How to: Define a Generic Type with Reflection Emit

Artículo
11/03/2006

This topic shows how to create a simple generic type with two type parameters, how to apply class constraints, interface constraints, and special constraints to the type parameters, and how to create members that use the type parameters of the class as parameter types and return types.

Important
A method is not generic just because it belongs to a generic type and uses the type parameters of that type. A method is generic only if it has its own type parameter list. Most methods on generic types are not generic, as in this example. For an example of emitting a generic method, see How to: Define a Generic Method with Reflection Emit.

To define a generic type

Define a dynamic assembly named GenericEmitExample1. In this example, the assembly is executed and saved to disk, so System.Reflection.Emit.AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave is specified.

Dim myDomain As AppDomain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain
Dim myAsmName As New AssemblyName("GenericEmitExample1")
Dim myAssembly As AssemblyBuilder = myDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly( _
    myAsmName, _
    AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave)

AppDomain myDomain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain;
AssemblyName myAsmName = new AssemblyName("GenericEmitExample1");
AssemblyBuilder myAssembly = 
    myDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly(myAsmName, 
        AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave);

AppDomain^ myDomain = AppDomain::CurrentDomain;
AssemblyName^ myAsmName = gcnew AssemblyName( L"GenericEmitExample1" );
AssemblyBuilder^ myAssembly = myDomain->DefineDynamicAssembly( 
    myAsmName, AssemblyBuilderAccess::RunAndSave );

Define a dynamic module. An assembly is made up of executable modules. For a single-module assembly, the module name is the same as the assembly name, and the file name is the module name plus an extension.

Dim myModule As ModuleBuilder = myAssembly.DefineDynamicModule( _
    myAsmName.Name, _
    myAsmName.Name & ".dll")

ModuleBuilder myModule = 
    myAssembly.DefineDynamicModule(myAsmName.Name, 
       myAsmName.Name + ".dll");

ModuleBuilder^ myModule = myAssembly->DefineDynamicModule( 
    myAsmName->Name, String::Concat( myAsmName->Name, L".dll" ) );

Define a class. In this example, the class is named Sample.

Dim myType As TypeBuilder = myModule.DefineType( _
    "Sample", _
    TypeAttributes.Public)

TypeBuilder myType = 
    myModule.DefineType("Sample", TypeAttributes.Public);

TypeBuilder^ myType = myModule->DefineType( L"Sample", 
    TypeAttributes::Public );

Define the generic type parameters of Sample by passing an array of strings containing the names of the parameters to the System.Reflection.Emit.TypeBuilder.DefineGenericParameters(System.String[]) method. This makes the class a generic type. The return value is an array of GenericTypeParameterBuilder objects representing the type parameters, which can be used in your emitted code.

In the following code, Sample becomes a generic type with type parameters TFirst and TSecond. To make the code easier to read, each GenericTypeParameterBuilder is placed in a variable with the same name as the type parameter.

Dim typeParamNames() As String = {"TFirst", "TSecond"}
Dim typeParams() As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = _
    myType.DefineGenericParameters(typeParamNames)

Dim TFirst As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParams(0)
Dim TSecond As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParams(1)

string[] typeParamNames = {"TFirst", "TSecond"};
GenericTypeParameterBuilder[] typeParams = 
    myType.DefineGenericParameters(typeParamNames);

GenericTypeParameterBuilder TFirst = typeParams[0];
GenericTypeParameterBuilder TSecond = typeParams[1];

array<String^>^typeParamNames = {L"TFirst",L"TSecond"};
array<GenericTypeParameterBuilder^>^typeParams = 
    myType->DefineGenericParameters( typeParamNames );

GenericTypeParameterBuilder^ TFirst = typeParams[0];
GenericTypeParameterBuilder^ TSecond = typeParams[1];

Add special constraints to the type parameters. In this example, type parameter TFirst is constrained to types that have parameterless constructors, and to reference types.

TFirst.SetGenericParameterAttributes( _
    GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint _
    Or GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint)

TFirst.SetGenericParameterAttributes(
    GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint |
    GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint);

TFirst->SetGenericParameterAttributes( 
    GenericParameterAttributes::DefaultConstructorConstraint | 
    GenericParameterAttributes::ReferenceTypeConstraint 
);

Optionally add class and interface constraints to the type parameters. In this example, type parameter TFirst is constrained to types that derive from the base class represented by the Type object contained in the variable baseType, and that implement the interfaces whose types are contained in the variables interfaceA and interfaceB. See the code example for the declaration and assignment of these variables.

