How to: Migrate to /clr
This article discusses issues that arise when compiling native code with /clr. (For more information, see /clr (Common Language Runtime Compilation).) /clr allows native C++ code to invoke and be invoked from .NET assemblies in addition to other native C++ code. For more information on the advantages of compiling with /clr, see Mixed (Native and Managed) Assemblies and Native and .NET Interoperability.
Known issues compiling library projects with /clr
Visual Studio contains some known issues when compiling library projects with /clr:
Your code may query types at runtime with
CRuntimeClass::FromName. However, if a type is in an MSIL DLL (compiled with/clr), the call toFromNamemay fail if it occurs before the static constructors run in the managed DLL. (You won't see this problem if theFromNamecall happens after code has executed in the managed DLL.) To work around this problem, you can force the construction of the managed static constructor: define a function in the managed DLL, export it, and invoke it from the native MFC application. For example:// MFC extension DLL Header file: __declspec( dllexport ) void EnsureManagedInitialization () { // managed code that won't be optimized away System::GC::KeepAlive(System::Int32::MaxValue); }
Compile with Visual C++
Before you use /clr on any module in your project, first compile and link your native project with Visual Studio.
The following steps, followed in order, provide the easiest path to a /clr compilation. It's important to compile and run your project after each of these steps.
Upgrading from earlier versions of Visual Studio
If you're upgrading Visual Studio from an earlier version, you may see compiler errors related to the enhanced Standard C++ conformance in Visual Studio.
Projects built with earlier versions of Visual Studio should also first be compiled without /clr. Visual Studio now has increased Standard C++ conformance and some breaking changes. The changes that are likely to require the most attention are Security Features in the CRT. Code that uses the CRT is likely to produce deprecation warnings. These warnings can be suppressed, but migrating to the new Security-enhanced versions of CRT functions is preferred, as they provide better security and may reveal security issues in your code.
Upgrading from Managed Extensions for C++
In Visual Studio 2005 and later versions, code written with Managed Extensions for C++ won't compile under /clr.
Convert C code to C++
Although Visual Studio will compile C files, it's necessary to convert them to C++ for a /clr compilation. The actual filename doesn't have to be changed; you can use /Tp (see /Tc, /Tp, /TC, /TP (Specify source file type).) Although C++ source code files are required for /clr, it isn't necessary to refactor your code to use object-oriented paradigms.
C code is likely to require changes when compiled as a C++ file. The C++ type-safety rules are strict, so type conversions must be made explicit with casts. For example, malloc returns a void pointer, but can be assigned to a pointer to any type in C with a cast:
int* a = malloc(sizeof(int)); // C code
int* b = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)); // C++ equivalent
Function pointers are also strictly type-safe in C++, so the following C code requires modification. In C++, it's best to create a typedef that defines the function pointer type, and then use that type to cast function pointers:
NewFunc1 = GetProcAddress( hLib, "Func1" ); // C code
typedef int(*MYPROC)(int); // C++ equivalent
NewFunc2 = (MYPROC)GetProcAddress( hLib, "Func2" );
C++ also requires that functions either be prototyped or fully defined before they can be referenced or invoked.
Identifiers used in C code that happen to be keywords in C++ (such as virtual, new, delete, bool, true, false, etc.) must be renamed. This change can generally be done with simple search-and-replace operations.
COMObj1->lpVtbl->Method(COMObj, args); // C code
COMObj2->Method(args); // C++ equivalent
Reconfigure project settings
After your project compiles and runs in Visual Studio, you should create new project configurations for /clr rather than modifying the default configurations. /clr is incompatible with some compiler options. Creating separate configurations lets you build your project as native or managed. When /clr is selected in the property pages dialog box, project settings not compatible with /clr are disabled. (Disabled options aren't automatically restored if /clr is later unselected.)
Create new project configurations
You can use Copy Settings From option in the New Project Configuration Dialog Box (Build > Configuration Manager > Active Solution Configuration > New) to create a project configuration based on your existing project settings. Create a copy of your configuration once for the Debug configuration, and once for Release configuration. Subsequent changes can then be applied to the /clr-specific configurations only, leaving the original project configurations intact.
Projects that use custom build rules may require extra attention.
