Comment : utiliser des événements dans C++/CLI
Cet article montre comment utiliser une interface qui déclare un événement et une fonction pour appeler cet événement, ainsi que le gestionnaire d’événements et de classe qui implémentent l’interface.
Événements d’interface
L’exemple de code suivant ajoute un gestionnaire d’événements, appelle l’événement, ce qui entraîne l’écriture du nom du gestionnaire d’événements dans la console, puis supprime le gestionnaire d’événements.
// mcppv2_events2.cpp
// compile with: /clr
using namespace System;
delegate void Del(int, float);
// interface that has an event and a function to invoke the event
interface struct I {
public:
event Del ^ E;
void fire(int, float);
};
// class that implements the interface event and function
ref class EventSource: public I {
public:
virtual event Del^ E;
virtual void fire(int i, float f) {
E(i, f);
}
};
// class that defines the event handler
ref class EventReceiver {
public:
void Handler(int i , float f) {
Console::WriteLine("EventReceiver::Handler");
}
};
int main () {
I^ es = gcnew EventSource();
EventReceiver^ er = gcnew EventReceiver();
// hook the handler to the event
es->E += gcnew Del(er, &EventReceiver::Handler);
// call the event
es -> fire(1, 3.14);
// unhook the handler from the event
es->E -= gcnew Del(er, &EventReceiver::Handler);
}
Sortie
EventReceiver::Handler
Méthodes d’accesseur personnalisées
L’exemple suivant montre comment définir le comportement d’un événement lorsque des gestionnaires sont ajoutés ou supprimés, et quand un événement est déclenché.
// mcppv2_events6.cpp
// compile with: /clr
using namespace System;
public delegate void MyDel();
public delegate int MyDel2(int, float);
ref class EventSource {
public:
MyDel ^ pE;
MyDel2 ^ pE2;
event MyDel^ E {
void add(MyDel^ p) {
pE = static_cast<MyDel^> (Delegate::Combine(pE, p));
// cannot refer directly to the event
// E = static_cast<MyDel^> (Delegate::Combine(pE, p)); // error
}
void remove(MyDel^ p) {
pE = static_cast<MyDel^> (Delegate::Remove(pE, p));
}
void raise() {
if (pE != nullptr)
pE->Invoke();
}
} // E event block
event MyDel2^ E2 {
void add(MyDel2^ p2) {
pE2 = static_cast<MyDel2^> (Delegate::Combine(pE2, p2));
}
void remove(MyDel2^ p2) {
pE2 = static_cast<MyDel2^> (Delegate::Remove(pE2, p2));
}
int raise(int i, float f) {
if (pE2 != nullptr) {
return pE2->Invoke(i, f);
}
return 1;
}
} // E2 event block
};
public ref struct EventReceiver {
void H1() {
Console::WriteLine("In event handler H1");
}
int H2(int i, float f) {
Console::WriteLine("In event handler H2 with args {0} and {1}", i.ToString(), f.ToString());
return 0;
}
};
int main() {
EventSource ^ pE = gcnew EventSource;
EventReceiver ^ pR = gcnew EventReceiver;
// hook event handlers
pE->E += gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
pE->E2 += gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);
// raise events
pE->E();
pE->E2::raise(1, 2.2); // call event through scope path
// unhook event handlers
pE->E -= gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
pE->E2 -= gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);
// raise events, but no handlers
pE->E();
pE->E2::raise(1, 2.5);
}
Sortie
In event handler H1
In event handler H2 with args 1 and 2.2
Remplacer l’accès par défaut sur les accesseurs d’ajout, de suppression et de levée
Cet exemple montre comment remplacer l’accès par défaut sur les méthodes d’ajout, de suppression et de déclencher des événements :
// mcppv2_events3.cpp
// compile with: /clr
public delegate void f(int);
public ref struct E {
f ^ _E;
public:
void handler(int i) {
System::Console::WriteLine(i);
}
E() {
_E = nullptr;
}
event f^ Event {
void add(f ^ d) {
_E += d;
}
private:
void remove(f ^ d) {
_E -= d;
}
protected:
void raise(int i) {
if (_E) {
_E->Invoke(i);
}
}
}
// a member function to access all event methods
static void Go() {
E^ pE = gcnew E;
pE->Event += gcnew f(pE, &E::handler);
pE->Event(17); // prints 17
pE->Event -= gcnew f(pE, &E::handler);
pE->Event(17); // no output
}
};
int main() {
E::Go();
}
Sortie
17
Gestionnaires d’événements multiples
Un récepteur d’événements, ou tout autre code client, peut ajouter un ou plusieurs gestionnaires à un événement.
