Annexe A Grammar

Article
11/21/2024

Cette clause est informative.

A.1 Général

Cette annexe contient les productions grammaticales trouvées dans la spécification, y compris celles facultatives pour le code non sécurisé. Les productions apparaissent ici dans le même ordre dans lequel elles apparaissent dans la spécification.

Grammaire lexicale A.2


// Source: §6.3.1 General
DEFAULT  : 'default' ;
NULL     : 'null' ;
TRUE     : 'true' ;
FALSE    : 'false' ;
ASTERISK : '*' ;
SLASH    : '/' ;

// Source: §6.3.1 General
input
    : input_section?
    ;

input_section
    : input_section_part+
    ;

input_section_part
    : input_element* New_Line
    | PP_Directive
    ;

input_element
    : Whitespace
    | Comment
    | token
    ;

// Source: §6.3.2 Line terminators
New_Line
    : New_Line_Character
    | '\u000D\u000A'    // carriage return, line feed 
    ;

// Source: §6.3.3 Comments
Comment
    : Single_Line_Comment
    | Delimited_Comment
    ;

fragment Single_Line_Comment
    : '//' Input_Character*
    ;

fragment Input_Character
    // anything but New_Line_Character
    : ~('\u000D' | '\u000A'   | '\u0085' | '\u2028' | '\u2029')
    ;
    
fragment New_Line_Character
    : '\u000D'  // carriage return
    | '\u000A'  // line feed
    | '\u0085'  // next line
    | '\u2028'  // line separator
    | '\u2029'  // paragraph separator
    ;
    
fragment Delimited_Comment
    : '/*' Delimited_Comment_Section* ASTERISK+ '/'
    ;
    
fragment Delimited_Comment_Section
    : SLASH
    | ASTERISK* Not_Slash_Or_Asterisk
    ;

fragment Not_Slash_Or_Asterisk
    : ~('/' | '*')    // Any except SLASH or ASTERISK
    ;

// Source: §6.3.4 White space
Whitespace
    : [\p{Zs}]  // any character with Unicode class Zs
    | '\u0009'  // horizontal tab
    | '\u000B'  // vertical tab
    | '\u000C'  // form feed
    ;

// Source: §6.4.1 General
token
    : identifier
    | keyword
    | Integer_Literal
    | Real_Literal
    | Character_Literal
    | String_Literal
    | operator_or_punctuator
    ;

// Source: §6.4.2 Unicode character escape sequences
fragment Unicode_Escape_Sequence
    : '\\u' Hex_Digit Hex_Digit Hex_Digit Hex_Digit
    | '\\U' Hex_Digit Hex_Digit Hex_Digit Hex_Digit
            Hex_Digit Hex_Digit Hex_Digit Hex_Digit
    ;

// Source: §6.4.3 Identifiers
identifier
    : Simple_Identifier
    | contextual_keyword
    ;

Simple_Identifier
    : Available_Identifier
    | Escaped_Identifier
    ;

fragment Available_Identifier
    // excluding keywords or contextual keywords, see note below
    : Basic_Identifier
    ;

fragment Escaped_Identifier
    // Includes keywords and contextual keywords prefixed by '@'.
    // See note below.
    : '@' Basic_Identifier 
    ;

fragment Basic_Identifier
    : Identifier_Start_Character Identifier_Part_Character*
    ;

fragment Identifier_Start_Character
    : Letter_Character
    | Underscore_Character
    ;

fragment Underscore_Character
    : '_'               // underscore
    | '\\u005' [fF]     // Unicode_Escape_Sequence for underscore
    | '\\U0000005' [fF] // Unicode_Escape_Sequence for underscore
    ;

fragment Identifier_Part_Character
    : Letter_Character
    | Decimal_Digit_Character
    | Connecting_Character
    | Combining_Character
    | Formatting_Character
    ;

fragment Letter_Character
    // Category Letter, all subcategories; category Number, subcategory letter.
    : [\p{L}\p{Nl}]
    // Only escapes for categories L & Nl allowed. See note below.
    | Unicode_Escape_Sequence
    ;

fragment Combining_Character
    // Category Mark, subcategories non-spacing and spacing combining.
    : [\p{Mn}\p{Mc}]
    // Only escapes for categories Mn & Mc allowed. See note below.
    | Unicode_Escape_Sequence
    ;

fragment Decimal_Digit_Character
    // Category Number, subcategory decimal digit.
    : [\p{Nd}]
    // Only escapes for category Nd allowed. See note below.
    | Unicode_Escape_Sequence
    ;

fragment Connecting_Character
    // Category Punctuation, subcategory connector.
    : [\p{Pc}]
    // Only escapes for category Pc allowed. See note below.
    | Unicode_Escape_Sequence
    ;

fragment Formatting_Character
    // Category Other, subcategory format.
    : [\p{Cf}]
    // Only escapes for category Cf allowed, see note below.
    | Unicode_Escape_Sequence
    ;

// Source: §6.4.4 Keywords
keyword
    : 'abstract' | 'as'       | 'base'       | 'bool'      | 'break'
    | 'byte'     | 'case'     | 'catch'      | 'char'      | 'checked'
    | 'class'    | 'const'    | 'continue'   | 'decimal'   | DEFAULT
    | 'delegate' | 'do'       | 'double'     | 'else'      | 'enum'
    | 'event'    | 'explicit' | 'extern'     | FALSE       | 'finally'
    | 'fixed'    | 'float'    | 'for'        | 'foreach'   | 'goto'
    | 'if'       | 'implicit' | 'in'         | 'int'       | 'interface'
    | 'internal' | 'is'       | 'lock'       | 'long'      | 'namespace'
    | 'new'      | NULL       | 'object'     | 'operator'  | 'out'
    | 'override' | 'params'   | 'private'    | 'protected' | 'public'
    | 'readonly' | 'ref'      | 'return'     | 'sbyte'     | 'sealed'
    | 'short'    | 'sizeof'   | 'stackalloc' | 'static'    | 'string'
    | 'struct'   | 'switch'   | 'this'       | 'throw'     | TRUE
    | 'try'      | 'typeof'   | 'uint'       | 'ulong'     | 'unchecked'
    | 'unsafe'   | 'ushort'   | 'using'      | 'virtual'   | 'void'
    | 'volatile' | 'while'
    ;

// Source: §6.4.4 Keywords
contextual_keyword
    : 'add'    | 'alias'      | 'ascending' | 'async'     | 'await'
    | 'by'     | 'descending' | 'dynamic'   | 'equals'    | 'from'
    | 'get'    | 'global'     | 'group'     | 'into'      | 'join'
    | 'let'    | 'nameof'     | 'on'        | 'orderby'   | 'partial'
    | 'remove' | 'select'     | 'set'       | 'unmanaged' | 'value'
    | 'var'    | 'when'       | 'where'     | 'yield'
    ;

// Source: §6.4.5.1 General
literal
    : boolean_literal
    | Integer_Literal
    | Real_Literal
    | Character_Literal
    | String_Literal
    | null_literal
    ;

// Source: §6.4.5.2 Boolean literals
boolean_literal
    : TRUE
    | FALSE
    ;

// Source: §6.4.5.3 Integer literals
Integer_Literal
    : Decimal_Integer_Literal
    | Hexadecimal_Integer_Literal
    | Binary_Integer_Literal
    ;

fragment Decimal_Integer_Literal
    : Decimal_Digit Decorated_Decimal_Digit* Integer_Type_Suffix?
    ;

fragment Decorated_Decimal_Digit
    : '_'* Decimal_Digit
    ;
       
fragment Decimal_Digit
    : '0'..'9'
    ;
    
fragment Integer_Type_Suffix
    : 'U' | 'u' | 'L' | 'l' |
      'UL' | 'Ul' | 'uL' | 'ul' | 'LU' | 'Lu' | 'lU' | 'lu'
    ;
    
fragment Hexadecimal_Integer_Literal
    : ('0x' | '0X') Decorated_Hex_Digit+ Integer_Type_Suffix?
    ;

fragment Decorated_Hex_Digit
    : '_'* Hex_Digit
    ;
       
fragment Hex_Digit
    : '0'..'9' | 'A'..'F' | 'a'..'f'
    ;
   
fragment Binary_Integer_Literal
    : ('0b' | '0B') Decorated_Binary_Digit+ Integer_Type_Suffix?
    ;

fragment Decorated_Binary_Digit
    : '_'* Binary_Digit
    ;
       
fragment Binary_Digit
    : '0' | '1'
    ;

// Source: §6.4.5.4 Real literals
Real_Literal
    : Decimal_Digit Decorated_Decimal_Digit* '.'
      Decimal_Digit Decorated_Decimal_Digit* Exponent_Part? Real_Type_Suffix?
    | '.' Decimal_Digit Decorated_Decimal_Digit* Exponent_Part? Real_Type_Suffix?
    | Decimal_Digit Decorated_Decimal_Digit* Exponent_Part Real_Type_Suffix?
    | Decimal_Digit Decorated_Decimal_Digit* Real_Type_Suffix
    ;

fragment Exponent_Part
    : ('e' | 'E') Sign? Decimal_Digit Decorated_Decimal_Digit*
    ;

fragment Sign
    : '+' | '-'
    ;

fragment Real_Type_Suffix
    : 'F' | 'f' | 'D' | 'd' | 'M' | 'm'
    ;

// Source: §6.4.5.5 Character literals
Character_Literal
    : '\'' Character '\''
    ;
    
fragment Character
    : Single_Character
    | Simple_Escape_Sequence
    | Hexadecimal_Escape_Sequence
    | Unicode_Escape_Sequence
    ;
    
fragment Single_Character
    // anything but ', \, and New_Line_Character
    : ~['\\\u000D\u000A\u0085\u2028\u2029]
    ;
    
fragment Simple_Escape_Sequence
    : '\\\'' | '\\"' | '\\\\' | '\\0' | '\\a' | '\\b' |
      '\\f' | '\\n' | '\\r' | '\\t' | '\\v'
    ;
    
fragment Hexadecimal_Escape_Sequence
    : '\\x' Hex_Digit Hex_Digit? Hex_Digit? Hex_Digit?
    ;

// Source: §6.4.5.6 String literals
String_Literal
    : Regular_String_Literal
    | Verbatim_String_Literal
    ;
    
fragment Regular_String_Literal
    : '"' Regular_String_Literal_Character* '"'
    ;
    
fragment Regular_String_Literal_Character
    : Single_Regular_String_Literal_Character
    | Simple_Escape_Sequence
    | Hexadecimal_Escape_Sequence
    | Unicode_Escape_Sequence
    ;

fragment Single_Regular_String_Literal_Character
    // anything but ", \, and New_Line_Character
    : ~["\\\u000D\u000A\u0085\u2028\u2029]
    ;

fragment Verbatim_String_Literal
    : '@"' Verbatim_String_Literal_Character* '"'
    ;
    
fragment Verbatim_String_Literal_Character
    : Single_Verbatim_String_Literal_Character
    | Quote_Escape_Sequence
    ;
    
fragment Single_Verbatim_String_Literal_Character
    : ~["]     // anything but quotation mark (U+0022)
    ;
    
fragment Quote_Escape_Sequence
    : '""'
    ;

// Source: §6.4.5.7 The null literal
null_literal
    : NULL
    ;

// Source: §6.4.6 Operators and punctuators
operator_or_punctuator
    : '{'  | '}'  | '['  | ']'  | '('   | ')'  | '.'  | ','  | ':'  | ';'
    | '+'  | '-'  | ASTERISK    | SLASH | '%'  | '&'  | '|'  | '^'  | '!' | '~'
    | '='  | '<'  | '>'  | '?'  | '??'  | '::' | '++' | '--' | '&&' | '||'
    | '->' | '==' | '!=' | '<=' | '>='  | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '%='
    | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' | '<<' | '<<=' | '=>'
    ;

right_shift
    : '>'  '>'
    ;

right_shift_assignment
    : '>' '>='
    ;

// Source: §6.5.1 General
PP_Directive
    : PP_Start PP_Kind PP_New_Line
    ;

fragment PP_Kind
    : PP_Declaration
    | PP_Conditional
    | PP_Line
    | PP_Diagnostic
    | PP_Region
    | PP_Pragma
    | PP_Nullable
    ;

// Only recognised at the beginning of a line
fragment PP_Start
    // See note below.
    : { getCharPositionInLine() == 0 }? PP_Whitespace? '#' PP_Whitespace?
    ;

fragment PP_Whitespace
    : ( [\p{Zs}]  // any character with Unicode class Zs
      | '\u0009'  // horizontal tab
      | '\u000B'  // vertical tab
      | '\u000C'  // form feed
      )+
    ;

fragment PP_New_Line
    : PP_Whitespace? Single_Line_Comment? New_Line
    ;

// Source: §6.5.2 Conditional compilation symbols
fragment PP_Conditional_Symbol
    // Must not be equal to tokens TRUE or FALSE. See note below.
    : Basic_Identifier
    ;

// Source: §6.5.3 Pre-processing expressions
fragment PP_Expression
    : PP_Whitespace? PP_Or_Expression PP_Whitespace?
    ;
    
fragment PP_Or_Expression
    : PP_And_Expression (PP_Whitespace? '||' PP_Whitespace? PP_And_Expression)*
    ;
    
fragment PP_And_Expression
    : PP_Equality_Expression (PP_Whitespace? '&&' PP_Whitespace?
      PP_Equality_Expression)*
    ;

fragment PP_Equality_Expression
    : PP_Unary_Expression (PP_Whitespace? ('==' | '!=') PP_Whitespace?
      PP_Unary_Expression)*
    ;
    
fragment PP_Unary_Expression
    : PP_Primary_Expression
    | '!' PP_Whitespace? PP_Unary_Expression
    ;
    
fragment PP_Primary_Expression
    : TRUE
    | FALSE
    | PP_Conditional_Symbol
    | '(' PP_Whitespace? PP_Expression PP_Whitespace? ')'
    ;

// Source: §6.5.4 Definition directives
fragment PP_Declaration
    : 'define' PP_Whitespace PP_Conditional_Symbol
    | 'undef' PP_Whitespace PP_Conditional_Symbol
    ;

// Source: §6.5.5 Conditional compilation directives
fragment PP_Conditional
    : PP_If_Section
    | PP_Elif_Section
    | PP_Else_Section
    | PP_Endif
    ;

fragment PP_If_Section
    : 'if' PP_Whitespace PP_Expression
    ;
    
fragment PP_Elif_Section
    : 'elif' PP_Whitespace PP_Expression
    ;
    
fragment PP_Else_Section
    : 'else'
    ;
    
fragment PP_Endif
    : 'endif'
    ;

// Source: §6.5.6 Diagnostic directives
fragment PP_Diagnostic
    : 'error' PP_Message?
    | 'warning' PP_Message?
    ;

fragment PP_Message
    : PP_Whitespace Input_Character*
    ;

// Source: §6.5.7 Region directives
fragment PP_Region
    : PP_Start_Region
    | PP_End_Region
    ;

fragment PP_Start_Region
    : 'region' PP_Message?
    ;

fragment PP_End_Region
    : 'endregion' PP_Message?
    ;

// Source: §6.5.8 Line directives
fragment PP_Line
    : 'line' PP_Whitespace PP_Line_Indicator
    ;

fragment PP_Line_Indicator
    : Decimal_Digit+ PP_Whitespace PP_Compilation_Unit_Name
    | Decimal_Digit+
    | DEFAULT
    | 'hidden'
    ;
    
fragment PP_Compilation_Unit_Name
    : '"' PP_Compilation_Unit_Name_Character* '"'
    ;
    
fragment PP_Compilation_Unit_Name_Character
    // Any Input_Character except "
    : ~('\u000D' | '\u000A'   | '\u0085' | '\u2028' | '\u2029' | '"')
    ;