This step has different implications for projects that use makefiles. In this case, a separate build-target can be configured, or a version specific to /clr compilation can be created from a copy of the original.
Change project settings
/clr can be selected in the development environment by following the instructions in /clr (Common Language Runtime Compilation). As mentioned previously, this step will automatically disable conflicting project settings.
Note
When upgrading a managed library or web service project from Visual Studio 2003, the /Zl compiler option is added to the Command Line property page. This causes LNK2001 errors. Remove /Zl from the Command Line property page to resolve the errors. For more information, see /Zl (Omit default library name) and Set compiler and build properties.
For projects built with makefiles, incompatible compiler options must be disabled manually once /clr is added. For information on compiler options that aren't compatible with /clr, see /clr restrictions.
Precompiled headers
Precompiled headers are supported under /clr. However, if you only compile some of your CPP files with /clr (compiling the rest as native), some changes are required. Precompiled headers generated with /clr aren't compatible with precompiled headers generated without /clr, because /clr generates and requires metadata. Modules compiled with /clr can't use precompiled headers that don't include metadata, and non-/clr modules can't use precompiled header files that do contain metadata.
The easiest way to compile a project where some modules are compiled with /clr is to disable precompiled headers entirely. (In the project Property Pages dialog, open the C/C++ node, and select Precompiled Headers. Then change the Create/Use Precompiled Headers property to "Not Using Precompiled Headers".)
However, particularly for large projects, precompiled headers provide much better compilation speed, so disabling this feature isn't desirable. In this case, it's best to configure the /clr and non-/clr files to use separate precompiled headers. You can configure them in one step: Multi-select the modules to compile with /clr by using Solution Explorer. Right-click on the group, and select Properties. Then, change both the Create/Use PCH Through File and Precompiled Header File properties to use a different header file name and PCH file, respectively.
Fix errors
Compiling your code with /clr may result in compiler, linker or runtime errors. This section discusses the most common problems.
Metadata merge
Differing versions of data types can cause the linker to fail because the metadata generated for the two types doesn't match. (Errors occur when you conditionally define members of a type, but the conditions aren't the same for all CPP files that use the type.) In this case, the linker fails, reporting only the symbol name and the name of the second OBJ file where the type was defined. You may find it's useful to rotate the order that OBJ files are sent to the linker, to discover the location of the other version of the data type.
Loader lock deadlock
The "loader lock deadlock" can occur, but is deterministic and is detected and reported at runtime. See Initialization of Mixed Assemblies for detailed background, guidance, and solutions.
Data exports
Exporting DLL data is error-prone, and not recommended in /clr code. It's because initialization of the data section of a DLL isn't guaranteed until some managed portion of the DLL is executed. Reference metadata with #using directives.
Type visibility
Native types are private by default. A private native type isn't visible outside the DLL. Resolve this error by adding public to these types.
Floating point and alignment issues
__controlfp isn't supported in the common language runtime. (For more information, see _control87, _controlfp, __control87_2.) The CLR also doesn't respect align.
COM initialization
The Common Language Runtime initializes COM automatically when a module is initialized (when COM is initialized automatically it's done so as MTA). As a result, explicitly initializing COM yields return codes indicating that COM is already initialized. Attempting to explicitly initialize COM with one threading model when the CLR has already initialized COM to another threading model can cause your application to fail.
The common language runtime starts COM as MTA by default; use /CLRTHREADATTRIBUTE (Set CLR thread attribute) to modify the COM model.
Performance issues
You may see decreased performance when native C++ methods generated to MSIL are called indirectly (through virtual function calls or by using function pointers). To learn more, see Double Thunking.
When you move from native to MSIL, you'll notice an increase in the size of your working set. This increase happens because the common language runtime provides many features to ensure that programs run correctly. If your /clr application isn't running correctly, you may want to enable off-by-default Compiler Warning (level 1 and 3) C4793.
Program crashes on shutdown
In some cases, the CLR can shut down before your managed code is finished running. Use of std::set_terminate and SIGTERM can cause the shutdown. For more information, see signal constants and set_terminate.
Using new Visual C++ features
After your application compiles, links, and runs, you can begin using .NET features in any module compiled with /clr. For more information, see Component Extensions for Runtime Platforms.
For more information on .NET programming in Visual C++, see: