Policies in cloud-scale analytics

Before considering a deployment, it's important for your organization to put guardrails in place. By using Azure policies, you can implement governance for resource consistency, regulatory compliance, security, cost, and management.

Background

A core principle of cloud-scale analytics is to make it easy to create, read, update, and delete resources as needed. However, while giving unrestricted resource access to developers can make them agile, it can also lead to unintended cost consequences. The solution to this problem is resource access governance. This governance is the ongoing process of managing, monitoring, and auditing the use of Azure resources to meet the goals and requirements of your organization.

The Start with Cloud Adoption Framework enterprise-scale landing zones already uses this concept. Cloud-scale analytics adds Custom Azure policies to build on these standards. The standards are then applied to our data management landing zones and data landing zones.

Azure Policy is important when ensuring security and compliance within cloud-scale analytics. It helps to enforce standards and to assess compliance at scale. Policies can be used to evaluate resources in Azure and compare them to the wanted properties. Several policies, or business rules, can be grouped into an initiative. Individual policies or initiatives can be assigned to different scopes in Azure. These scopes might be management groups, subscriptions, resource groups, or individual resources. The assignment applies to all resources within the scope, and subscopes can be excluded with exceptions if necessary.

Design considerations

Azure policies in cloud-scale analytics were developed with the following design considerations in mind:

• Use Azure policies to implement governance and enforce rules for resource consistency, regulatory compliance, security, cost, and management.
• Use available prebuilt policies to save time.
• Assign policies to the highest level possible in the management group tree to simplify policy management.
• Limit Azure Policy assignments made at the root management group scope to avoid managing through exclusions at inherited scopes.
• Only use policy exceptions if necessary, and they require approval.

Azure policies for cloud-scale analytics

Implementing custom policies allows you to do more with Azure Policy. Cloud-scale analytics comes with a set of precreated policies to help you implement any required guardrails in your environment.

Azure Policy should be the core instrument of the Azure (Data) Platform team to ensure compliance of resources within the Data management landing zone, data landing zones, and other landing zones within the organization's tenant. This platform feature should be used to introduce guardrails and enforce adherence to the overall approved service configuration within the respective management group scope. The platform teams can use Azure Policy to, for example, enforce private endpoints for any storage accounts that are being hosted within the data platform environment or enforce TLS 1.2 encryption in transit for any connections being made to the storage accounts. When done right, this policy prohibits any data application teams from hosting services in an incompliant state within the respective tenant scope.

The responsible IT teams should use this platform feature to address their security and compliance concerns and open up for a self-service approach within (Data) Landing Zones.

Cloud-scale analytics contains custom policies related to resource and cost management, authentication, encryption, network isolation, logging, resilience, and more.

• All services
• Storage
• Key Vault
• Azure Data Factory
• Azure Synapse Analytics
• Azure Databricks
• Azure IoT Hub
• Azure Event Hubs
• Azure Stream Analytics
• Azure Data Explorer
• Azure Cosmos DB
• Azure Container Registry
• Azure Cognitive Services
• Azure Machine Learning
• Azure SQL Managed Instance
• Azure SQL Database
• Azure Database for MariaDB
• Azure Database for MySQL
• Azure Database for PostgreSQL
• Azure AI Search
• Azure DNS
• Network security group
• Batch
• Azure Cache for Redis
• Container instances
• Azure Firewall
• HDInsight
• Power BI

Note

The policies should be viewed as guidance-only and can be applied depending on business requirements. Policies should always be applied to the highest level possible and in most cases this will be a management group.

All services

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deny-PublicIp	Network Isolation	Restrict deployment of public IPs.
Deny-PrivateEndpoint-PrivateLinkServiceConnections	Network Isolation	Deny private endpoints to resources outside of the Microsoft Entra tenant and subscription.
Deploy-DNSZoneGroup-{Service}-PrivateEndpoint	Network Isolation	Deploys the configurations of a Private DNS Zone Group by a parameter for service's private endpoint. Used to enforce the configuration to a single Private DNS Zone.
DiagnosticSettings-{Service}-LogAnalytics	Logging	Send diagnostic settings for Azure Cosmos DB to log analytics workspace.

