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iOS Designer basics

  • Artikkeli

This guide introduces the Xamarin Designer for iOS. It demonstrates how to use the iOS Designer to visually lay out controls, how to access those controls in code, and how to edit properties.

Warning

The iOS Designer was deprecated in Visual Studio 2019 version 16.8 and Visual Studio 2019 for Mac version 8.8, and removed in Visual Studio 2019 version 16.9 and Visual Studio for Mac version 8.9. The recommended way to build iOS user interfaces is directly on a Mac running Xcode. For more information, see Designing user interfaces with Xcode.

The Xamarin Designer for iOS is a visual interface designer similar to Xcode's Interface Builder and the Android Designer. Some of its many features include seamless integration with Visual Studio for Windows and Mac, drag-and-drop editing, an interface for setting up event handlers, and the ability to render custom controls.

Requirements

The iOS Designer is available in Visual Studio for Mac and Visual Studio 2017 and later on Windows. In Visual Studio for Windows, the iOS Designer requires a connection to a properly configured Mac build host, though Xcode need not be running.

This guide assumes a familiarity with the contents covered in the Getting Started guides.

How the iOS Designer works

This section describes how the iOS Designer facilitates creating a user interface and connecting it to code.

The iOS Designer allows developers to visually design an application's user interface. As outlined in the Introduction to Storyboards guide, a storyboard describes the screens (view controllers) that make up an app, the interface elements (views) placed on those view controllers, and the app's overall navigation flow.

A view controller has two parts: a visual representation in the iOS Designer and an associated C# class:

In its default state, a view controller doesn't provide any functionality; it must be populated with controls. These controls are placed in the view controller's view, the rectangular area that contains all of the screen's content. Most view controllers contain common controls such as buttons, labels, and text fields, as illustrated in the following screenshot, which shows a view controller containing a button:

Some controls, such as labels containing static text, can be added to the view controller and left alone. However, more often than not, controls must be customized programmatically. For example, the button added above should do something when tapped, so an event handler must be added in code.

In order to access and manipulate the button in code, it must have a unique identifier. Provide a unique identifier by selecting the button, opening the Properties Pad, and setting its Name field to a value such as "SubmitButton":

Setting a button's name in the Properties Pad

Now that the button has a name, it can be accessed in code. But how does this work?

In the Solution Pad, navigating to ViewController.cs and clicking on the disclosure indicator reveals that the view controller's ViewController class definition spans two files, each of which contains a partial class definition:

The two files that make up the ViewController class: ViewController.cs and ViewController.designer.cs

  • ViewController.cs should be populated with custom code related to the ViewController class. In this file, the ViewController class can respond to various iOS view controller lifecycle methods, customize the UI, and respond to user input such as button taps.

  • ViewController.designer.cs is a generated file, created by the iOS Designer to map the visually-constructed interface to code. Since changes to this file will be overwritten, it should not be modified. Property declarations in this file make it possible for code in the ViewController class to access, by Name, controls set up in the iOS Designer. Opening ViewController.designer.cs reveals the following code:

namespace Designer
{
    [Register ("ViewController")]
    partial class ViewController
    {
        [Outlet]
        [GeneratedCode ("iOS Designer", "1.0")]
        UIKit.UIButton SubmitButton { get; set; }

        void ReleaseDesignerOutlets ()
        {
            if (SubmitButton != null) {
                SubmitButton.Dispose ();
                SubmitButton = null;
            }
        }
    }
}

The SubmitButton property declaration connects the entire ViewController class - not just the ViewController.designer.cs file – to the button defined in the storyboard. Since ViewController.cs defines part of the ViewController class, it has access to SubmitButton.

The following screenshot illustrates that IntelliSense now recognizes the SubmitButton reference in ViewController.cs:

This section has demonstrated how create a button in the iOS Designer and access that button in code.

The remainder of this document provides a further overview of the iOS Designer.

iOS Designer basics

This section introduces the parts of the iOS Designer and provides a tour of its features.

Launching the iOS Designer

Xamarin.iOS projects created with Visual Studio for Mac include a storyboard. To view the contents of a storyboard, double-click the .storyboard file in the Solution Pad:

A storyboard open in the iOS Designer

iOS Designer features

The iOS Designer has six primary sections:

Sections of the iOS Designer

  1. Design Surface – The iOS Designer's primary workspace. Shown in the document area, it enables the visual construction of user interfaces.
  2. Constraints Toolbar – Allows for switching between frame editing mode and constraint editing mode, two different ways to position elements in a user interface.
  3. Toolbox – Lists the controllers, objects, controls, data views, gesture recognizers, windows, and bars that can be dragged onto the design surface and added to a user interface.
  4. Properties Pad – Shows properties for the selected control, including identity, visual styles, accessibility, layout, and behavior.
  5. Document Outline – Shows the tree of controls that compose the layout for the interface being edited. Clicking on an item in the tree selects it in the iOS Designer and shows its properties in the Properties Pad. This is handy for selecting a specific control in a deeply-nested user interface.
  6. Bottom Toolbar – Contains options for changing how the iOS Designer displays the .storyboard or .xib file, including device, orientation, and zoom.

Design workflow

Adding a control to the interface

To add a control to an interface, drag it from the Toolbox and drop it on the design surface. When adding or positioning a control, vertical and horizontal guidelines highlight commonly-used layout positions such as vertical center, horizontal center, and margins:

The blue dotted line in the example above provides a horizontal center visual alignment guideline to help with the button placement.

