Deploy and connect to SQL Server Linux containers

Applies to: SQL Server - Linux

This article explains how to deploy and connect to SQL Server Linux containers.

For other deployment scenarios, see:

• Windows
• Linux
• Container cluster on Azure

Note

This article specifically focuses on using the mssql-server-linux image. SQL Server deployments in Windows containers aren't covered by support. For development and testing, you can create your own custom container images to work with SQL Server in Windows containers. Sample files are available on GitHub. Sample files are for reference only.

Important

Before choosing to run a SQL Server container for production use cases, please review our support policy for SQL Server Containers to ensure that you're running on a supported configuration.

This 6-minute video provides an introduction into running SQL Server on containers:

Pull and run the container image

To pull and run the Docker container images for SQL Server, follow the prerequisites and steps in the following quickstart:

• Run the SQL Server 2017 container image with Docker
• Run the SQL Server 2019 container image with Docker
• Run the SQL Server 2022 container image with Docker

This configuration article provides additional usage scenarios in the following sections.

Connect and query

You can connect and query SQL Server in a container from either outside the container or from within the container. The following sections explain both scenarios.

Tools outside the container

You can connect to the SQL Server instance on your container host from any external Linux, Windows, or macOS tool that supports SQL connections. Some common tools include:

• sqlcmd
• Azure Data Studio
• Visual Studio Code
• SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) on Windows

The following example uses sqlcmd to connect to SQL Server running in a container. The IP address in the connection string is the IP address of the host machine that is running the container.

Note

Newer versions of sqlcmd (in mssql-tools18) are secure by default. If using version 18 or higher, you need to add the No option to sqlcmd to specify that encryption is optional, not mandatory.

sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4 -U sa -P '<YourPassword>'

sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4 -U sa -P "<YourPassword>"

sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4 -U sa -P "<YourPassword>"

If you mapped a host port that wasn't the default 1433, add that port to the connection string. For example, if you specified -p 1400:1433 in your docker run command, then connect by explicitly specifying port 1400.

sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4,1400 -U sa -P '<YourPassword>'

sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4,1400 -U sa -P "<YourPassword>"

sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4,1400 -U sa -P "<YourPassword>"

Tools inside the container

Starting with SQL Server 2017 (14.x), the SQL Server command-line tools are included in the container image. If you attach to the image with an interactive command-prompt, you can run the tools locally.

1. Use the docker exec -it command to start an interactive bash shell inside your running container. In the following example e69e056c702d is the container ID.

   docker exec -it e69e056c702d "bash"
   

   Tip

   You don't always have to specify the entire container ID. You only have to specify enough characters to uniquely identify it. So in this example, it might be enough to use e6 or e69 rather than the full ID. To find out the container ID, run the command docker ps -a.

2. Once inside the container, connect locally with sqlcmd by using its full path.

   /opt/mssql-tools18/bin/sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P '<YourPassword>'
   

   Note

   Newer versions of sqlcmd are secure by default. For more information about connection encryption, see sqlcmd utility for Windows, and Connecting with sqlcmd for Linux and macOS. If the connection doesn't succeed, you can add the -No option to sqlcmd to specify that encryption is optional, not mandatory.

3. When finished with sqlcmd, type exit.

4. When finished with the interactive command-prompt, type exit. Your container continues to run after you exit the interactive bash shell.

Check the container version

If you want to know the version of SQL Server in a running container, run the following command to display it. Replace <Container ID or name> with the target container ID or name. Replace <password> with the SQL Server password for the system administrator (sa) account.

docker exec -it <Container ID or name> /opt/mssql-tools/bin/sqlcmd \
-S localhost -U sa -P '<password>' \
-Q 'SELECT @@VERSION'

Note

Newer versions of sqlcmd are secure by default. For more information about connection encryption, see sqlcmd utility for Windows, and Connecting with sqlcmd for Linux and macOS. If the connection doesn't succeed, you can add the -No option to sqlcmd to specify that encryption is optional, not mandatory.

docker exec -it <Container ID or name> /opt/mssql-tools/bin/sqlcmd `
-S localhost -U sa -P "<password>" `
-Q "SELECT @@VERSION"

Note

Newer versions of sqlcmd are secure by default. For more information about connection encryption, see sqlcmd utility for Windows, and Connecting with sqlcmd for Linux and macOS. If the connection doesn't succeed, you can add the -No option to sqlcmd to specify that encryption is optional, not mandatory.

docker exec -it <Container ID or name> /opt/mssql-tools/bin/sqlcmd ^
-S localhost -U sa -P "<password>" ^
-Q "SELECT @@VERSION"

Note

Newer versions of sqlcmd are secure by default. For more information about connection encryption, see sqlcmd utility for Windows, and Connecting with sqlcmd for Linux and macOS. If the connection doesn't succeed, you can add the -No option to sqlcmd to specify that encryption is optional, not mandatory.

