AppLocker processes and interactions
Note
Some capabilities of App Control for Business are only available on specific Windows versions. Learn more about App Control feature availability.
This article for the IT professional describes the process dependencies and interactions when AppLocker evaluates and enforces rules.
How AppLocker applies policies
AppLocker policies are collections of rules that might contain any one of the enforcement mode settings configured. When applied, each rule is evaluated within the policy and the collection of rules is applied according to the enforcement setting and according to your Group Policy structure.
The AppLocker policy is enforced on a computer through the Application Identity service (appid.sys), which is the engine that evaluates the policies and runs within the Windows kernel. If the service isn't running, policies aren't enforced. The Application Identity service returns the information from the binary -even if product or binary names are empty- to the results pane of the Local Security Policy snap-in.
AppLocker policies are stored in a security descriptor format according to Application Identity service requirements. It uses file path, hash, or fully qualified binary name attributes to form allow or deny actions on a rule. Each rule is stored as an access control entry (ACE) in the security descriptor and contains the following information:
- Either an allow or a deny ACE ("XA" or "XD" in security descriptor definition language (SDDL) form).
- The user security identifier (SID) that this rule is applicable to. (The default is the authenticated user SID in SDDL.)
- The rule condition containing the appid attributes.
For example, an SDDL for a rule that allows all files in the %windir% directory to run uses the following format: XA;;FX;;;AU;(APPID://PATH == "%windir%\\\*").
Appid.sys reads and caches the effective AppLocker policy for DLLs and executable files. Whenever a new policy is applied, a policy converter task notifies appid.sys. For other file types, the AppLocker policy is read every time a SaferIdentifyLevel call is made.
Understanding AppLocker rules
An AppLocker rule is a control placed on a file that controls whether or not it runs for a specific user or group. You create AppLocker rules for five different types of files, or collections:
- An executable rule controls whether a user or group can run an executable file. Executable files most often have the .exe or .com file name extensions and apply to applications.
- A script rule controls whether a user or group can run scripts with a file name extension of .ps1, .bat, .cmd, .vbs, and .js.
- A Windows Installer rule controls whether a user or group can run files with a file name extension of .msi, .mst and .msp (Windows Installer patch).
- A DLL rule controls whether a user or group can run files with a file name extension of .dll and .ocx.
- A packaged app and packaged app installer rule controls whether a user or group can run or install a packaged app. A Packaged app installer has the .appx extension.
There are three different types of conditions that can be applied to rules:
A publisher condition on a rule controls whether a user or group can run files from a specific software publisher. The file must be signed.
A path condition on a rule controls whether a user or group can run files from within a specific directory or its subdirectories.
A file hash condition on a rule controls whether a user or group can run files with matching encrypted hashes.
Understanding AppLocker rule collections
An AppLocker rule collection is a set of rules that apply to one of the following types: executable files, Windows Installer files, scripts, DLLs, and packaged apps.
Understanding AppLocker rule condition types
Rule conditions are criteria that the AppLocker rule is based on. Primary conditions are required to create an AppLocker rule. The three primary rule conditions are publisher, path, and file hash.
Understanding AppLocker default rules
AppLocker includes default rules for each rule collection. These rules are intended to help ensure that the files that are required for Windows to operate properly are allowed in an AppLocker rule collection.
Understanding AppLocker rule exceptions
You can apply AppLocker rules to individual users or a group of users. If you apply a rule to a group of users, the rule affects all users in that group. If you need to allow only a subset of a user group to use an application, you can create a special rule for that subset.
Understanding AppLocker rule behavior and Understanding AppLocker allow and deny actions on Rules
Each AppLocker rule collection functions as an allowed list of files.
Understanding AppLocker policies
An AppLocker policy is a set of rule collections and their corresponding configured enforcement mode settings applied to one or more computers.
Understand AppLocker enforcement settings
Rule enforcement is applied only to collections of rules, not individual rules. AppLocker divides the rules into four collections: executable files, Windows Installer files, scripts, and DLL files. The options for rule enforcement are Not configured, Enforce rules, or Audit only. Together, all AppLocker rule collections compose the application control policy, or AppLocker policy. By default, if enforcement isn't configured and rules are present in a rule collection, those rules are enforced.
Understanding AppLocker and Group Policy
Group Policy can be used to create, modify, and distribute AppLocker policies in separate objects or in combination with other policies.
Understand AppLocker rules and enforcement setting inheritance in Group Policy
When Group Policy is used to distribute AppLocker policies, rule collections containing one or more rules are enforced unless the enforcement mode is set to Audit only. Group Policy doesn't overwrite or replace rules that are already present in a linked Group Policy Object (GPO) and applies the AppLocker rules in addition to existing rules. AppLocker processes explicit deny rules before any allow rules, and for rule enforcement, the last write to the GPO is applied.