Declarations
Declarations introduce new names into a program. Topics covered in this section include the following uses for declarations.
Specify storage-class, type, and linkage for an object or function.
Declare a function as inline or virtual.
Associate a name with a constant (enumeration declaration).
Declare a new type (class, struct, or union declaration).
Specify a synonym for a type (typedef declaration).
Specify a namespace.
In addition to introducing a new name, a declaration specifies how an identifier is to be interpreted by the compiler. Declarations do not automatically reserve storage associated with the identifier. Definitions reserve storage.
Nota
Most declarations are also definitions. Declarations that are not definitions include class declarations without the member list, and function declarations without the function body.
A declaration can be one of:
[ decl-specifiers ] [ declarator-list ] ;
function-definition
linkage-specification
template-specification
explicit-template-instantiation
explicit-template-specialization
namespace-definition
namespace-alias-definition
using-declaration
using-directive
asm-definition
The decl-specifiers component of a declaration is shown as optional; however, it can be omitted only in declarations of class types or enumerations.
The declarators in the declarator-list component contain the names being declared. Although the declarator-list is shown as optional, it can be omitted only in declarations or definitions of a function.
Nota
The declaration of a function is often called a prototype. A prototype provides type information about arguments and the return type of the function. In addition, a prototype enables the compiler to perform correct conversions and helps provide type safety.
Declarations occur in a scope. The scope controls the visibility of the name declared and the duration of the object defined, if any. For more information about how scope rules interact with declarations, see Scope.
An object declaration is also a definition unless it contains the extern storage-class specifier described in Storage-Class Specifiers. A function declaration is also a definition unless it is a prototype. A prototype is a function header without a defining function body. The definition of an object causes allocation of storage and appropriate initializations for that object.
Further Reading
For information about function-definition, see C++ Function Definitions.
For information about linkage-specification, see Linkage Specifications.
For information about template-specification, explicit-template-instantiation and explicit-template-specialization, see Templates.
For information about namespace-definition and namespace-alias-definition, see Namespaces (C++).
For information about asm-definition, see __asm.