TSecond.SetBaseTypeConstraint(baseType)
Dim interfaceTypes() As Type = {interfaceA, interfaceB}
TSecond.SetInterfaceConstraints(interfaceTypes)

TSecond.SetBaseTypeConstraint(baseType);
Type[] interfaceTypes = {interfaceA, interfaceB};
TSecond.SetInterfaceConstraints(interfaceTypes);

array<Type^>^interfaceTypes = { interfaceA, interfaceB };
TSecond->SetInterfaceConstraints( interfaceTypes );
TSecond->SetBaseTypeConstraint( baseType );

Define a field. In this example, the type of the field is specified by type parameter TFirst. GenericTypeParameterBuilder derives from Type, so you can use generic type parameters anywhere a type can be used.

Dim exField As FieldBuilder = _
    myType.DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst, _
        FieldAttributes.Private)

FieldBuilder exField = 
    myType.DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst, 
        FieldAttributes.Private);

FieldBuilder^ exField = 
    myType->DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst, 
        FieldAttributes::Private);

Define a method that uses the type parameters of the generic type. Note that such methods are not generic unless they have their own type parameter lists. The following code defines a static method (Shared in Visual Basic) that takes an array of TFirst and returns a List<TFirst> (List(Of TFirst) in Visual Basic) containing all the elements of the array. To define this method, it is necessary to create the type List<TFirst> by calling MakeGenericType on the generic type definition, List<T>. (The T is omitted when you use the typeof operator (GetType in Visual Basic) to get the generic type definition.) The parameter type is created by using the MakeArrayType method.

Dim listOf As Type = GetType(List(Of ))
Dim listOfTFirst As Type = listOf.MakeGenericType(TFirst)
Dim mParamTypes() As Type = { TFirst.MakeArrayType() }

Dim exMethod As MethodBuilder = _
    myType.DefineMethod("ExampleMethod", _
        MethodAttributes.Public Or MethodAttributes.Static, _
        listOfTFirst, _
        mParamTypes)

Type listOf = typeof(List<>);
Type listOfTFirst = listOf.MakeGenericType(TFirst);
Type[] mParamTypes = {TFirst.MakeArrayType()};

MethodBuilder exMethod = 
    myType.DefineMethod("ExampleMethod", 
        MethodAttributes.Public | MethodAttributes.Static, 
        listOfTFirst, 
        mParamTypes);

Type^ listOf = List::typeid;
Type^ listOfTFirst = listOf->MakeGenericType(TFirst);
array<Type^>^ mParamTypes = { TFirst->MakeArrayType() };

MethodBuilder^ exMethod = 
    myType->DefineMethod("ExampleMethod", 
        MethodAttributes::Public | MethodAttributes::Static, 
        listOfTFirst, 
        mParamTypes);

Emit the method body. The method body consists of three opcodes that load the input array onto the stack, call the List<TFirst> constructor that takes IEnumerable<TFirst> (which does all the work of putting the input elements into the list), and return (leaving the new List object on the stack). The difficult part of emitting this code is getting the constructor.

The GetConstructor method is not supported on a GenericTypeParameterBuilder, so it is not possible to get the constructor of List<TFirst> directly. First, it is necessary to get the constructor of the generic type definition List<T> and then to call a method that converts it to the corresponding constructor of List<TFirst>.

The constructor used for this code example takes an IEnumerable<T>. Note, however, that this is not the generic type definition of the IEnumerable generic interface; instead, the type parameter T from List<T> must be substituted for the type parameter T of IEnumerable<T>. (This seems confusing only because both types have type parameters named T. That is why this code example uses the names TFirst and TSecond.) To get the type of the constructor argument, start with the generic type definition IEnumerable<T> and call MakeGenericType with the first generic type parameter of List<T>. The constructor argument list must be passed as an array, with just one argument in this case.

Note

The generic type definition is expressed as IEnumerable<> when you use the typeof operator in C#, or IEnumerable(Of ) when you use the GetType operator in Visual Basic.

Now it is possible to get the constructor of List<T> by calling GetConstructor on the generic type definition. To convert this constructor to the corresponding constructor of List<TFirst>, pass List<TFirst> and the constructor from List<T> to the static System.Reflection.Emit.TypeBuilder.GetConstructor(System.Type,System.Reflection.ConstructorInfo) method.
```
Dim ilgen As ILGenerator = exMethod.GetILGenerator()

Dim ienumOf As Type = GetType(IEnumerable(Of ))
Dim listOfTParams() As Type = listOf.GetGenericArguments()
Dim TfromListOf As Type = listOfTParams(0)
Dim ienumOfT As Type = ienumOf.MakeGenericType(TfromListOf)
Dim ctorArgs() As Type = { ienumOfT }

Dim ctorPrep As ConstructorInfo = _
    listOf.GetConstructor(ctorArgs)
Dim ctor As ConstructorInfo = _
    TypeBuilder.GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep)

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, ctor)
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret)
```
```
ILGenerator ilgen = exMethod.GetILGenerator();

Type ienumOf = typeof(IEnumerable<>);
Type TfromListOf = listOf.GetGenericArguments()[0];
Type ienumOfT = ienumOf.MakeGenericType(TfromListOf);
Type[] ctorArgs = {ienumOfT};

ConstructorInfo ctorPrep = listOf.GetConstructor(ctorArgs);
ConstructorInfo ctor = 
    TypeBuilder.GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep);

ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, ctor);
ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
```
```
ILGenerator^ ilgen = exMethod->GetILGenerator();

Type^ ienumOf = IEnumerable::typeid;
Type^ TfromListOf = listOf->GetGenericArguments()[0];
Type^ ienumOfT = ienumOf->MakeGenericType(TfromListOf);
array<Type^>^ ctorArgs = {ienumOfT};

ConstructorInfo^ ctorPrep = listOf->GetConstructor(ctorArgs);
ConstructorInfo^ ctor = 
    TypeBuilder::GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep);

ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ldarg_0);
ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Newobj, ctor);
ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ret);
```

Note
The generic type definition is expressed as `IEnumerable<>` when you use the typeof operator in C#, or `IEnumerable(Of )` when you use the GetType operator in Visual Basic.

Create the type and save the file.

Dim finished As Type = myType.CreateType()
myAssembly.Save(myAsmName.Name & ".dll")

Type finished = myType.CreateType();
myAssembly.Save(myAsmName.Name+".dll");

Type^ finished = myType->CreateType();
myAssembly->Save( String::Concat( myAsmName->Name, L".dll" ) );

Invoke the method. ExampleMethod is not generic, but the type it belongs to is generic, so in order to get a MethodInfo that can be invoked it is necessary to create a constructed type from the type definition for Sample. The constructed type uses the Example class, which satisfies the constraints on TFirst because it is a reference type and has a default parameterless constructor, and the ExampleDerived class which satisfies the constraints on TSecond. (The code for ExampleDerived can be found in the example code section.) These two types are passed to MakeGenericType to create the constructed type. The MethodInfo is then obtained using the GetMethod method.
```
Dim typeArgs() As Type = _
    { GetType(Example), GetType(ExampleDerived) }
Dim constructed As Type = finished.MakeGenericType(typeArgs)
Dim mi As MethodInfo = constructed.GetMethod("ExampleMethod")
```
```
Type[] typeArgs = {typeof(Example), typeof(ExampleDerived)};
Type constructed = finished.MakeGenericType(typeArgs);
MethodInfo mi = constructed.GetMethod("ExampleMethod");
```
```
array<Type^>^ typeArgs = 
    { Example::typeid, ExampleDerived::typeid };
Type^ constructed = finished->MakeGenericType(typeArgs);
MethodInfo^ mi = constructed->GetMethod("ExampleMethod");
```

The following code creates an array of Example objects, places that array in an array of type Object representing the arguments of the method to be invoked, and passes them to the Invoke method. The first argument of the Invoke method is a null reference because the method is static.

Dim input() As Example = { New Example(), New Example() }
Dim arguments() As Object = { input }

Dim listX As List(Of Example) = mi.Invoke(Nothing, arguments)

Console.WriteLine(vbLf & _
    "There are {0} elements in the List(Of Example).", _
    listX.Count _ 
)

Example[] input = {new Example(), new Example()};
object[] arguments = {input};

List<Example> listX = 
    (List<Example>) mi.Invoke(null, arguments);

Console.WriteLine(
    "\nThere are {0} elements in the List<Example>.", 
    listX.Count);

array<Example^>^ input = { gcnew Example(), gcnew Example() };
array<Object^>^ arguments = { input };

List<Example^>^ listX = 
    (List<Example^>^) mi->Invoke(nullptr, arguments);

Console::WriteLine(
    "\nThere are {0} elements in the List<Example>.", 
    listX->Count);

Example

The following code example defines a class named Sample, along with a base class and two interfaces. The program defines two generic type parameters for Sample, turning it into a generic type. Type parameters are the only thing that makes a type generic. The program shows this by displaying a test message before and after the definition of the type parameters.

