Device-to-cloud communications guidance
IoT Hub exposes three options for sending information from the device app to the solution back end:
Device-to-cloud messages for time series telemetry and alerts.
Device twin's reported properties for reporting device state information such as available capabilities, conditions, or the state of long-running workflows. For example, configuration and software updates.
File uploads for media files and large telemetry batches uploaded by intermittently connected devices or compressed to save bandwidth.
Note
Some of the features mentioned in this article, like cloud-to-device messaging, device twins, and device management, are only available in the standard tier of IoT Hub. For more information about the basic and standard/free IoT Hub tiers, see Choose the right IoT Hub tier for your solution.
Here's a detailed comparison of the various device-to-cloud communication options.
| Factor | Device-to-cloud messages | Device twin's reported properties | File uploads |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scenario | Telemetry time series and alerts. For example, 256-KB sensor data batches sent every 5 minutes. | Available capabilities and conditions. For example, the current device connectivity mode such as cellular or WiFi. Synchronizing long-running workflows, such as configuration and software updates. | Video or other large media files. Large (typically compressed) telemetry batches. |
| Storage and retrieval | Temporarily stored by IoT Hub, up to seven days. Only sequential reading. | Stored by IoT Hub in the device twin. Retrievable using the IoT Hub query language. | Stored in user-provided Azure Storage account. |
| Size | Up to 256-KB messages. | Maximum reported properties size is 32 KB. | Maximum file size supported by Azure Blob Storage. |
| Frequency | High. For more information, see IoT Hub quotas and throttling. | Medium. For more information, see IoT Hub quotas and throttling. | Low. For more information, see IoT Hub quotas and throttling. |
| Protocol | Available on all protocols. | Available using MQTT or AMQP. | Available when using any protocol, but requires HTTPS on the device. |
An application may need to send information both as a telemetry time series or alert and make it available in the device twin. In this scenario, you can choose one of the following options:
- The device app sends a device-to-cloud message and reports a property change.
- The solution back end can store the information in the device twin's tags when it receives the message.
Since device-to-cloud messages enable a much higher throughput than device twin updates, it's sometimes desirable to avoid updating the device twin for every device-to-cloud message.