Storage

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-Storage-Encryption	Encryption	Enforce encryption for storage accounts.
Deny-Storage-AllowBlobPublicAccess	Network Isolation	Enforces no public access to all blobs or containers in the storage account.
Deny-Storage-ContainerDeleteRetentionPolicy	Resilience	Enforce container delete retention policies larger than seven days for storage account.
Deny-Storage-CorsRules	Network Isolation	Deny cors rules for storage account.
Deny-Storage-InfrastructureEncryption	Encryption	Enforce infrastructure (double) encryption for storage accounts.
Deny-Storage-MinimumTlsVersion	Encryption	Enforces minimum TLS version 1.2 for storage account.
Deny-Storage-NetworkAclsBypass	Network Isolation	Enforces network bypass to none for storage account.
Deny-Storage-NetworkAclsIpRules	Network Isolation	Enforces network ip rules for storage account.
Deny-Storage-NetworkAclsVirtualNetworkRules	Network Isolation	Denies virtual network rules for storage account.
Deny-Storage-Sku	Resource Management	Enforces storage account SKUs.
Deny-Storage-SupportsHttpsTrafficOnly	Encryption	Enforces https traffic for storage account.
Deploy-Storage-BlobServices	Resource Management	Deploy blob services default settings for storage account.
Deny-Storage-RoutingPreference	Network Isolation
Deny-Storage-Kind	Resource Management
Deny-Storage-NetworkAclsDefaultAction	Network Isolation

Key Vault

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Audit-KeyVault-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for key vault.
Deny-KeyVault-NetworkAclsBypass	Network Isolation	Enforces bypass network level rules for key vault.
Deny-KeyVault-NetworkAclsDefaultAction	Network Isolation	Enforces default network acl level action for key vault.
Deny-KeyVault-NetworkAclsIpRules	Network Isolation	Enforces network ip rules for key vault.
Deny-KeyVault-NetworkAclsVirtualNetworkRules	Network Isolation	Denies virtual network rules for key vault.
Deny-KeyVault-PurgeProtection	Resilience	Enforces purge protection for key vault.
Deny-KeyVault-SoftDelete	Resilience	Enforces soft delete with minimum number of retention days for key vault.
Deny-KeyVault-TenantId	Resource Management	Enforce tenant ID for key vault.

Azure Data Factory

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-DataFactory-IdentityType	Authentication	Enforces use of system assigned identity for data factory.
Deny-DataFactory-ApiVersion	Resource Management	Denies old API version for data factory V1.
Deny-DataFactory-IntegrationRuntimeManagedVirtualNetwork	Network Isolation	Denies Integration Runtimes that aren't connected to the Managed Virtual Network.
Deny-DataFactory-LinkedServicesConnectionStringType	Authentication	Denies non Key Vault stored secrets for linked services.
Deny-DataFactory-ManagedPrivateEndpoints	Network Isolation	Denies external private endpoints for linked services.
Deny-DataFactory-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Denies public access to data factory.
Deploy-DataFactory-ManagedVirtualNetwork	Network Isolation	Deploy managed virtual network for data factory.
Deploy-SelfHostedIntegrationRuntime-Sharing	Resilience	Share self-hosted integration runtime hosted in the Data Hub with Data Factories in the Data Nodes.

Azure Synapse Analytics

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-Synapse-LinkedAccessCheckOnTargetResource	Network Isolation	Enforce LinkedAccessCheckOnTargetResource in managed virtual network settings when Synapse Workspace is created.
Append-Synapse-Purview	Network Isolation	Enforce connection between central purview instance and Synapse Workspace.
Append-SynapseSpark-ComputeIsolation	Resource Management	When a Synapse Spark Pool is created without compute isolation then this adds it.
Append-SynapseSpark-DefaultSparkLogFolder	Logging	When a Synapse Spark Pool is created without logging then this will add it.
Append-SynapseSpark-SessionLevelPackages	Resource Management	When a Synapse Spark Pool is created without session level packages then this adds it.
Audit-Synapse-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for Synapse.
Deny-Synapse-AllowedAadTenantIdsForLinking	Network Isolation
Deny-Synapse-Firewall	Network Isolation	Set up firewall of Synapse.
Deny-Synapse-ManagedVirtualNetwork	Network Isolation	When a Synapse Workspace is created without managed virtual network then this adds it.
Deny-Synapse-PreventDataExfiltration	Network Isolation	Enforced prevention of data exfiltration for Synapse managed virtual network.
Deny-SynapsePrivateLinkHub	Network Isolation	Denies Synapse Private Link Hub.
Deny-SynapseSpark-AutoPause	Resource Management	Enforces auto pause for Synapse Spark Pools.
Deny-SynapseSpark-AutoScale	Resource Management	Enforces auto scale for Synapse Spark Pools.
Deny-SynapseSql-Sku	Resource Management	Denies certain Synapse SQL Pool SKUs.
Deploy-SynapseSql-AuditingSettings	Logging	Send auditing logs for Synapse SQL pools to log analytics.
Deploy-SynapseSql-MetadataSynch	Resource Management	Set up metadata sync for Synapse SQL pools.
Deploy-SynapseSql-SecurityAlertPolicies	Logging	Deploy Synapse SQL pool security alert policy.
Deploy-SynapseSql-TransparentDataEncryption	Encryption	Deploy Synapse SQL transparent data encryption.
Deploy-SynapseSql-VulnerabilityAssessment	Logging	Deploy Synapse SQL pool vulnerability assessments.