// Source: §6.5.9 Nullable directive
fragment PP_Nullable
    : 'nullable' PP_Whitespace PP_Nullable_Action
      (PP_Whitespace PP_Nullable_Target)?
    ;
fragment PP_Nullable_Action
    : 'disable'
    | 'enable'
    | 'restore'
    ;
fragment PP_Nullable_Target
    : 'warnings'
    | 'annotations'
    ;

// Source: §6.5.10 Pragma directives
fragment PP_Pragma
    : 'pragma' PP_Pragma_Text?
    ;

fragment PP_Pragma_Text
    : PP_Whitespace Input_Character*
    ;

Grammaire syntactique A.3


// Source: §7.8.1 General
namespace_name
    : namespace_or_type_name
    ;

type_name
    : namespace_or_type_name
    ;
    
namespace_or_type_name
    : identifier type_argument_list?
    | namespace_or_type_name '.' identifier type_argument_list?
    | qualified_alias_member
    ;

// Source: §8.1 General
type
    : reference_type
    | value_type
    | type_parameter
    | pointer_type     // unsafe code support
    ;

// Source: §8.2.1 General
reference_type
    : non_nullable_reference_type
    | nullable_reference_type
    ;

non_nullable_reference_type
    : class_type
    | interface_type
    | array_type
    | delegate_type
    | 'dynamic'
    ;

class_type
    : type_name
    | 'object'
    | 'string'
    ;

interface_type
    : type_name
    ;

array_type
    : non_array_type rank_specifier+
    ;

non_array_type
    : value_type
    | class_type
    | interface_type
    | delegate_type
    | 'dynamic'
    | type_parameter
    | pointer_type      // unsafe code support
    ;

rank_specifier
    : '[' ','* ']'
    ;

delegate_type
    : type_name
    ;

nullable_reference_type
    : non_nullable_reference_type nullable_type_annotation
    ;

nullable_type_annotation
    : '?'
    ;


// Source: §8.3.1 General
value_type
    : non_nullable_value_type
    | nullable_value_type
    ;

non_nullable_value_type
    : struct_type
    | enum_type
    ;

struct_type
    : type_name
    | simple_type
    | tuple_type
    ;

simple_type
    : numeric_type
    | 'bool'
    ;

numeric_type
    : integral_type
    | floating_point_type
    | 'decimal'
    ;

integral_type
    : 'sbyte'
    | 'byte'
    | 'short'
    | 'ushort'
    | 'int'
    | 'uint'
    | 'long'
    | 'ulong'
    | 'char'
    ;

floating_point_type
    : 'float'
    | 'double'
    ;

tuple_type
    : '(' tuple_type_element (',' tuple_type_element)+ ')'
    ;
    
tuple_type_element
    : type identifier?
    ;
    
enum_type
    : type_name
    ;

nullable_value_type
    : non_nullable_value_type nullable_type_annotation
    ;

// Source: §8.4.2 Type arguments
type_argument_list
    : '<' type_arguments '>'
    ;

type_arguments
    : type_argument (',' type_argument)*
    ;   

type_argument
    : type
    | type_parameter nullable_type_annotation?
    ;

// Source: §8.5 Type parameters
type_parameter
    : identifier
    ;

// Source: §8.8 Unmanaged types
unmanaged_type
    : value_type
    | pointer_type     // unsafe code support
    ;

// Source: §9.5 Variable references
variable_reference
    : expression
    ;

// Source: §11.2.1 General
pattern
    : declaration_pattern
    | constant_pattern
    | var_pattern
    ;

// Source: §11.2.2 Declaration pattern
declaration_pattern
    : type simple_designation
    ;
simple_designation
    : single_variable_designation
    ;
single_variable_designation
    : identifier
    ;

// Source: §11.2.3 Constant pattern
constant_pattern
    : constant_expression
    ;

// Source: §11.2.4 Var pattern
var_pattern
    : 'var' designation
    ;
designation
    : simple_designation
    ;

// Source: §12.6.2.1 General
argument_list
    : argument (',' argument)*
    ;

argument
    : argument_name? argument_value
    ;

argument_name
    : identifier ':'
    ;

argument_value
    : expression
    | 'in' variable_reference
    | 'ref' variable_reference
    | 'out' variable_reference
    ;

// Source: §12.8.1 General
primary_expression
    : primary_no_array_creation_expression
    | array_creation_expression
    ;

primary_no_array_creation_expression
    : literal
    | interpolated_string_expression
    | simple_name
    | parenthesized_expression
    | tuple_expression
    | member_access
    | null_conditional_member_access
    | invocation_expression
    | element_access
    | null_conditional_element_access
    | this_access
    | base_access
    | post_increment_expression
    | post_decrement_expression
    | null_forgiving_expression
    | object_creation_expression
    | delegate_creation_expression
    | anonymous_object_creation_expression
    | typeof_expression
    | sizeof_expression
    | checked_expression
    | unchecked_expression
    | default_value_expression
    | nameof_expression    
    | anonymous_method_expression
    | pointer_member_access     // unsafe code support
    | pointer_element_access    // unsafe code support
    | stackalloc_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.8.3 Interpolated string expressions
interpolated_string_expression
    : interpolated_regular_string_expression
    | interpolated_verbatim_string_expression
    ;

// interpolated regular string expressions

interpolated_regular_string_expression
    : Interpolated_Regular_String_Start Interpolated_Regular_String_Mid?
      ('{' regular_interpolation '}' Interpolated_Regular_String_Mid?)*
      Interpolated_Regular_String_End
    ;

regular_interpolation
    : expression (',' interpolation_minimum_width)?
      Regular_Interpolation_Format?
    ;

interpolation_minimum_width
    : constant_expression
    ;

Interpolated_Regular_String_Start
    : '$"'
    ;

// the following three lexical rules are context sensitive, see details below

Interpolated_Regular_String_Mid
    : Interpolated_Regular_String_Element+
    ;

Regular_Interpolation_Format
    : ':' Interpolated_Regular_String_Element+
    ;

Interpolated_Regular_String_End
    : '"'
    ;

fragment Interpolated_Regular_String_Element
    : Interpolated_Regular_String_Character
    | Simple_Escape_Sequence
    | Hexadecimal_Escape_Sequence
    | Unicode_Escape_Sequence
    | Open_Brace_Escape_Sequence
    | Close_Brace_Escape_Sequence
    ;

fragment Interpolated_Regular_String_Character
    // Any character except " (U+0022), \\ (U+005C),
    // { (U+007B), } (U+007D), and New_Line_Character.
    : ~["\\{}\u000D\u000A\u0085\u2028\u2029]
    ;

// interpolated verbatim string expressions

interpolated_verbatim_string_expression
    : Interpolated_Verbatim_String_Start Interpolated_Verbatim_String_Mid?
      ('{' verbatim_interpolation '}' Interpolated_Verbatim_String_Mid?)*
      Interpolated_Verbatim_String_End
    ;

verbatim_interpolation
    : expression (',' interpolation_minimum_width)?
      Verbatim_Interpolation_Format?
    ;

Interpolated_Verbatim_String_Start
    : '$@"'
    | '@$"'
    ;

// the following three lexical rules are context sensitive, see details below

Interpolated_Verbatim_String_Mid
    : Interpolated_Verbatim_String_Element+
    ;

Verbatim_Interpolation_Format
    : ':' Interpolated_Verbatim_String_Element+
    ;

Interpolated_Verbatim_String_End
    : '"'
    ;

fragment Interpolated_Verbatim_String_Element
    : Interpolated_Verbatim_String_Character
    | Quote_Escape_Sequence
    | Open_Brace_Escape_Sequence
    | Close_Brace_Escape_Sequence
    ;

fragment Interpolated_Verbatim_String_Character
    : ~["{}]    // Any character except " (U+0022), { (U+007B) and } (U+007D)
    ;