// mcppv2_events4.cpp
// compile with: /clr
using namespace System;
#include <stdio.h>
delegate void ClickEventHandler(int, double);
delegate void DblClickEventHandler(String^);
ref class EventSource {
public:
event ClickEventHandler^ OnClick;
event DblClickEventHandler^ OnDblClick;
void FireEvents() {
OnClick(7, 3.14159);
OnDblClick("Started");
}
};
ref struct EventReceiver {
public:
void Handler1(int x, double y) {
System::Console::Write("Click(x={0},y={1})\n", x, y);
};
void Handler2(String^ s) {
System::Console::Write("DblClick(s={0})\n", s);
}
void Handler3(String^ s) {
System::Console::WriteLine("DblClickAgain(s={0})\n", s);
}
void AddHandlers(EventSource^ pES) {
pES->OnClick +=
gcnew ClickEventHandler(this,&EventReceiver::Handler1);
pES->OnDblClick +=
gcnew DblClickEventHandler(this,&EventReceiver::Handler2);
pES->OnDblClick +=
gcnew DblClickEventHandler(this, &EventReceiver::Handler3);
}
void RemoveHandlers(EventSource^ pES) {
pES->OnClick -=
gcnew ClickEventHandler(this, &EventReceiver::Handler1);
pES->OnDblClick -=
gcnew DblClickEventHandler(this, &EventReceiver::Handler2);
pES->OnDblClick -=
gcnew DblClickEventHandler(this, &EventReceiver::Handler3);
}
};
int main() {
EventSource^ pES = gcnew EventSource;
EventReceiver^ pER = gcnew EventReceiver;
// add handlers
pER->AddHandlers(pES);
pES->FireEvents();
// remove handlers
pER->RemoveHandlers(pES);
}
Sortie
Click(x=7,y=3.14159)
DblClick(s=System.Char[])
DblClickAgain(s=System.Char[])
Événements statiques
L’exemple suivant montre comment définir et utiliser des événements statiques.
// mcppv2_events7.cpp
// compile with: /clr
using namespace System;
public delegate void MyDel();
public delegate int MyDel2(int, float);
ref class EventSource {
public:
static MyDel ^ psE;
static event MyDel2 ^ E2; // event keyword, compiler generates add,
// remove, and Invoke
static event MyDel ^ E {
static void add(MyDel ^ p) {
psE = static_cast<MyDel^> (Delegate::Combine(psE, p));
}
static void remove(MyDel^ p) {
psE = static_cast<MyDel^> (Delegate::Remove(psE, p));
}
static void raise() {
if (psE != nullptr) //psE!=0 -> C2679, use nullptr
psE->Invoke();
}
}
static int Fire_E2(int i, float f) {
return E2(i, f);
}
};
public ref struct EventReceiver {
void H1() {
Console::WriteLine("In event handler H1");
}
int H2(int i, float f) {
Console::WriteLine("In event handler H2 with args {0} and {1}", i.ToString(), f.ToString());
return 0;
}
};
int main() {
EventSource^ pE = gcnew EventSource;
EventReceiver^ pR = gcnew EventReceiver;
// Called with "this"
// hook event handlers
pE->E += gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
pE->E2 += gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);
// raise events
pE->E();
pE->Fire_E2(11, 11.11);
// unhook event handlers
pE->E -= gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
pE->E2 -= gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);
// Not called with "this"
// hook event handler
EventSource::E += gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
EventSource::E2 += gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);
// raise events
EventSource::E();
EventSource::Fire_E2(22, 22.22);
// unhook event handlers
EventSource::E -= gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
EventSource::E2 -= gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);
}
Sortie
In event handler H1
In event handler H2 with args 11 and 11.11
In event handler H1
In event handler H2 with args 22 and 22.22
Événements virtuels
Cet exemple implémente des événements virtuels et managés dans une interface et une classe :
// mcppv2_events5.cpp
// compile with: /clr
using namespace System;
public delegate void MyDel();
public delegate int MyDel2(int, float);
// managed class that has a virtual event
ref class IEFace {
public:
virtual event MyDel ^ E; // declares three accessors (add, remove, and raise)
};
// managed interface that has a virtual event
public interface struct IEFace2 {
public:
event MyDel2 ^ E2; // declares two accessors (add and remove)
};
// implement virtual events
ref class EventSource : public IEFace, public IEFace2 {
public:
virtual event MyDel2 ^ E2;
void Fire_E() {
E();
}
int Fire_E2(int i, float f) {
try {
return E2(i, f);
}
catch(System::NullReferenceException^) {
return 0; // no handlers
}
}
};
// class to hold event handlers, the event receiver
public ref struct EventReceiver {
// first handler
void H1() {
Console::WriteLine("In handler H1");
}
// second handler
int H2(int i, float f) {
Console::WriteLine("In handler H2 with args {0} and {1}", i.ToString(), f.ToString());
return 0;
}
};
int main() {
EventSource ^ pE = gcnew EventSource;
EventReceiver ^ pR = gcnew EventReceiver;
// add event handlers
pE->E += gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
pE->E2 += gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);
// raise events
pE->Fire_E();
pE->Fire_E2(1, 2.2);
// remove event handlers
pE->E -= gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
pE->E2 -= gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);
// raise events, but no handlers; so, no effect
pE->Fire_E();
pE->Fire_E2(1, 2.5);
}
Sortie
In handler H1
In handler H2 with args 1 and 2.2
Un événement simple ne peut pas être spécifié pour remplacer ou masquer un événement de classe de base. Vous devez définir toutes les fonctions d’accesseur de l’événement, puis spécifier le ou override
le new
mot clé sur chaque fonction d’accesseur.