Azure Databricks

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-Databricks-PublicIp	Network Isolation	Enforces no public access on Databricks workspaces.
Deny-Databricks-Sku	Resource Management	Deny nonpremium Databricks SKU.
Deny-Databricks-VirtualNetwork	Network Isolation	Deny nonvirtual network deployment for databricks.

Other policies that are applied in the Databricks workspace through cluster policies:

Cluster policy name	Policy area
Restrict Spark version	Resource Management
Restrict cluster size and VM types	Resource Management
Enforce Cost Tagging	Resource Management
Enforce Autoscale	Resource Management
Enforce Auto-Pause	Resource Management
Restrict DBUs per hour	Resource Management
Deny public SSH	Authentication
Cluster credential passthrough enabled	Authentication
Enable process isolation	Network isolation
Enforce Spark monitoring	Logging
Enforce cluster logs	Logging
Allow only SQL, Python	Resource management
Deny additional setup scripts	Resource management

Azure IoT Hub

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-IotHub-MinimalTlsVersion	Encryption	Enforces minimal TLS version for iot hub.
Audit-IotHub-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for iot hubs.
Deny-IotHub-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Denies public network access for iot hub.
Deny-IotHub-Sku	Resource Management	Enforces iot hub SKUs.
Deploy-IotHub-IoTSecuritySolutions	Security	Deploy Microsoft Defender for IoT for IoT Hubs.

Azure Event Hubs

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deny-EventHub-Ipfilterrules	Network Isolation	Deny adding ip filter rules for Azure Event Hubs.
Deny-EventHub-MaximumThroughputUnits	Network Isolation	Denies public network access for my SQL servers.
Deny-EventHub-NetworkRuleSet	Network Isolation	Enforces default virtual network rules for Azure Event Hubs.
Deny-EventHub-Sku	Resource Management	Denies certain AKUs for Azure Event Hubs.
Deny-EventHub-Virtualnetworkrules	Network Isolation	Deny adding virtual network rules for Azure Event Hubs.

Azure Stream Analytics

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-StreamAnalytics-IdentityType	Authentication	Enforces use of system assigned identity for stream analytics.
Deny-StreamAnalytics-ClusterId	Resource Management	Enforces use of Stream Analytics cluster.
Deny-StreamAnalytics-StreamingUnits	Resource Management	Enforces number of stream analytics streaming units.

Azure Data Explorer

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deny-DataExplorer-DiskEncryption	Encryption	Enforces use of disk encryption for data explorer.
Deny-DataExplorer-DoubleEncryption	Encryption	Enforces use of double encryption for data explorer.
Deny-DataExplorer-Identity	Authentication	Enforces use of system or user assigned identity for data explorer.
Deny-DataExplorer-Sku	Resource Management	Enforces data explorer SKUs.
Deny-DataExplorer-TrustedExternalTenants	Network Isolation	Denies external tenants for data explorer.
Deny-DataExplorer-VirtualNetworkConfiguration	Network Isolation	Enforces virtual network ingestion for data explorer.

Azure Cosmos DB

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-Cosmos-DenyCosmosKeyBasedMetadataWriteAccess	Authentication	Deny key based metadata write access for Azure Cosmos DB accounts.
Append-Cosmos-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Enforces no public network access for Azure Cosmos DB accounts.
Audit-Cosmos-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for Azure Cosmos DB.
Deny-Cosmos-Cors	Network Isolation	Denies CORS rules for Azure Cosmos DB accounts."
Deny-Cosmos-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Denies public network access for Azure Cosmos DB accounts.