Context menu commands

A context menu is available both on the design surface and in the Document Outline. This menu provides commands for the selected control and its parent, which is helpful when working with views in a nested hierarchy:

The context menu on the design surface

Constraints toolbar

The constraints toolbar has been updated and now consists of two controls: the frame editing mode / constraint editing mode toggle and the update constraints / update frames button.

Frame editing mode / constraint editing mode toggle

In previous versions of the iOS Designer, clicking an already-selected view on the design surface toggled between frame editing mode and constraint editing mode. Now, a toggle control in the constraints toolbar switches between these editing modes.

  • Frame editing mode:
  • Constraint editing mode:

Update constraints / update frames button

The update constraints / update frames button sits to the right of the frame editing mode / constraint editing mode toggle.

  • In frame editing mode, clicking this button adjusts the frames of any selected elements to match their constraints.
  • In constraint editing mode, clicking this button adjusts the constraints of any selected elements to match their frames.

Bottom toolbar

The bottom toolbar provides a way to select the device, orientation, and zoom used to view a storyboard or .xib file in the iOS Designer:

Device and orientation

When expanded, the bottom toolbar displays all devices, orientations, and/or adaptations applicable to the current document. Clicking them changes the view displayed on the design surface.

Note that selecting a device and orientation changes only how the iOS Designer previews the design. Regardless of the current selection, newly added constraints are applied across all devices and orientations unless the Edit Traits button has been used to specify otherwise.

When size classes are enabled, the Edit Traits button will appear in the expanded bottom toolbar. Clicking the Edit Traits button displays options for creating an interface variation based on the size class represented by the selected device and orientation. Consider the following examples:

  • If iPhone SE / Portrait, is selected, the popover will provide options to create an interface variation for the compact width, regular height size class.
  • If iPad Pro 9.7" / Landscape / Full Screen is selected, the popover will provide options to create an interface variation for the regular width, regular height size class.

Zoom controls

The design surface supports zooming via several controls:

The controls include the following:

  1. Zoom to fit
  2. Zoom out
  3. Zoom in
  4. Actual size (1:1 pixel size)

These controls adjust the zoom on the design surface. They do not affect the user interface of the application at runtime.

Properties Pad

Use the Properties Pad to edit the identity, visual styles, accessibility, and behavior of a control. The following screenshot illustrates the Properties Pad options for a button:

The Properties Pad for a button

Properties Pad sections

The Properties Pad contains three sections:

  1. Widget – The main properties of the control, such as name, class, style properties, etc. Properties for managing the control’s content are usually placed here.
  2. Layout – Properties that keep track of the position and size of the control, including constraints and frames, are listed here.
  3. Events – Events and event handlers are specified here. Useful for handling events such as touch, tap, drag, etc. Events can also be handled directly in code.

Editing properties in the Properties Pad

In addition to visual editing on the design surface, the iOS Designer supports editing properties in the Properties Pad. The available properties change based on the selected control, as illustrated by the screenshots below:

Button properties

View controller properties

Important

The Identity section of the Properties Pad now shows a Module field. It is necessary to fill in this section only when interoperating with Swift classes. Use it to enter a module name for Swift classes, which are namespaced.

Default values

Many properties in the Properties Pad show no value or a default value. However, the application's code may still modify these values. The Properties Pad does not show values set in code.

Event handlers

To specify custom event handlers for various events, use the Events tab of the Properties Pad. For example, in the screenshot below, a HandleClick method handles the button's Touch Up Inside event:

The Properties Pad, with an event handler set for a button

Once an event handler has been specified, a method of the same name must be added to the corresponding view controller class. Otherwise, an unrecognized selector exception will occur when the button is tapped:

An unrecognized selector exception

Note that after an event handler has been specified in the Properties Pad, the iOS Designer will immediately open the corresponding code file and offer to insert the method declaration.

For an example that uses custom event handlers, refer to the Hello, iOS Getting Started Guide.

Outline view

The iOS Designer can also display an interface's hierarchy of controls as an outline. The outline is available by selecting the Document Outline tab, as shown below:

The selected control in the outline view stays in sync with the selected control on the design surface. This feature is useful for selecting an item from a deeply nested interface hierarchy.

Revert to Xcode

It is possible to use the iOS Designer and Xcode Interface Builder interchangeably. To open a storyboard or a .xib file in Xcode Interface Builder, right-click on the file and select Open With > Xcode Interface Builder, as illustrated by the screenshot below:

Opening a storyboard in Xcode Interface Builder

After making edits in Xcode Interface Builder, save the file and return to Visual Studio for Mac. The changes will sync to the Xamarin.iOS project.

.xib support

The iOS Designer supports creating, editing, and managing .xib files. These are XML files that respresent single, custom views which can be added to an application's view hierarchy. A .xib file generally represents the interface for a single view or screen in an application, whereas a storyboard represents many screens and the transitions between them.

There are many opinions about which solution – .xib files, storyboards, or code – works best for creating and maintaining a user interface. In reality, there is no perfect solution, and it's always worth considering the best tool for the job at hand. That said, .xib files are generally most powerful when used to represent a custom view needed in multiple places in an app, such as a custom table view cell.

More documentation about using .xib files can be found in the following recipes:

For more information regarding the use of storyboards, refer to the Introduction to Storyboards.

This and other iOS Designer-related guides refer to the use of storyboards as the standard approach for building user interfaces, since most Xamarin.iOS new project templates provide a storyboard by default.

Summary

This guide provided an introduction to the iOS Designer, describing its features and outlining the tools it offers for designing beautiful user interfaces.