Deploy graphics devices by using Discrete Device Assignment
Learn how to use Discrete Device Assignment (DDA) to pass an entire PCIe device into a virtual machine (VM) with PowerShell. Doing so allows high performance access to devices like NVMe storage or graphics cards from within a VM while being able to apply the device's native drivers. For more information on devices that work and possible security implications, see Plan for Deploying Devices using Discrete Device Assignment.
This article takes you through the steps to use a device with DDA:
- Configure the VM for DDA
- Dismount the device from the host partition
- Assign the device to the guest VM
Prerequisites
Before you can use DDA to deploy graphics devices, you need to have the following.
A Hyper-V host running Windows Server 2016 or later.
A VM running one of the following operating systems:
Windows Server 2016 or later.
Windows 10 or later.
Review Plan for Deploying Devices using Discrete Device Assignment to ensure your hardware is compatible with DDA.
- Run the SurveyDDA.ps1. PowerShell script to identify if the server is configured correctly. The script also displays which devices can be passed through by using Discrete Device Assignment.
Administrative rights to the Hyper-V host.
(Optional) Though not required, if Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) isn't enabled or supported, you might encounter issues when you use DDA to deploy graphics devices.
Configure the VM for DDA
The first step in the solution is to address DDA restrictions to the VMs.
Sign in to the Hyper-V host as an administrator.
Open an elevated PowerShell prompt.
Configure the
Automatic Stop Actionof a VM to enable TurnOff with the following PowerShell cmdlet:Set-VM -Name VMName -AutomaticStopAction TurnOff
VM preparation for graphics devices
Some hardware performs better if the VM in configured in a certain way. For details on whether you need the following configurations for your hardware, reach out to the hardware vendor. For more information, see Plan for Deploying Devices using Discrete Device Assignment and on this blog post.
Enable Write-Combining on the CPU by using the following cmdlet:
Set-VM -GuestControlledCacheTypes $true -VMName VMNameConfigure the 32-bit memory mapped IO (MMIO) space by using the following cmdlet:
Set-VM -LowMemoryMappedIoSpace 3Gb -VMName VMNameConfigure greater than 32-bit MMIO space by using the following cmdlet:
Set-VM -HighMemoryMappedIoSpace 33280Mb -VMName VMNameTip
The MMIO space values shown are reasonable values to set for experimenting with a single GPU. If after starting the VM the device is reporting an error relating to not enough resources, you'll likely need to modify these values. For more information about how to precisely calculate MMIO requirements, see Plan for Deploying Devices using Discrete Device Assignment.
Dismount the device from the host partition
Follow the instructions in this section to dismount the device from the host partition.
Install the partitioning driver (optional)
DDA gives hardware vendors the ability to provide a security mitigation driver with their devices. This driver isn't the same as the device driver installed in the guest VM. It's up to the hardware vendor's discretion to provide this driver. But if they do provide a driver, install it before dismounting the device from the host partition. Reach out to the hardware vendor to see if they have a mitigation driver.
If no partitioning driver is provided, during dismount you must use the -Force option to bypass the security warning. For more information about the security implications, see Plan for Deploying Devices using Discrete Device Assignment.
Locate the device's location path
The PCI location path is required to dismount and mount the device from the host. An example location path looks like this: PCIROOT(20)#PCI(0300)#PCI(0000)#PCI(0800)#PCI(0000). For more information about locating the location path, see Plan for Deploying Devices using Discrete Device Assignment.
Disable the device
Use Device Manager or PowerShell to ensure the device is Disabled.
Dismount the device
Depending on whether the vendor provided a mitigation driver, you must either use the -Force option or not, as shown here:
If a mitigation driver was installed, use the following cmdlet:
Dismount-VMHostAssignableDevice -LocationPath $locationPathIf a mitigation driver wasn't installed, use the following cmdlet:
Dismount-VMHostAssignableDevice -Force -LocationPath $locationPath
Assign the device to the guest VM
The final step is to tell Hyper-V that a VM should have access to the device. Specify the location path and the name of the VM.
Add-VMAssignableDevice -LocationPath $locationPath -VMName VMName
Complete tasks on the VM
After a device is successfully mounted in a VM, you're now able to start that VM and interact with the device as though you were running on a bare metal system. You're now able to install the hardware vendor's drivers in the VM, and applications are able to see the hardware. You can verify it by opening Device Manager in the guest VM and seeing that the hardware is available.
Remove a device and return it to the host
If you want to return the device back to its original state, you must stop the VM and issue this command:
# Remove the device from the VM
Remove-VMAssignableDevice -LocationPath $locationPath -VMName VMName
# Mount the device back in the host
Mount-VMHostAssignableDevice -LocationPath $locationPath
You can then re-enable the device in Device Manager, and the host operating system is able to interact with the device again.
Example - Mount a GPU to a VM
This example uses PowerShell to configure a VM named ddatest1 to take the first GPU available by the manufacturer NVIDIA and assign it into the VM.
# Configure the VM for a Discrete Device Assignment
$vm = "ddatest1"
# Set automatic stop action to TurnOff
Set-VM -Name $vm -AutomaticStopAction TurnOff
# Enable Write-Combining on the CPU
Set-VM -GuestControlledCacheTypes $true -VMName $vm
# Configure 32 bit MMIO space
Set-VM -LowMemoryMappedIoSpace 3Gb -VMName $vm
# Configure Greater than 32 bit MMIO space
Set-VM -HighMemoryMappedIoSpace 33280Mb -VMName $vm
# Find the Location Path and disable the Device
# Enumerate all PNP Devices on the system
$pnpdevs = Get-PnpDevice -presentOnly
# Select only those devices that are Display devices manufactured by NVIDIA
$gpudevs = $pnpdevs | Where-Object {$_.Class -like "Display" -and $_.Manufacturer -like "NVIDIA"}
# Select the location path of the first device that's available to be dismounted by the host.
$locationPath = ($gpudevs | Get-PnpDeviceProperty DEVPKEY_Device_LocationPaths).data[0]
# Disable the PNP Device
Disable-PnpDevice -InstanceId $gpudevs[0].InstanceId
# Dismount the Device from the Host
Dismount-VMHostAssignableDevice -Force -LocationPath $locationPath
# Assign the device to the guest VM.
Add-VMAssignableDevice -LocationPath $locationPath -VMName $vm
Troubleshoot issues with mounting a GPU
If you pass a GPU into a VM but Remote Desktop Services or an application isn't recognizing the GPU, check for the following common issues.
Make sure you install the most recent version of the GPU vendor's supported driver, and that the driver isn't reporting errors. You can do so by checking the device state in Device Manager.
Make sure your device has enough MMIO space allocated within the VM. For more information, see MMIO Space.
Make sure you use a GPU that the vendor supports being used in this configuration. For example, some vendors prevent their consumer cards from working when passed through to a VM.
Make sure the application supports running inside a VM, and that the application supports both the GPU and its associated drivers. Some applications have allowlists of GPUs and environments.
If you use the Remote Desktop Session Host role or Windows Multipoint Services on the guest, you must make sure that a specific Group Policy entry is set to allow use of the default GPU. Use a Group Policy Object applied to the guest (or the Local Group Policy Editor on the guest). Navigate to the following Group Policy item:
Computer Configuration\Administrator Templates\Windows Components\Remote Desktop Services\Remote Desktop Session Host\Remote Session Environment\Use hardware graphics adapters for all Remote Desktop Services sessions.
Set the Group Policy value to Enabled, then reboot the VM after you apply the policy.