaller thread.
' ServerClass.StaticMethod is running on another thread.
' ServerClass.InstanceMethod is running on another thread.
' The instance method called by the worker thread has ended.
' The static method called by the worker thread has ended.
Passage de données à des threads
Le délégué ParameterizedThreadStart permet de transmettre facilement un objet contenant des données à un thread lorsque vous appelez Thread.Start(Object). Pour obtenir un exemple de code, consultez ParameterizedThreadStart.
L’utilisation du délégué ParameterizedThreadStart n’est pas une méthode de type sécurisé pour transmettre des données, car la méthode Thread.Start(Object) accepte tous les objets. Une alternative consiste à encapsuler la procédure de thread et les données dans une classe d’assistance et à utiliser le délégué ThreadStart pour exécuter la procédure de thread. L’exemple suivant montre cette technique :
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Threading;
// The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
// a task, and the method that executes the task.
//
public ref class ThreadWithState
{
private:
// State information used in the task.
String^ boilerplate;
int numberValue;
// The constructor obtains the state information.
public:
ThreadWithState(String^ text, int number)
{
boilerplate = text;
numberValue = number;
}
// The thread procedure performs the task, such as formatting
// and printing a document.
void ThreadProc()
{
Console::WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue);
}
};
// Entry point for the example.
//
public ref class Example
{
public:
static void Main()
{
// Supply the state information required by the task.
ThreadWithState^ tws = gcnew ThreadWithState(
"This report displays the number {0}.", 42);
// Create a thread to execute the task, and then
// start the thread.
Thread^ t = gcnew Thread(gcnew ThreadStart(tws, &ThreadWithState::ThreadProc));
t->Start();
Console::WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.");
t->Join();
Console::WriteLine(
"Independent task has completed; main thread ends.");
}
};
int main()
{
Example::Main();
}
// This example displays the following output:
// Main thread does some work, then waits.
// This report displays the number 42.
// Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
using System;
using System.Threading;
// The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
// a task, and the method that executes the task.
//
public class ThreadWithState
{
// State information used in the task.
private string boilerplate;
private int numberValue;
// The constructor obtains the state information.
public ThreadWithState(string text, int number)
{
boilerplate = text;
numberValue = number;
}
// The thread procedure performs the task, such as formatting
// and printing a document.
public void ThreadProc()
{
Console.WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue);
}
}
// Entry point for the example.
//
public class Example
{
public static void Main()
{
// Supply the state information required by the task.
ThreadWithState tws = new ThreadWithState(
"This report displays the number {0}.", 42);
// Create a thread to execute the task, and then
// start the thread.
Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(tws.ThreadProc));
t.Start();
Console.WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.");
t.Join();
Console.WriteLine(
"Independent task has completed; main thread ends.");
}
}
// The example displays the following output:
// Main thread does some work, then waits.
// This report displays the number 42.
// Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
Imports System.Threading
' The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
' a task, and the method that executes the task.
Public Class ThreadWithState
' State information used in the task.
Private boilerplate As String
Private numberValue As Integer
' The constructor obtains the state information.
Public Sub New(text As String, number As Integer)
boilerplate = text
numberValue = number
End Sub
' The thread procedure performs the task, such as formatting
' and printing a document.
Public Sub ThreadProc()
Console.WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue)
End Sub
End Class
' Entry point for the example.
'
Public Class Example
Public Shared Sub Main()
' Supply the state information required by the task.
Dim tws As New ThreadWithState( _
"This report displays the number {0}.", 42)
' Create a thread to execute the task, and then
' start the thread.
Dim t As New Thread(New ThreadStart(AddressOf tws.ThreadProc))
t.Start()
Console.WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.")
t.Join()
Console.WriteLine( _
"Independent task has completed main thread ends.")
End Sub
End Class
' The example displays the following output:
' Main thread does some work, then waits.
' This report displays the number 42.
' Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
Ni le délégué ThreadStart ni le délégué ParameterizedThreadStart n’ont de valeur de retour, car il n’existe pas d’endroit où retourner les données provenant d’un appel asynchrone. Pour récupérer les résultats d’une méthode de thread, vous pouvez utiliser une méthode de rappel, comme montré dans la section suivante.
Récupération de données provenant de threads avec des méthodes de rappel
L’exemple suivant montre une méthode de rappel qui récupère des données à partir d’un thread. Le constructeur de la classe qui contient les données et la méthode de thread accepte également un délégué représentant la méthode de rappel ; avant la fin de la méthode de thread, il appelle le délégué de rappel.
using namespace System;
using namespace System::Threading;
// Delegate that defines the signature for the callback method.
//
public delegate void ExampleCallback(int lineCount);
// The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
// a task, the method that executes the task, and a delegate
// to call when the task is complete.
//
public ref class ThreadWithState
{
private:
// State information used in the task.