You can also identify the SQL Server version and build number for a target container image. The following command displays the SQL Server version and build information for the mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest image. It does this by running a new container with an environment variable PAL_PROGRAM_INFO=1. The resulting container instantly exits, and the docker rm command removes it.

docker run -e PAL_PROGRAM_INFO=1 --name sqlver \
-ti mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest && \
docker rm sqlver

docker run -e PAL_PROGRAM_INFO=1 --name sqlver `
-ti mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest; `
docker rm sqlver

docker run -e PAL_PROGRAM_INFO=1 --name sqlver ^
-ti mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest && ^
docker rm sqlver

The previous commands display version information similar to the following output:

sqlservr
  Version 16.0.1000.6
  Build ID d81e9b6de06534e649bd57dd609aa3050f5e380f361b7f8a80a80eeb71e7422c
  Build Type release
  Git Version 2aede92f
  Built at Tue Nov 01 06:11:40 GMT 2022

PAL
  Build ID 754097e8f0db68f559e1cbc9d46952ac9fd518b5da9f12964ef40fc9033720e3
  Build Type release
  Git Version d88e3e1130
  Built at Tue Nov 01 06:08:02 GMT 2022

Packages
  system.security                         mssql-16.0.1000.6_26_official-release
  system.certificates                     mssql-16.0.1000.6_26_official-release
  sqlagent                                16.0.1000.6
  system.wmi                              10.0.17763.2061.202107231
  system.netfx                            4.7.0.0.202104262
  system                                  mssql-16.0.1000.6_26_official-release
  system.common                           10.0.17763.2061.202107231
  sqlservr                                16.0.1000.6
  secforwarderxplat                       16.0.1000.6

Run a specific SQL Server container image

Note

• Starting with SQL Server 2019 (15.x) CU3, Ubuntu 18.04 is supported.
• Starting with SQL Server 2019 (15.x) CU10, Ubuntu 20.04 is supported.
• You can retrieve a list of all available tags for mssql/server at https://mcr.microsoft.com/v2/mssql/server/tags/list.

There are scenarios where you might not want to use the latest SQL Server container image. To run a specific SQL Server container image, use the following steps:

1. Identify the Docker tag for the release you want to use. To view the available tags, see the Microsoft Artifact Registry.

2. Pull the SQL Server container image with the tag. For example, to pull the 2019-CU18-ubuntu-20.04 image, replace <image_tag> in the following command with 2019-CU18-ubuntu-20.04.

   docker pull mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:<image_tag>
   

3. To run a new container with that image, specify the tag name in the docker run command. In the following command, replace <image_tag> with the version you want to run. Your password should follow the SQL Server default password policy. By default, the password must be at least eight characters long and contain characters from three of the following four sets: uppercase letters, lowercase letters, base-10 digits, and symbols. Passwords can be up to 128 characters long. Use passwords that are as long and complex as possible.

   Important

   The SA_PASSWORD environment variable is deprecated. Use MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD instead.

   docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>' -p 1401:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:<image_tag>
   

   docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>" -p 1401:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:<image_tag>
   

   docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>" -p 1401:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:<image_tag>
   

These steps can also be used to downgrade an existing container. For example, you might want to roll back or downgrade a running container for troubleshooting or testing. To downgrade a running container, you must be using a persistence technique for the data folder. Follow the same steps outlined in the upgrade section, but specify the tag name of the older version when you run the new container.

Run RHEL-based container images

The documentation for SQL Server Linux container images points to Ubuntu-based containers. Beginning with SQL Server 2019 (15.x), you can use containers based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). An example of the image for RHEL will look like mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/rhel/server:2019-CU15-rhel-8.

For example, the following command pulls the Cumulative Update 18 for SQL Server 2019 (15.x) container that uses RHEL 8:

docker pull mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/rhel/server:2019-CU18-rhel-8.4

docker pull mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/rhel/server:2019-CU18-rhel-8.4

docker pull mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/rhel/server:2019-CU18-rhel-8.4

Run production container images

The quickstart in the previous section runs the free Developer edition of SQL Server from the Microsoft Artifact Registry. Most of the information still applies if you want to run production container images, such as Enterprise, Standard, or Web editions. However, there are a few differences that are outlined here.

• You can only use SQL Server in a production environment if you have a valid license. You can obtain a free SQL Server Express production license here. SQL Server Standard and Enterprise edition licenses are available through Microsoft Volume Licensing.

• The Developer container image can be configured to run the production editions as well.

To run a production edition, review the requirements and run procedures in the quickstart. You must specify your production edition with the MSSQL_PID environment variable. The following example shows how to run the latest SQL Server 2022 (16.x) container image for the Enterprise Core edition.

Your password should follow the SQL Server default password policy. By default, the password must be at least eight characters long and contain characters from three of the following four sets: uppercase letters, lowercase letters, base-10 digits, and symbols. Passwords can be up to 128 characters long. Use passwords that are as long and complex as possible.

docker run --name sqlenterprise \
-e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>' \
-e 'MSSQL_PID=EnterpriseCore' -p 1433:1433 \
-d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest

docker run --name sqlenterprise `
-e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>" `
-e "MSSQL_PID=EnterpriseCore" -p 1433:1433 `
-d "mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest"

docker run --name sqlenterprise ^
-e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>" ^
-e "MSSQL_PID=EnterpriseCore" -p 1433:1433 ^
-d "mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest"

Important

By passing the value Y to the environment variable ACCEPT_EULA and an edition value to MSSQL_PID, you express that you have a valid and existing license for the edition and version of SQL Server that you intend to use. You also agree that your use of SQL Server software running in a container image will be governed by the terms of your SQL Server license.

For a full list of possible values for MSSQL_PID, see Configure SQL Server settings with environment variables on Linux.

Run multiple SQL Server containers

Docker provides a way to run multiple SQL Server containers on the same host machine. Use this approach for scenarios that require multiple instances of SQL Server on the same host. Each container must expose itself on a different port.

The following example creates two SQL Server 2022 (16.x) containers and maps them to ports 1401 and 1402 on the host machine.

docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>' -p 1401:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest
docker run -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>' -p 1402:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>" -p 1401:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest
docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>" -p 1402:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest

docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>" -p 1401:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest
docker run -e "ACCEPT_EULA=Y" -e "MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=<password>" -p 1402:1433 -d mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest

Caution

Your password should follow the SQL Server default password policy. By default, the password must be at least eight characters long and contain characters from three of the following four sets: uppercase letters, lowercase letters, base-10 digits, and symbols. Passwords can be up to 128 characters long. Use passwords that are as long and complex as possible.

Now there are two instances of SQL Server running in separate containers. Clients can connect to each SQL Server instance by using the IP address of the container host and the port number for the container.

Note

Newer versions of sqlcmd (in mssql-tools18) are secure by default. If using version 18 or higher, you need to add the No option to sqlcmd to specify that encryption is optional, not mandatory.

sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4,1401 -U sa -P '<YourPassword>'
sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4,1402 -U sa -P '<YourPassword>'

sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4,1401 -U sa -P "<YourPassword>"
sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4,1402 -U sa -P "<YourPassword>"

sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4,1401 -U sa -P "<YourPassword>"
sqlcmd -S 10.3.2.4,1402 -U sa -P "<YourPassword>"

Upgrade SQL Server in containers

To upgrade the container image with Docker, first identify the tag for the release for your upgrade. Pull this version from the registry with the docker pull command:

docker pull mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:<image_tag>

This updates the SQL Server image for any new containers you create, but it doesn't update SQL Server in any running containers. To do this, you must create a new container with the latest SQL Server container image and migrate your data to that new container.

1. Make sure you use one of the data persistence techniques for your existing SQL Server container. This enables you to start a new container with the same data.

2. Stop the SQL Server container with the docker stop command.

3. Create a new SQL Server container with docker run and specify either a mapped host directory or a data volume container. Make sure to use the specific tag for your SQL Server upgrade. The new container now uses a new version of SQL Server with your existing SQL Server data.

   Important

   Upgrade is only supported between RC1, RC2, and GA at this time.

4. Verify your databases and data in the new container.

5. Optionally, remove the old container with docker rm.

Related content

• Get started with SQL Server 2022 (16.x) container images on Docker by going through the quickstart

• Configure and customize SQL Server Linux containers
• See the mssql-docker GitHub repository for resources, feedback, and known issues
• Troubleshoot SQL Server Docker containers
• High availability for SQL Server containers
• Secure SQL Server Linux containers

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