Azure Container Registry

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Audit-ContainerRegistry-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for cognitive services.
Deny-ContainerRegistry-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Denies public network access for container registry.
Deny-ContainerRegistry-Sku	Resource Management	Enforces premium Sku for container registry.

Azure Cognitive Services

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-CognitiveServices-IdentityType	Authentication	Enforces use of system assigned identity for cognitive services.
Audit-CognitiveServices-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for cognitive services.
Deny-CognitiveServices-Encryption	Encryption	Enforces use of encryption for cognitive services.
Deny-CognitiveServices-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Enforces no public network access for cognitive services.
Deny-CognitiveServices-Sku	Resource Management	Deny cognitive services free SKU.
Deny-CognitiveServices-UserOwnedStorage	Network Isolation	Enforces user owned storage for cognitive services.

Azure Machine Learning

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-MachineLearning-PublicAccessWhenBehindVnet	Network Isolation	Deny public access behind virtual network for machine learning workspaces.
Audit-MachineLearning-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for machine learning.
Deny-MachineLearning-HbiWorkspace	Network Isolation	Enforce high business impact machine learning workspaces across the environment.
Deny-MachineLearningAks	Resource Management	Deny AKS creation (not attaching) in machine learning.
Deny-MachineLearningCompute-SubnetId	Network Isolation	Deny public IP for machine learning compute clusters and instances.
Deny-MachineLearningCompute-VmSize	Resource Management	Limit allowed vm sizes for machine learning compute clusters and instances.
Deny-MachineLearningComputeCluster-RemoteLoginPortPublicAccess	Network Isolation	Deny public access of clusters via SSH.
Deny-MachineLearningComputeCluster-Scale	Resource Management	Enforce scale settings for machine learning compute clusters.

Azure SQL Managed Instance

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-SqlManagedInstance-MinimalTlsVersion	Encryption	Enforces minimal TLS version for SQL Managed Instance servers.
Deny-SqlManagedInstance-PublicDataEndpoint	Network Isolation	Denies public data endpoint for SQL Managed Instances.
Deny-SqlManagedInstance-Sku	Resource Management
Deny-SqlManagedInstance-SubnetId	Network Isolation	Enforces deployments to subnets of SQL Managed Instances.
Deploy-SqlManagedInstance-AzureAdOnlyAuthentications	Authentication	Enforces Microsoft Entra-only authentication for SQL Managed Instance.
Deploy-SqlManagedInstance-SecurityAlertPolicies	Logging	Deploy SQL Managed Instance security alert policies.
Deploy-SqlManagedInstance-VulnerabilityAssessment	Logging	Deploy SQL Managed Instance vulnerability assessments.

Azure SQL Database

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-Sql-MinimalTlsVersion	Encryption	Enforces minimal TLS version for SQL servers.
Audit-Sql-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for Azure SQL.
Deny-Sql-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Denies public network access for SQL servers.
Deny-Sql-StorageAccountType	Resilience	Enforces geo-redundant database backup.
Deploy-Sql-AuditingSettings	Logging	Deploy SQL auditing settings.
Deploy-Sql-AzureAdOnlyAuthentications	Authentication	Enforces Microsoft Entra-only authentication for SQL server.
Deploy-Sql-SecurityAlertPolicies	Logging	Deploy SQL security alert policies.
Deploy-Sql-TransparentDataEncryption	Encryption	Deploy SQL transparent data encryption.
Deploy-Sql-VulnerabilityAssessment	Logging	Deploy SQL vulnerability assessments.
Deploy-SqlDw-AuditingSettings	Logging	Deploy SQL DW auditing settings.