// lexical fragments used by both regular and verbatim interpolated strings

fragment Open_Brace_Escape_Sequence
    : '{{'
    ;

fragment Close_Brace_Escape_Sequence
    : '}}'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.4 Simple names
simple_name
    : identifier type_argument_list?
    ;

// Source: §12.8.5 Parenthesized expressions
parenthesized_expression
    : '(' expression ')'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.6 Tuple expressions
tuple_expression
    : '(' tuple_element (',' tuple_element)+ ')'
    | deconstruction_expression
    ;
    
tuple_element
    : (identifier ':')? expression
    ;
    
deconstruction_expression
    : 'var' deconstruction_tuple
    ;
    
deconstruction_tuple
    : '(' deconstruction_element (',' deconstruction_element)+ ')'
    ;

deconstruction_element
    : deconstruction_tuple
    | identifier
    ;

// Source: §12.8.7.1 General
member_access
    : primary_expression '.' identifier type_argument_list?
    | predefined_type '.' identifier type_argument_list?
    | qualified_alias_member '.' identifier type_argument_list?
    ;

predefined_type
    : 'bool' | 'byte' | 'char' | 'decimal' | 'double' | 'float' | 'int'
    | 'long' | 'object' | 'sbyte' | 'short' | 'string' | 'uint' | 'ulong'
    | 'ushort'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.8 Null Conditional Member Access
null_conditional_member_access
    : primary_expression '?' '.' identifier type_argument_list?
      (null_forgiving_operator? dependent_access)*
    ;
    
dependent_access
    : '.' identifier type_argument_list?    // member access
    | '[' argument_list ']'                 // element access
    | '(' argument_list? ')'                // invocation
    ;

null_conditional_projection_initializer
    : primary_expression '?' '.' identifier type_argument_list?
    ;

// Source: §12.8.9.1 General
null_forgiving_expression
    : primary_expression null_forgiving_operator
    ;

null_forgiving_operator
    : '!'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.10.1 General
invocation_expression
    : primary_expression '(' argument_list? ')'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.11 Null Conditional Invocation Expression
null_conditional_invocation_expression
    : null_conditional_member_access null_forgiving_operator? '(' argument_list? ')'
    | null_conditional_element_access null_forgiving_operator? '(' argument_list? ')'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.12.1 General
element_access
    : primary_no_array_creation_expression '[' argument_list ']'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.13 Null Conditional Element Access
null_conditional_element_access
    : primary_no_array_creation_expression '?' '[' argument_list ']'
      (null_forgiving_operator? dependent_access)*
    ;

// Source: §12.8.14 This access
this_access
    : 'this'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.15 Base access
base_access
    : 'base' '.' identifier type_argument_list?
    | 'base' '[' argument_list ']'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.16 Postfix increment and decrement operators
post_increment_expression
    : primary_expression '++'
    ;

post_decrement_expression
    : primary_expression '--'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.17.2 Object creation expressions
object_creation_expression
    : 'new' type '(' argument_list? ')' object_or_collection_initializer?
    | 'new' type object_or_collection_initializer
    ;

object_or_collection_initializer
    : object_initializer
    | collection_initializer
    ;

// Source: §12.8.17.3 Object initializers
object_initializer
    : '{' member_initializer_list? '}'
    | '{' member_initializer_list ',' '}'
    ;

member_initializer_list
    : member_initializer (',' member_initializer)*
    ;

member_initializer
    : initializer_target '=' initializer_value
    ;

initializer_target
    : identifier
    | '[' argument_list ']'
    ;

initializer_value
    : expression
    | object_or_collection_initializer
    ;

// Source: §12.8.17.4 Collection initializers
collection_initializer
    : '{' element_initializer_list '}'
    | '{' element_initializer_list ',' '}'
    ;

element_initializer_list
    : element_initializer (',' element_initializer)*
    ;

element_initializer
    : non_assignment_expression
    | '{' expression_list '}'
    ;

expression_list
    : expression
    | expression_list ',' expression
    ;

// Source: §12.8.17.5 Array creation expressions
array_creation_expression
    : 'new' non_array_type '[' expression_list ']' rank_specifier*
      array_initializer?
    | 'new' array_type array_initializer
    | 'new' rank_specifier array_initializer
    ;

// Source: §12.8.17.6 Delegate creation expressions
delegate_creation_expression
    : 'new' delegate_type '(' expression ')'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.17.7 Anonymous object creation expressions
anonymous_object_creation_expression
    : 'new' anonymous_object_initializer
    ;

anonymous_object_initializer
    : '{' member_declarator_list? '}'
    | '{' member_declarator_list ',' '}'
    ;

member_declarator_list
    : member_declarator (',' member_declarator)*
    ;

member_declarator
    : simple_name
    | member_access
    | null_conditional_projection_initializer
    | base_access
    | identifier '=' expression
    ;

// Source: §12.8.18 The typeof operator
typeof_expression
    : 'typeof' '(' type ')'
    | 'typeof' '(' unbound_type_name ')'
    | 'typeof' '(' 'void' ')'
    ;

unbound_type_name
    : identifier generic_dimension_specifier?
    | identifier '::' identifier generic_dimension_specifier?
    | unbound_type_name '.' identifier generic_dimension_specifier?
    ;

generic_dimension_specifier
    : '<' comma* '>'
    ;

comma
    : ','
    ;


// Source: §12.8.19 The sizeof operator
sizeof_expression
    : 'sizeof' '(' unmanaged_type ')'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.20 The checked and unchecked operators
checked_expression
    : 'checked' '(' expression ')'
    ;

unchecked_expression
    : 'unchecked' '(' expression ')'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.21 Default value expressions
default_value_expression
    : explictly_typed_default
    | default_literal
    ;

explictly_typed_default
    : 'default' '(' type ')'
    ;

default_literal
    : 'default'
    ;

// Source: §12.8.22 Stack allocation
stackalloc_expression
    : 'stackalloc' unmanaged_type '[' expression ']'
    | 'stackalloc' unmanaged_type? '[' constant_expression? ']' stackalloc_initializer
    ;

stackalloc_initializer
     : '{' stackalloc_initializer_element_list '}'
     ;

stackalloc_initializer_element_list
     : stackalloc_element_initializer (',' stackalloc_element_initializer)* ','?
     ;
    
stackalloc_element_initializer
    : expression
    ;

// Source: §12.8.23 The nameof operator
nameof_expression
    : 'nameof' '(' named_entity ')'
    ;
    
named_entity
    : named_entity_target ('.' identifier type_argument_list?)*
    ;
    
named_entity_target
    : simple_name
    | 'this'
    | 'base'
    | predefined_type 
    | qualified_alias_member
    ;

// Source: §12.9.1 General
unary_expression
    : primary_expression
    | '+' unary_expression
    | '-' unary_expression
    | logical_negation_operator unary_expression
    | '~' unary_expression
    | pre_increment_expression
    | pre_decrement_expression
    | cast_expression
    | await_expression
    | pointer_indirection_expression    // unsafe code support
    | addressof_expression              // unsafe code support
    ;

