xp_cmdshell (Transact-SQL)
Applies to: 
SQL Server
Spawns a Windows command shell and passes in a string for execution. Any output is returned as rows of text.
Transact-SQL syntax conventions
Syntax
xp_cmdshell { 'command_string' } [ , NO_OUTPUT ]
Arguments
'command_string'
The string that contains a command to be passed to the operating system. command_string is varchar(8000) or nvarchar(4000), with no default. command_string can't contain more than one set of double quotation marks. A single pair of quotation marks is required if any spaces are present in the file paths or program names referenced in command_string. If you have trouble with embedded spaces, consider using FAT 8.3 file names as a workaround.
NO_ OUTPUT
An optional parameter, specifying that no output should be returned to the client.
Return code values
0 (success) or 1 (failure).
Result set
Executing the following xp_cmdshell statement returns a directory listing of the current directory.
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'dir *.exe';
GO
The rows are returned in an nvarchar(255) column. If the NO_OUTPUT option is used, only the following output is returned:
The command(s) completed successfully.
Remarks
The Windows process spawned by xp_cmdshell has the same security rights as the SQL Server service account.
Caution
xp_cmdshell is a powerful feature and disabled by default. xp_cmdshell can be enabled and disabled by using Policy-Based Management or by executing sp_configure. For more information, see Surface area configuration and xp_cmdshell (server configuration option). Using xp_cmdshell can trigger security audit tools.
xp_cmdshell operates synchronously. Control isn't returned to the caller until the command-shell command is completed. If xp_cmdshell is executed within a batch and returns an error, the batch will fail.
xp_cmdshell proxy account
When it's called by a user that isn't a member of the sysadmin fixed server role, xp_cmdshell connects to Windows by using the account name and password stored in the credential named ##xp_cmdshell_proxy_account##. If this proxy credential doesn't exist, xp_cmdshell fails.
The proxy account credential can be created by executing sp_xp_cmdshell_proxy_account. As arguments, this stored procedure takes a Windows user name and password. For example, the following command creates a proxy credential for Windows domain user SHIPPING\KobeR that has the Windows password sdfh%dkc93vcMt0.
EXEC sp_xp_cmdshell_proxy_account 'SHIPPING\KobeR', 'sdfh%dkc93vcMt0';
For more information, see sp_xp_cmdshell_proxy_account.
Permissions
Because malicious users sometimes attempt to elevate their privileges by using xp_cmdshell, xp_cmdshell is disabled by default. Use sp_configure or Policy Based Management to enable it. For more information, see xp_cmdshell Server Configuration Option.
When first enabled, xp_cmdshell requires CONTROL SERVER permission to execute and the Windows process created by xp_cmdshell has the same security context as the SQL Server service account. The SQL Server service account often has more permissions than are necessary for the work performed by the process created by xp_cmdshell. To enhance security, access to xp_cmdshell should be restricted to highly privileged users.
To allow non-administrators to use xp_cmdshell, and allow SQL Server to create child processes with the security token of a less-privileged account, follow these steps:
Create and customize a Windows local user account or a domain account with the least privileges that your processes require.
Use the
sp_xp_cmdshell_proxy_accountsystem procedure to configurexp_cmdshellto use that least-privileged account.Note
You can also configure this proxy account using SQL Server Management Studio by right-clicking Properties on your server name in Object Explorer, and looking on the Security tab for the Server proxy account section.
In Management Studio, using the
masterdatabase, execute the following Transact-SQL statement to give specific non-sysadmin users the ability to executexp_cmdshell. The specified user must exist in themasterdatabase.GRANT exec ON xp_cmdshell TO N'<some_user>';
Now non-administrators can launch operating system processes with xp_cmdshell and those processes run with the permissions of the proxy account that you configured. Users with CONTROL SERVER permission (members of the sysadmin fixed server role) continue to receive the permissions of the SQL Server service account for child processes that are launched by xp_cmdshell.
To determine the Windows account being used by xp_cmdshell when launching operating system processes, execute the following statement:
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'whoami.exe';
To determine the security context for another login, execute the following Transact-SQL code:
EXEC AS LOGIN = '<other_login>';
GO
xp_cmdshell 'whoami.exe';
REVERT;
Examples
A. Return a list of executable files
The following example shows the xp_cmdshell extended stored procedure executing a directory command.
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'dir *.exe'
B. Return no output
The following example uses xp_cmdshell to execute a command string without returning the output to the client.
USE master;
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'copy c:\SQLbcks\AdvWorks.bck
\\server2\backups\SQLbcks', NO_OUTPUT;
GO
C. Use return status
In the following example, the xp_cmdshell extended stored procedure also suggests return status. The return code value is stored in the variable @result.
DECLARE @result INT;
EXEC @result = xp_cmdshell 'dir *.exe';
IF (@result = 0)
PRINT 'Success'
ELSE
PRINT 'Failure';
D. Write variable contents to a file
The following example writes the contents of the @var variable to a file named var_out.txt in the current server directory.
DECLARE @cmd SYSNAME,
@var SYSNAME;
SET @var = 'Hello world';
SET @cmd = 'echo ' + @var + ' > var_out.txt';
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell @cmd;
E. Capture the result of a command to a file
The following example writes the contents of the current directory to a file named dir_out.txt in the current server directory.
DECLARE @cmd SYSNAME,
@var SYSNAME;
SET @var = 'dir /p';
SET @cmd = @var + ' > dir_out.txt';
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell @cmd;