Azure Database for MariaDB

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-MariaDb-MinimalTlsVersion	Encryption	Enforces minimal TLS version for MariaDB servers.
Audit-MariaDb-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for MariaDB.
Deny-MariaDb-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Denies public network access for my MariaDB servers.
Deny-MariaDb-StorageProfile	Resilience	Enforces geo-redundant database backup with minimum retention time in days.
Deploy-MariaDb-SecurityAlertPolicies	Logging	Deploy SQL security alert policies for MariaDB

Azure Database for MySQL

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-MySQL-MinimalTlsVersion	Encryption	Enforces minimal TLS version for MySQL servers.
Audit-MySql-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for MySQL.
Deny-MySQL-InfrastructureEncryption	Encryption	Enforces infrastructure encryption for MySQL servers.
Deny-MySQL-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Denies public network access for MySQL servers.
Deny-MySql-StorageProfile	Resilience	Enforces geo-redundant database backup with minimum retention time in days.
Deploy-MySql-SecurityAlertPolicies	Logging	Deploy SQL security alert policies for MySQL.

Azure Database for PostgreSQL

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-PostgreSQL-MinimalTlsVersion	Encryption	Enforces minimal TLS version for PostgreSQL servers.
Audit-PostgreSql-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for PostgreSQL.
Deny-PostgreSQL-InfrastructureEncryption	Encryption	Enforces infrastructure encryption for PostgreSQL servers.
Deny-PostgreSQL-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Denies public network access for PostgreSQL servers.
Deny-PostgreSql-StorageProfile	Resilience	Enforces geo-redundant database backup with minimum retention time in days.
Deploy-PostgreSql-SecurityAlertPolicies	Logging	Deploy SQL security alert policies for PostgreSQL.

Azure AI Search

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Append-Search-IdentityType	Authentication	Enforces use of system assigned identity for Azure AI Search.
Audit-Search-PrivateEndpointId	Network Isolation	Audit public endpoints that are created in other subscriptions for Azure AI Search.
Deny-Search-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Denies public network access for Azure AI Search.
Deny-Search-Sku	Resource Management	Enforces Azure AI Search SKUs.

Azure DNS

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deny-PrivateDnsZones	Resource Management	Restrict deployment of private DNS zones to avoid proliferation.

Network security group

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deploy-Nsg-FlowLogs	Logging	Deploy NSG flow logs and traffic analytics.

Batch

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deny-Batch-InboundNatPools	Network Isolation	Denies inbound NAT pools for batch account VM pools.
Deny-Batch-NetworkConfiguration	Network Isolation	Denies public IP addresses for batch account VM pools.
Deny-Batch-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Denies public network access for batch accounts.
Deny-Batch-Scale	Resource Management	Denies certain scale configurations for batch account VM pools.
Deny-Batch-VmSize	Resource Management	Denies certain VM sizes for batch account VM pools.

Azure Cache for Redis

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deny-Cache-Enterprise	Resource Management	Denies Redis Cache Enterprise.
Deny-Cache-FirewallRules	Network Isolation	Denies firewall rules for Redis Cache.
Deny-Cache-MinimumTlsVersion	Encryption	Enforces minimum TLS version for Redis Cache.
Deny-Cache-NonSslPort	Network Isolation	Enforces turning off the non-SSL port for Redis Cache.
Deny-Cache-PublicNetworkAccess	Network Isolation	Enforces no public network access for Redis Cache.
Deny-Cache-Sku	Resource Management	Enforces certain SkKUs for Redis Cache.
Deny-Cache-VnetInjection	Network Isolation	Enforces use of private endpoints and denies virtual network injection for Redis Cache.

Container instances

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deny-ContainerInstance-PublicIpAddress	Network Isolation	Denies public Container Instances created from Azure Machine Learning.

Azure Firewall

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deny-Firewall	Resource Management	Restrict deployment of Azure Firewall to avoid proliferation.

HDInsight

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deny-HdInsight-EncryptionAtHost	Encryption	Enforce encryption at host for HDInsight clusters.
Deny-HdInsight-EncryptionInTransit	Encryption	Enforces encryption in transit for HDInsight clusters.
Deny-HdInsight-MinimalTlsVersion	Encryption	Enforces minimal TLS version for HDInsight clusters.
Deny-HdInsight-NetworkProperties	Network Isolation	Enforces private link enablement for HDInsight clusters.
Deny-HdInsight-Sku		Enforces certain SKUs for HDInsight clusters.
Deny-HdInsight-VirtualNetworkProfile	Network Isolation	Enforces virtual network injection for HDInsight clusters.

Power BI

Policy name	Policy area	Description
Deny-PrivateLinkServicesForPowerBI	Resource Management	Restrict deployment of private link services for Power BI to avoid proliferation.

Next steps

• Requirements for governing data in a modern enterprise
• Components needed for data governance