// Source: §12.9.6 Prefix increment and decrement operators
pre_increment_expression
    : '++' unary_expression
    ;

pre_decrement_expression
    : '--' unary_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.9.7 Cast expressions
cast_expression
    : '(' type ')' unary_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.9.8.1 General
await_expression
    : 'await' unary_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.10.1 General
multiplicative_expression
    : unary_expression
    | multiplicative_expression '*' unary_expression
    | multiplicative_expression '/' unary_expression
    | multiplicative_expression '%' unary_expression
    ;

additive_expression
    : multiplicative_expression
    | additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
    | additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.11 Shift operators
shift_expression
    : additive_expression
    | shift_expression '<<' additive_expression
    | shift_expression right_shift additive_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.12.1 General
relational_expression
    : shift_expression
    | relational_expression '<' shift_expression
    | relational_expression '>' shift_expression
    | relational_expression '<=' shift_expression
    | relational_expression '>=' shift_expression
    | relational_expression 'is' type
    | relational_expression 'is' pattern
    | relational_expression 'as' type
    ;

equality_expression
    : relational_expression
    | equality_expression '==' relational_expression
    | equality_expression '!=' relational_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.13.1 General
and_expression
    : equality_expression
    | and_expression '&' equality_expression
    ;

exclusive_or_expression
    : and_expression
    | exclusive_or_expression '^' and_expression
    ;

inclusive_or_expression
    : exclusive_or_expression
    | inclusive_or_expression '|' exclusive_or_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.14.1 General
conditional_and_expression
    : inclusive_or_expression
    | conditional_and_expression '&&' inclusive_or_expression
    ;

conditional_or_expression
    : conditional_and_expression
    | conditional_or_expression '||' conditional_and_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.15 The null coalescing operator
null_coalescing_expression
    : conditional_or_expression
    | conditional_or_expression '??' null_coalescing_expression
    | throw_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.16 The throw expression operator
throw_expression
    : 'throw' null_coalescing_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.17 Declaration expressions
declaration_expression
    : local_variable_type identifier
    ;

local_variable_type
    : type
    | 'var'
    ;

// Source: §12.18 Conditional operator
conditional_expression
    : null_coalescing_expression
    | null_coalescing_expression '?' expression ':' expression
    | null_coalescing_expression '?' 'ref' variable_reference ':'
      'ref' variable_reference
    ;

// Source: §12.19.1 General
lambda_expression
    : 'async'? anonymous_function_signature '=>' anonymous_function_body
    ;

anonymous_method_expression
    : 'async'? 'delegate' explicit_anonymous_function_signature? block
    ;

anonymous_function_signature
    : explicit_anonymous_function_signature
    | implicit_anonymous_function_signature
    ;

explicit_anonymous_function_signature
    : '(' explicit_anonymous_function_parameter_list? ')'
    ;

explicit_anonymous_function_parameter_list
    : explicit_anonymous_function_parameter
      (',' explicit_anonymous_function_parameter)*
    ;

explicit_anonymous_function_parameter
    : anonymous_function_parameter_modifier? type identifier
    ;

anonymous_function_parameter_modifier
    : 'ref'
    | 'out'
    | 'in'
    ;

implicit_anonymous_function_signature
    : '(' implicit_anonymous_function_parameter_list? ')'
    | implicit_anonymous_function_parameter
    ;

implicit_anonymous_function_parameter_list
    : implicit_anonymous_function_parameter
      (',' implicit_anonymous_function_parameter)*
    ;

implicit_anonymous_function_parameter
    : identifier
    ;

anonymous_function_body
    : null_conditional_invocation_expression
    | expression
    | 'ref' variable_reference
    | block
    ;

// Source: §12.20.1 General
query_expression
    : from_clause query_body
    ;

from_clause
    : 'from' type? identifier 'in' expression
    ;

query_body
    : query_body_clauses? select_or_group_clause query_continuation?
    ;

query_body_clauses
    : query_body_clause
    | query_body_clauses query_body_clause
    ;

query_body_clause
    : from_clause
    | let_clause
    | where_clause
    | join_clause
    | join_into_clause
    | orderby_clause
    ;

let_clause
    : 'let' identifier '=' expression
    ;

where_clause
    : 'where' boolean_expression
    ;

join_clause
    : 'join' type? identifier 'in' expression 'on' expression
      'equals' expression
    ;

join_into_clause
    : 'join' type? identifier 'in' expression 'on' expression
      'equals' expression 'into' identifier
    ;

orderby_clause
    : 'orderby' orderings
    ;

orderings
    : ordering (',' ordering)*
    ;

ordering
    : expression ordering_direction?
    ;

ordering_direction
    : 'ascending'
    | 'descending'
    ;

select_or_group_clause
    : select_clause
    | group_clause
    ;

select_clause
    : 'select' expression
    ;

group_clause
    : 'group' expression 'by' expression
    ;

query_continuation
    : 'into' identifier query_body
    ;

// Source: §12.21.1 General
assignment
    : unary_expression assignment_operator expression
    ;

assignment_operator
    : '=' 'ref'? | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '%=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' | '<<='
    | right_shift_assignment
    ;

// Source: §12.22 Expression
expression
    : non_assignment_expression
    | assignment
    ;

non_assignment_expression
    : declaration_expression
    | conditional_expression
    | lambda_expression
    | query_expression
    ;

// Source: §12.23 Constant expressions
constant_expression
    : expression
    ;

// Source: §12.24 Boolean expressions
boolean_expression
    : expression
    ;

// Source: §13.1 General
statement
    : labeled_statement
    | declaration_statement
    | embedded_statement
    ;

embedded_statement
    : block
    | empty_statement
    | expression_statement
    | selection_statement
    | iteration_statement
    | jump_statement
    | try_statement
    | checked_statement
    | unchecked_statement
    | lock_statement
    | using_statement
    | yield_statement
    | unsafe_statement   // unsafe code support
    | fixed_statement    // unsafe code support
    ;

// Source: §13.3.1 General
block
    : '{' statement_list? '}'
    ;

// Source: §13.3.2 Statement lists
statement_list
    : statement+
    ;

// Source: §13.4 The empty statement
empty_statement
    : ';'
    ;

// Source: §13.5 Labeled statements
labeled_statement
    : identifier ':' statement
    ;

// Source: §13.6.1 General
declaration_statement
    : local_variable_declaration ';'
    | local_constant_declaration ';'
    | local_function_declaration
    ;

// Source: §13.6.2.1 General
local_variable_declaration
    : implicitly_typed_local_variable_declaration
    | explicitly_typed_local_variable_declaration
    | explicitly_typed_ref_local_variable_declaration
    ;

// Source: §13.6.2.2 Implicitly typed local variable declarations
implicitly_typed_local_variable_declaration
    : 'var' implicitly_typed_local_variable_declarator
    | ref_kind 'var' ref_local_variable_declarator
    ;

implicitly_typed_local_variable_declarator
    : identifier '=' expression
    ;

// Source: §13.6.2.3 Explicitly typed local variable declarations
explicitly_typed_local_variable_declaration
    : type explicitly_typed_local_variable_declarators
    ;

explicitly_typed_local_variable_declarators
    : explicitly_typed_local_variable_declarator
      (',' explicitly_typed_local_variable_declarator)*
    ;

explicitly_typed_local_variable_declarator
    : identifier ('=' local_variable_initializer)?
    ;

local_variable_initializer
    : expression
    | array_initializer
    ;

// Source: §13.6.2.4 Explicitly typed ref local variable declarations
explicitly_typed_ref_local_variable_declaration
    : ref_kind type ref_local_variable_declarators
    ;

ref_local_variable_declarators
    : ref_local_variable_declarator (',' ref_local_variable_declarator)*
    ;

ref_local_variable_declarator
    : identifier '=' 'ref' variable_reference
    ;

// Source: §13.6.3 Local constant declarations
local_constant_declaration
    : 'const' type constant_declarators
    ;

constant_declarators
    : constant_declarator (',' constant_declarator)*
    ;

constant_declarator
    : identifier '=' constant_expression
    ;

// Source: §13.6.4 Local function declarations
local_function_declaration
    : local_function_modifier* return_type local_function_header
      local_function_body
    | ref_local_function_modifier* ref_kind ref_return_type
      local_function_header ref_local_function_body
    ;

local_function_header
    : identifier '(' parameter_list? ')'
    | identifier type_parameter_list '(' parameter_list? ')'
      type_parameter_constraints_clause*
    ;

local_function_modifier
    : ref_local_function_modifier
    | 'async'
    ;

ref_local_function_modifier
    : 'static'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

local_function_body
    : block
    | '=>' null_conditional_invocation_expression ';'
    | '=>' expression ';'
    ;

ref_local_function_body
    : block
    | '=>' 'ref' variable_reference ';'
    ;

// Source: §13.7 Expression statements
expression_statement
    : statement_expression ';'
    ;

statement_expression
    : null_conditional_invocation_expression
    | invocation_expression
    | object_creation_expression
    | assignment
    | post_increment_expression
    | post_decrement_expression
    | pre_increment_expression
    | pre_decrement_expression
    | await_expression
    ;

// Source: §13.8.1 General
selection_statement
    : if_statement
    | switch_statement
    ;

// Source: §13.8.2 The if statement
if_statement
    : 'if' '(' boolean_expression ')' embedded_statement
    | 'if' '(' boolean_expression ')' embedded_statement
      'else' embedded_statement
    ;

// Source: §13.8.3 The switch statement
switch_statement
    : 'switch' '(' expression ')' switch_block
    ;

switch_block
    : '{' switch_section* '}'
    ;

switch_section
    : switch_label+ statement_list
    ;

switch_label
    : 'case' pattern case_guard?  ':'
    | 'default' ':'
    ;

case_guard
    : 'when' expression
    ;

// Source: §13.9.1 General
iteration_statement
    : while_statement
    | do_statement
    | for_statement
    | foreach_statement
    ;

// Source: §13.9.2 The while statement
while_statement
    : 'while' '(' boolean_expression ')' embedded_statement
    ;

// Source: §13.9.3 The do statement
do_statement
    : 'do' embedded_statement 'while' '(' boolean_expression ')' ';'
    ;

// Source: §13.9.4 The for statement
for_statement
    : 'for' '(' for_initializer? ';' for_condition? ';' for_iterator? ')'
      embedded_statement
    ;

for_initializer
    : local_variable_declaration
    | statement_expression_list
    ;

for_condition
    : boolean_expression
    ;

for_iterator
    : statement_expression_list
    ;

statement_expression_list
    : statement_expression (',' statement_expression)*
    ;

// Source: §13.9.5 The foreach statement
foreach_statement
    : 'foreach' '(' ref_kind? local_variable_type identifier 'in' 
      expression ')' embedded_statement
    ;

// Source: §13.10.1 General
jump_statement
    : break_statement
    | continue_statement
    | goto_statement
    | return_statement
    | throw_statement
    ;

// Source: §13.10.2 The break statement
break_statement
    : 'break' ';'
    ;

// Source: §13.10.3 The continue statement
continue_statement
    : 'continue' ';'
    ;

// Source: §13.10.4 The goto statement
goto_statement
    : 'goto' identifier ';'
    | 'goto' 'case' constant_expression ';'
    | 'goto' 'default' ';'
    ;

// Source: §13.10.5 The return statement
return_statement
    : 'return' ';'
    | 'return' expression ';'
    | 'return' 'ref' variable_reference ';'
    ;

// Source: §13.10.6 The throw statement
throw_statement
    : 'throw' expression? ';'
    ;

// Source: §13.11 The try statement
try_statement
    : 'try' block catch_clauses
    | 'try' block catch_clauses? finally_clause
    ;

catch_clauses
    : specific_catch_clause+
    | specific_catch_clause* general_catch_clause
    ;

specific_catch_clause
    : 'catch' exception_specifier exception_filter? block
    | 'catch' exception_filter block
    ;

exception_specifier
    : '(' type identifier? ')'
    ;

exception_filter
    : 'when' '(' boolean_expression ')'
    ;

general_catch_clause
    : 'catch' block
    ;

finally_clause
    : 'finally' block
    ;

// Source: §13.12 The checked and unchecked statements
checked_statement
    : 'checked' block
    ;

unchecked_statement
    : 'unchecked' block
    ;

// Source: §13.13 The lock statement
lock_statement
    : 'lock' '(' expression ')' embedded_statement
    ;

// Source: §13.14 The using statement
using_statement
    : 'using' '(' resource_acquisition ')' embedded_statement
    ;

resource_acquisition
    : local_variable_declaration
    | expression
    ;

// Source: §13.15 The yield statement
yield_statement
    : 'yield' 'return' expression ';'
    | 'yield' 'break' ';'
    ;

// Source: §14.2 Compilation units
compilation_unit
    : extern_alias_directive* using_directive* global_attributes?
      namespace_member_declaration*
    ;

// Source: §14.3 Namespace declarations
namespace_declaration
    : 'namespace' qualified_identifier namespace_body ';'?
    ;

qualified_identifier
    : identifier ('.' identifier)*
    ;

namespace_body
    : '{' extern_alias_directive* using_directive*
      namespace_member_declaration* '}'
    ;

// Source: §14.4 Extern alias directives
extern_alias_directive
    : 'extern' 'alias' identifier ';'
    ;

// Source: §14.5.1 General
using_directive
    : using_alias_directive
    | using_namespace_directive
    | using_static_directive    
    ;

// Source: §14.5.2 Using alias directives
using_alias_directive
    : 'using' identifier '=' namespace_or_type_name ';'
    ;

// Source: §14.5.3 Using namespace directives
using_namespace_directive
    : 'using' namespace_name ';'
    ;

// Source: §14.5.4 Using static directives
using_static_directive
    : 'using' 'static' type_name ';'
    ;

// Source: §14.6 Namespace member declarations
namespace_member_declaration
    : namespace_declaration
    | type_declaration
    ;

// Source: §14.7 Type declarations
type_declaration
    : class_declaration
    | struct_declaration
    | interface_declaration
    | enum_declaration
    | delegate_declaration
    ;

// Source: §14.8.1 General
qualified_alias_member
    : identifier '::' identifier type_argument_list?
    ;

// Source: §15.2.1 General
class_declaration
    : attributes? class_modifier* 'partial'? 'class' identifier
        type_parameter_list? class_base? type_parameter_constraints_clause*
        class_body ';'?
    ;

// Source: §15.2.2.1 General
class_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | 'abstract'
    | 'sealed'
    | 'static'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

// Source: §15.2.3 Type parameters
type_parameter_list
    : '<' type_parameters '>'
    ;

type_parameters
    : attributes? type_parameter
    | type_parameters ',' attributes? type_parameter
    ;

// Source: §15.2.4.1 General
class_base
    : ':' class_type
    | ':' interface_type_list
    | ':' class_type ',' interface_type_list
    ;

interface_type_list
    : interface_type (',' interface_type)*
    ;

// Source: §15.2.5 Type parameter constraints
type_parameter_constraints_clauses
    : type_parameter_constraints_clause
    | type_parameter_constraints_clauses type_parameter_constraints_clause
    ;

type_parameter_constraints_clause
    : 'where' type_parameter ':' type_parameter_constraints
    ;

type_parameter_constraints
    : primary_constraint (',' secondary_constraints)? (',' constructor_constraint)?
    | secondary_constraints (',' constructor_constraint)?
    | constructor_constraint
    ;

primary_constraint
    : class_type nullable_type_annotation?
    | 'class' nullable_type_annotation?
    | 'struct'
    | 'notnull'
    | 'unmanaged'
    ;

secondary_constraint
    : interface_type nullable_type_annotation?
    | type_parameter nullable_type_annotation?
    ;

secondary_constraints
    : secondary_constraint (',' secondary_constraint)*
    ;

constructor_constraint
    : 'new' '(' ')'
    ;

// Source: §15.2.6 Class body
class_body
    : '{' class_member_declaration* '}'
    ;

// Source: §15.3.1 General
class_member_declaration
    : constant_declaration
    | field_declaration
    | method_declaration
    | property_declaration
    | event_declaration
    | indexer_declaration
    | operator_declaration
    | constructor_declaration
    | finalizer_declaration
    | static_constructor_declaration
    | type_declaration
    ;

// Source: §15.4 Constants
constant_declaration
    : attributes? constant_modifier* 'const' type constant_declarators ';'
    ;

constant_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    ;