String^ boilerplate;
int numberValue;
// Delegate used to execute the callback method when the
// task is complete.
ExampleCallback^ callback;
public:
// The constructor obtains the state information and the
// callback delegate.
ThreadWithState(String^ text, int number,
ExampleCallback^ callbackDelegate)
{
boilerplate = text;
numberValue = number;
callback = callbackDelegate;
}
// The thread procedure performs the task, such as
// formatting and printing a document, and then invokes
// the callback delegate with the number of lines printed.
void ThreadProc()
{
Console::WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue);
if (callback != nullptr)
{
callback(1);
}
}
};
// Entry point for the example.
//
public ref class Example
{
public:
static void Main()
{
// Supply the state information required by the task.
ThreadWithState^ tws = gcnew ThreadWithState(
"This report displays the number {0}.",
42,
gcnew ExampleCallback(&Example::ResultCallback)
);
Thread^ t = gcnew Thread(gcnew ThreadStart(tws, &ThreadWithState::ThreadProc));
t->Start();
Console::WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.");
t->Join();
Console::WriteLine(
"Independent task has completed; main thread ends.");
}
// The callback method must match the signature of the
// callback delegate.
//
static void ResultCallback(int lineCount)
{
Console::WriteLine(
"Independent task printed {0} lines.", lineCount);
}
};
int main()
{
Example::Main();
}
// The example displays the following output:
// Main thread does some work, then waits.
// This report displays the number 42.
// Independent task printed 1 lines.
// Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
using System;
using System.Threading;
// The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
// a task, the method that executes the task, and a delegate
// to call when the task is complete.
//
public class ThreadWithState
{
// State information used in the task.
private string boilerplate;
private int numberValue;
// Delegate used to execute the callback method when the
// task is complete.
private ExampleCallback callback;
// The constructor obtains the state information and the
// callback delegate.
public ThreadWithState(string text, int number,
ExampleCallback callbackDelegate)
{
boilerplate = text;
numberValue = number;
callback = callbackDelegate;
}
// The thread procedure performs the task, such as
// formatting and printing a document, and then invokes
// the callback delegate with the number of lines printed.
public void ThreadProc()
{
Console.WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue);
if (callback != null)
callback(1);
}
}
// Delegate that defines the signature for the callback method.
//
public delegate void ExampleCallback(int lineCount);
// Entry point for the example.
//
public class Example
{
public static void Main()
{
// Supply the state information required by the task.
ThreadWithState tws = new ThreadWithState(
"This report displays the number {0}.",
42,
new ExampleCallback(ResultCallback)
);
Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(tws.ThreadProc));
t.Start();
Console.WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.");
t.Join();
Console.WriteLine(
"Independent task has completed; main thread ends.");
}
// The callback method must match the signature of the
// callback delegate.
//
public static void ResultCallback(int lineCount)
{
Console.WriteLine(
"Independent task printed {0} lines.", lineCount);
}
}
// The example displays the following output:
// Main thread does some work, then waits.
// This report displays the number 42.
// Independent task printed 1 lines.
// Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
Imports System.Threading
' The ThreadWithState class contains the information needed for
' a task, the method that executes the task, and a delegate
' to call when the task is complete.
Public Class ThreadWithState
' State information used in the task.
Private boilerplate As String
Private numberValue As Integer
' Delegate used to execute the callback method when the
' task is complete.
Private callback As ExampleCallback
' The constructor obtains the state information and the
' callback delegate.
Public Sub New(text As String, number As Integer, _
callbackDelegate As ExampleCallback)
boilerplate = text
numberValue = number
callback = callbackDelegate
End Sub
' The thread procedure performs the task, such as
' formatting and printing a document, and then invokes
' the callback delegate with the number of lines printed.
Public Sub ThreadProc()
Console.WriteLine(boilerplate, numberValue)
If Not (callback Is Nothing) Then
callback(1)
End If
End Sub
End Class
' Delegate that defines the signature for the callback method.
'
Public Delegate Sub ExampleCallback(lineCount As Integer)
Public Class Example
Public Shared Sub Main()
' Supply the state information required by the task.
Dim tws As New ThreadWithState( _
"This report displays the number {0}.", _
42, _
AddressOf ResultCallback)
Dim t As New Thread(AddressOf tws.ThreadProc)
t.Start()
Console.WriteLine("Main thread does some work, then waits.")
t.Join()
Console.WriteLine( _
"Independent task has completed; main thread ends.")
End Sub
Public Shared Sub ResultCallback(lineCount As Integer)
Console.WriteLine( _
"Independent task printed {0} lines.", lineCount)
End Sub
End Class
' The example displays the following output:
' Main thread does some work, then waits.
' This report displays the number 42.
' Independent task printed 1 lines.
' Independent task has completed; main thread ends.
Voir aussi
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