// mcppv2_events5_a.cpp
// compile with: /clr /c
delegate void Del();
ref struct A {
virtual event Del ^E;
virtual event Del ^E2;
};
ref struct B : A {
virtual event Del ^E override; // C3797
virtual event Del ^E2 new; // C3797
};
ref struct C : B {
virtual event Del ^E { // OK
void raise() override {}
void add(Del ^) override {}
void remove(Del^) override {}
}
virtual event Del ^E2 { // OK
void raise() new {}
void add(Del ^) new {}
void remove(Del^) new {}
}
};
Événements abstraits
L’exemple suivant montre comment implémenter un événement abstrait.
// mcppv2_events10.cpp
// compile with: /clr /W1
using namespace System;
public delegate void Del();
public delegate void Del2(String^ s);
interface struct IEvent {
public:
// in this case, no raised method is defined
event Del^ Event1;
event Del2^ Event2 {
public:
void add(Del2^ _d);
void remove(Del2^ _d);
void raise(String^ s);
}
void fire();
};
ref class EventSource: public IEvent {
public:
virtual event Del^ Event1;
event Del2^ Event2 {
virtual void add(Del2^ _d) {
d = safe_cast<Del2^>(System::Delegate::Combine(d, _d));
}
virtual void remove(Del2^ _d) {
d = safe_cast<Del2^>(System::Delegate::Remove(d, _d));
}
virtual void raise(String^ s) {
if (d) {
d->Invoke(s);
}
}
}
virtual void fire() {
return Event1();
}
private:
Del2^ d;
};
ref class EventReceiver {
public:
void func() {
Console::WriteLine("hi");
}
void func(String^ str) {
Console::WriteLine(str);
}
};
int main () {
IEvent^ es = gcnew EventSource;
EventReceiver^ er = gcnew EventReceiver;
es->Event1 += gcnew Del(er, &EventReceiver::func);
es->Event2 += gcnew Del2(er, &EventReceiver::func);
es->fire();
es->Event2("hello from Event2");
es->Event1 -= gcnew Del(er, &EventReceiver::func);
es->Event2 -= gcnew Del2(er, &EventReceiver::func);
es->Event2("hello from Event2");
}
Sortie
hi
hello from Event2
Déclenchement d’événements définis dans un autre assembly
Un gestionnaire d’événements et d’événements peut être défini dans un assembly et consommé par un autre assembly.
// mcppv2_events8.cpp
// compile with: /LD /clr
using namespace System;
public delegate void Del(String^ s);
public ref class Source {
public:
event Del^ Event;
void Fire(String^ s) {
Event(s);
}
};
Ce code client consomme l’événement :
// mcppv2_events9.cpp
// compile with: /clr
#using "mcppv2_events8.dll"
using namespace System;
ref class Receiver {
public:
void Handler(String^ s) {
Console::WriteLine(s);
}
};
int main() {
Source^ src = gcnew Source;
Receiver^ rc1 = gcnew Receiver;
Receiver^ rc2 = gcnew Receiver;
src -> Event += gcnew Del(rc1, &Receiver::Handler);
src -> Event += gcnew Del(rc2, &Receiver::Handler);
src->Fire("hello");
src -> Event -= gcnew Del(rc1, &Receiver::Handler);
src -> Event -= gcnew Del(rc2, &Receiver::Handler);
}
Sortie
hello
hello