// Source: §15.5.1 General
field_declaration
    : attributes? field_modifier* type variable_declarators ';'
    ;

field_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | 'static'
    | 'readonly'
    | 'volatile'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

variable_declarators
    : variable_declarator (',' variable_declarator)*
    ;

variable_declarator
    : identifier ('=' variable_initializer)?
    ;

// Source: §15.6.1 General
method_declaration
    : attributes? method_modifiers return_type method_header method_body
    | attributes? ref_method_modifiers ref_kind ref_return_type method_header
      ref_method_body
    ;

method_modifiers
    : method_modifier* 'partial'?
    ;

ref_kind
    : 'ref'
    | 'ref' 'readonly'
    ;

ref_method_modifiers
    : ref_method_modifier*
    ;

method_header
    : member_name '(' parameter_list? ')'
    | member_name type_parameter_list '(' parameter_list? ')'
      type_parameter_constraints_clause*
    ;

method_modifier
    : ref_method_modifier
    | 'async'
    ;

ref_method_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | 'static'
    | 'virtual'
    | 'sealed'
    | 'override'
    | 'abstract'
    | 'extern'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

return_type
    : ref_return_type
    | 'void'
    ;

ref_return_type
    : type
    ;

member_name
    : identifier
    | interface_type '.' identifier
    ;

method_body
    : block
    | '=>' null_conditional_invocation_expression ';'
    | '=>' expression ';'
    | ';'
    ;

ref_method_body
    : block
    | '=>' 'ref' variable_reference ';'
    | ';'
    ;

// Source: §15.6.2.1 General
parameter_list
    : fixed_parameters
    | fixed_parameters ',' parameter_array
    | parameter_array
    ;

fixed_parameters
    : fixed_parameter (',' fixed_parameter)*
    ;

fixed_parameter
    : attributes? parameter_modifier? type identifier default_argument?
    ;

default_argument
    : '=' expression
    ;

parameter_modifier
    : parameter_mode_modifier
    | 'this'
    ;

parameter_mode_modifier
    : 'ref'
    | 'out'
    | 'in'
    ;

parameter_array
    : attributes? 'params' array_type identifier
    ;

// Source: §15.7.1 General
property_declaration
    : attributes? property_modifier* type member_name property_body
    | attributes? property_modifier* ref_kind type member_name ref_property_body
    ;    

property_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | 'static'
    | 'virtual'
    | 'sealed'
    | 'override'
    | 'abstract'
    | 'extern'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;
    
property_body
    : '{' accessor_declarations '}' property_initializer?
    | '=>' expression ';'
    ;

property_initializer
    : '=' variable_initializer ';'
    ;

ref_property_body
    : '{' ref_get_accessor_declaration '}'
    | '=>' 'ref' variable_reference ';'
    ;

// Source: §15.7.3 Accessors
accessor_declarations
    : get_accessor_declaration set_accessor_declaration?
    | set_accessor_declaration get_accessor_declaration?
    ;

get_accessor_declaration
    : attributes? accessor_modifier? 'get' accessor_body
    ;

set_accessor_declaration
    : attributes? accessor_modifier? 'set' accessor_body
    ;

accessor_modifier
    : 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | 'protected' 'internal'
    | 'internal' 'protected'
    | 'protected' 'private'
    | 'private' 'protected'
    ;

accessor_body
    : block
    | '=>' expression ';'
    | ';' 
    ;

ref_get_accessor_declaration
    : attributes? accessor_modifier? 'get' ref_accessor_body
    ;
    
ref_accessor_body
    : block
    | '=>' 'ref' variable_reference ';'
    | ';'
    ;

// Source: §15.8.1 General
event_declaration
    : attributes? event_modifier* 'event' type variable_declarators ';'
    | attributes? event_modifier* 'event' type member_name
        '{' event_accessor_declarations '}'
    ;

event_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | 'static'
    | 'virtual'
    | 'sealed'
    | 'override'
    | 'abstract'
    | 'extern'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

event_accessor_declarations
    : add_accessor_declaration remove_accessor_declaration
    | remove_accessor_declaration add_accessor_declaration
    ;

add_accessor_declaration
    : attributes? 'add' block
    ;

remove_accessor_declaration
    : attributes? 'remove' block
    ;

// Source: §15.9.1 General
indexer_declaration
    : attributes? indexer_modifier* indexer_declarator indexer_body
    | attributes? indexer_modifier* ref_kind indexer_declarator ref_indexer_body
    ;

indexer_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | 'virtual'
    | 'sealed'
    | 'override'
    | 'abstract'
    | 'extern'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

indexer_declarator
    : type 'this' '[' parameter_list ']'
    | type interface_type '.' 'this' '[' parameter_list ']'
    ;

indexer_body
    : '{' accessor_declarations '}' 
    | '=>' expression ';'
    ;  

ref_indexer_body
    : '{' ref_get_accessor_declaration '}'
    | '=>' 'ref' variable_reference ';'
    ;

// Source: §15.10.1 General
operator_declaration
    : attributes? operator_modifier+ operator_declarator operator_body
    ;

operator_modifier
    : 'public'
    | 'static'
    | 'extern'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

operator_declarator
    : unary_operator_declarator
    | binary_operator_declarator
    | conversion_operator_declarator
    ;

unary_operator_declarator
    : type 'operator' overloadable_unary_operator '(' fixed_parameter ')'
    ;

logical_negation_operator
    : '!'
    ;

overloadable_unary_operator
    : '+' | '-' | logical_negation_operator | '~' | '++' | '--' | 'true' | 'false'
    ;

binary_operator_declarator
    : type 'operator' overloadable_binary_operator
        '(' fixed_parameter ',' fixed_parameter ')'
    ;

overloadable_binary_operator
    : '+'  | '-'  | '*'  | '/'  | '%'  | '&' | '|' | '^'  | '<<' 
    | right_shift | '==' | '!=' | '>' | '<' | '>=' | '<='
    ;

conversion_operator_declarator
    : 'implicit' 'operator' type '(' fixed_parameter ')'
    | 'explicit' 'operator' type '(' fixed_parameter ')'
    ;

operator_body
    : block
    | '=>' expression ';'
    | ';'
    ;

// Source: §15.11.1 General
constructor_declaration
    : attributes? constructor_modifier* constructor_declarator constructor_body
    ;

constructor_modifier
    : 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | 'extern'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

constructor_declarator
    : identifier '(' parameter_list? ')' constructor_initializer?
    ;

constructor_initializer
    : ':' 'base' '(' argument_list? ')'
    | ':' 'this' '(' argument_list? ')'
    ;

constructor_body
    : block
    | '=>' expression ';'
    | ';'
    ;

// Source: §15.12 Static constructors
static_constructor_declaration
    : attributes? static_constructor_modifiers identifier '(' ')'
        static_constructor_body
    ;

static_constructor_modifiers
    : 'static'
    | 'static' 'extern' unsafe_modifier?
    | 'static' unsafe_modifier 'extern'?
    | 'extern' 'static' unsafe_modifier?
    | 'extern' unsafe_modifier 'static'
    | unsafe_modifier 'static' 'extern'?
    | unsafe_modifier 'extern' 'static'
    ;

static_constructor_body
    : block
    | '=>' expression ';'
    | ';'
    ;

// Source: §15.13 Finalizers
finalizer_declaration
    : attributes? '~' identifier '(' ')' finalizer_body
    | attributes? 'extern' unsafe_modifier? '~' identifier '(' ')'
      finalizer_body
    | attributes? unsafe_modifier 'extern'? '~' identifier '(' ')'
      finalizer_body
    ;

finalizer_body
    : block
    | '=>' expression ';'
    | ';'
    ;

// Source: §16.2.1 General
struct_declaration
    : attributes? struct_modifier* 'ref'? 'partial'? 'struct'
      identifier type_parameter_list? struct_interfaces?
      type_parameter_constraints_clause* struct_body ';'?
    ;

// Source: §16.2.2 Struct modifiers
struct_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | 'readonly'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

// Source: §16.2.5 Struct interfaces
struct_interfaces
    : ':' interface_type_list
    ;

// Source: §16.2.6 Struct body
struct_body
    : '{' struct_member_declaration* '}'
    ;

// Source: §16.3 Struct members
struct_member_declaration
    : constant_declaration
    | field_declaration
    | method_declaration
    | property_declaration
    | event_declaration
    | indexer_declaration
    | operator_declaration
    | constructor_declaration
    | static_constructor_declaration
    | type_declaration
    | fixed_size_buffer_declaration   // unsafe code support
    ;

// Source: §17.7 Array initializers
array_initializer
    : '{' variable_initializer_list? '}'
    | '{' variable_initializer_list ',' '}'
    ;

variable_initializer_list
    : variable_initializer (',' variable_initializer)*
    ;
    
variable_initializer
    : expression
    | array_initializer
    ;

// Source: §18.2.1 General
interface_declaration
    : attributes? interface_modifier* 'partial'? 'interface'
      identifier variant_type_parameter_list? interface_base?
      type_parameter_constraints_clause* interface_body ';'?
    ;

// Source: §18.2.2 Interface modifiers
interface_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

// Source: §18.2.3.1 General
variant_type_parameter_list
    : '<' variant_type_parameters '>'
    ;

// Source: §18.2.3.1 General
variant_type_parameters
    : attributes? variance_annotation? type_parameter
    | variant_type_parameters ',' attributes? variance_annotation?
      type_parameter
    ;

// Source: §18.2.3.1 General
variance_annotation
    : 'in'
    | 'out'
    ;

// Source: §18.2.4 Base interfaces
interface_base
    : ':' interface_type_list
    ;

// Source: §18.3 Interface body
interface_body
    : '{' interface_member_declaration* '}'
    ;

// Source: §18.4.1 General
interface_member_declaration
    : interface_method_declaration
    | interface_property_declaration
    | interface_event_declaration
    | interface_indexer_declaration
    ;

// Source: §18.4.2 Interface methods
interface_method_declaration
    : attributes? 'new'? return_type interface_method_header
    | attributes? 'new'? ref_kind ref_return_type interface_method_header
    ;

interface_method_header
    : identifier '(' parameter_list? ')' ';'
    | identifier type_parameter_list '(' parameter_list? ')'
      type_parameter_constraints_clause* ';'
    ;

// Source: §18.4.3 Interface properties
interface_property_declaration
    : attributes? 'new'? type identifier '{' interface_accessors '}'
    | attributes? 'new'? ref_kind type identifier '{' ref_interface_accessor '}'
    ;

interface_accessors
    : attributes? 'get' ';'
    | attributes? 'set' ';'
    | attributes? 'get' ';' attributes? 'set' ';'
    | attributes? 'set' ';' attributes? 'get' ';'
    ;

ref_interface_accessor
    : attributes? 'get' ';'
    ;

// Source: §18.4.4 Interface events
interface_event_declaration
    : attributes? 'new'? 'event' type identifier ';'
    ;

// Source: §18.4.5 Interface indexers
interface_indexer_declaration
    : attributes? 'new'? type 'this' '[' parameter_list ']'
      '{' interface_accessors '}'
    | attributes? 'new'? ref_kind type 'this' '[' parameter_list ']'
      '{' ref_interface_accessor '}'
    ;

// Source: §19.2 Enum declarations
enum_declaration
    : attributes? enum_modifier* 'enum' identifier enum_base? enum_body ';'?
    ;

enum_base
    : ':' integral_type
    | ':' integral_type_name
    ;

integral_type_name
    : type_name // Shall resolve to an integral type other than char
    ;

enum_body
    : '{' enum_member_declarations? '}'
    | '{' enum_member_declarations ',' '}'
    ;

// Source: §19.3 Enum modifiers
enum_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    ;

// Source: §19.4 Enum members
enum_member_declarations
    : enum_member_declaration (',' enum_member_declaration)*
    ;

// Source: §19.4 Enum members
enum_member_declaration
    : attributes? identifier ('=' constant_expression)?
    ;

// Source: §20.2 Delegate declarations
delegate_declaration
    : attributes? delegate_modifier* 'delegate' return_type delegate_header
    | attributes? delegate_modifier* 'delegate' ref_kind ref_return_type
      delegate_header
    ;

delegate_header
    : identifier '(' parameter_list? ')' ';'
    | identifier variant_type_parameter_list '(' parameter_list? ')'
      type_parameter_constraints_clause* ';'
    ;
    
delegate_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'protected'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | unsafe_modifier   // unsafe code support
    ;

// Source: §22.3 Attribute specification
global_attributes
    : global_attribute_section+
    ;

global_attribute_section
    : '[' global_attribute_target_specifier attribute_list ']'
    | '[' global_attribute_target_specifier attribute_list ',' ']'
    ;

global_attribute_target_specifier
    : global_attribute_target ':'
    ;

global_attribute_target
    : identifier
    ;

attributes
    : attribute_section+
    ;

attribute_section
    : '[' attribute_target_specifier? attribute_list ']'
    | '[' attribute_target_specifier? attribute_list ',' ']'
    ;

attribute_target_specifier
    : attribute_target ':'
    ;

attribute_target
    : identifier
    | keyword
    ;

attribute_list
    : attribute (',' attribute)*
    ;

attribute
    : attribute_name attribute_arguments?
    ;

attribute_name
    : type_name
    ;

attribute_arguments
    : '(' ')'
    | '(' positional_argument_list (',' named_argument_list)? ')'
    | '(' named_argument_list ')'
    ;

positional_argument_list
    : positional_argument (',' positional_argument)*
    ;

positional_argument
    : argument_name? attribute_argument_expression
    ;

named_argument_list
    : named_argument (','  named_argument)*
    ;

named_argument
    : identifier '=' attribute_argument_expression
    ;

attribute_argument_expression
    : non_assignment_expression
    ;

Extensions de grammaire A.4 pour le code non sécurisé


// Source: §23.2 Unsafe contexts
unsafe_modifier
    : 'unsafe'
    ;

unsafe_statement
    : 'unsafe' block
    ;

// Source: §23.3 Pointer types
pointer_type
    : value_type ('*')+
    | 'void' ('*')+
    ;

// Source: §23.6.2 Pointer indirection
pointer_indirection_expression
    : '*' unary_expression
    ;

// Source: §23.6.3 Pointer member access
pointer_member_access
    : primary_expression '->' identifier type_argument_list?
    ;

// Source: §23.6.4 Pointer element access
pointer_element_access
    : primary_no_array_creation_expression '[' expression ']'
    ;

// Source: §23.6.5 The address-of operator
addressof_expression
    : '&' unary_expression
    ;

// Source: §23.7 The fixed statement
fixed_statement
    : 'fixed' '(' pointer_type fixed_pointer_declarators ')' embedded_statement
    ;

fixed_pointer_declarators
    : fixed_pointer_declarator (','  fixed_pointer_declarator)*
    ;

fixed_pointer_declarator
    : identifier '=' fixed_pointer_initializer
    ;

fixed_pointer_initializer
    : '&' variable_reference
    | expression
    ;

// Source: §23.8.2 Fixed-size buffer declarations
fixed_size_buffer_declaration
    : attributes? fixed_size_buffer_modifier* 'fixed' buffer_element_type
      fixed_size_buffer_declarators ';'
    ;

fixed_size_buffer_modifier
    : 'new'
    | 'public'
    | 'internal'
    | 'private'
    | 'unsafe'
    ;

buffer_element_type
    : type
    ;

fixed_size_buffer_declarators
    : fixed_size_buffer_declarator (',' fixed_size_buffer_declarator)*
    ;

fixed_size_buffer_declarator
    : identifier '[' constant_expression ']'
    ;

Fin du texte informatif.

Partager via

Annexe A Grammar

A.1 Général

Grammaire lexicale A.2

Grammaire syntactique A.3

Extensions de grammaire A.4 pour le code non sécurisé

Ressources supplémentaires