The type parameter TSecond is used to demonstrate class and interface constraints, using the base class and interfaces, and the type parameter TFirst is used to demonstrate special constraints.

The code example defines a field and a method using the class's type parameters for the field type and for the parameter and return type of the method.

After the Sample class has been created, the method is invoked.

The program includes a method that lists information about a generic type, and a method that lists the special constraints on a type parameter. These methods are used to display information about the finished Sample class.

The program saves the finished module to disk as GenericEmitExample1.dll, so you can open it with the MSIL Disassembler (Ildasm.exe) and examine the MSIL for the Sample class.

Imports System
Imports System.Reflection
Imports System.Reflection.Emit
Imports System.Collections.Generic

' Define a trivial base class and two trivial interfaces 
' to use when demonstrating constraints.
'
Public Class ExampleBase
End Class

Public Interface IExampleA
End Interface

Public Interface IExampleB
End Interface

' Define a trivial type that can substitute for type parameter 
' TSecond.
'
Public Class ExampleDerived
    Inherits ExampleBase
    Implements IExampleA, IExampleB
End Class

Public Class Example
    Public Shared Sub Main()
        ' Define a dynamic assembly to contain the sample type. The
        ' assembly will not be run, but only saved to disk, so
        ' AssemblyBuilderAccess.Save is specified.
        '
        Dim myDomain As AppDomain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain
        Dim myAsmName As New AssemblyName("GenericEmitExample1")
        Dim myAssembly As AssemblyBuilder = myDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly( _
            myAsmName, _
            AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave)

        ' An assembly is made up of executable modules. For a single-
        ' module assembly, the module name and file name are the same 
        ' as the assembly name. 
        '
        Dim myModule As ModuleBuilder = myAssembly.DefineDynamicModule( _
            myAsmName.Name, _
            myAsmName.Name & ".dll")

        ' Get type objects for the base class trivial interfaces to
        ' be used as constraints.
        '
        Dim baseType As Type = GetType(ExampleBase)
        Dim interfaceA As Type = GetType(IExampleA)
        Dim interfaceB As Type = GetType(IExampleB)
                
        ' Define the sample type.
        '
        Dim myType As TypeBuilder = myModule.DefineType( _
            "Sample", _
            TypeAttributes.Public)

        Console.WriteLine("Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}", _
            myType.IsGenericType)

        ' Define type parameters for the type. Until you do this, 
        ' the type is not generic, as the preceding and following 
        ' WriteLine statements show. The type parameter names are
        ' specified as an array of strings. To make the code
        ' easier to read, each GenericTypeParameterBuilder is placed
        ' in a variable with the same name as the type parameter.
        ' 
        Dim typeParamNames() As String = {"TFirst", "TSecond"}
        Dim typeParams() As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = _
            myType.DefineGenericParameters(typeParamNames)

        Dim TFirst As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParams(0)
        Dim TSecond As GenericTypeParameterBuilder = typeParams(1)

        Console.WriteLine("Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}", _
            myType.IsGenericType)

        ' Apply constraints to the type parameters.
        '
        ' A type that is substituted for the first parameter, TFirst,
        ' must be a reference type and must have a parameterless
        ' constructor.
        TFirst.SetGenericParameterAttributes( _
            GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint _
            Or GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint)

        ' A type that is substituted for the second type
        ' parameter must implement IExampleA and IExampleB, and
        ' inherit from the trivial test class ExampleBase. The
        ' interface constraints are specified as an array 
        ' containing the interface types.
        TSecond.SetBaseTypeConstraint(baseType)
        Dim interfaceTypes() As Type = {interfaceA, interfaceB}
        TSecond.SetInterfaceConstraints(interfaceTypes)

        ' The following code adds a private field named ExampleField,
        ' of type TFirst.
        Dim exField As FieldBuilder = _
            myType.DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst, _
                FieldAttributes.Private)

        ' Define a Shared method that takes an array of TFirst and 
        ' returns a List(Of TFirst) containing all the elements of 
        ' the array. To define this method it is necessary to create
        ' the type List(Of TFirst) by calling MakeGenericType on the
        ' generic type definition, List(Of T). (The T is omitted with
        ' the GetType operator when you get the generic type 
        ' definition.) The parameter type is created by using the
        ' MakeArrayType method. 
        '
        Dim listOf As Type = GetType(List(Of ))
        Dim listOfTFirst As Type = listOf.MakeGenericType(TFirst)
        Dim mParamTypes() As Type = { TFirst.MakeArrayType() }

        Dim exMethod As MethodBuilder = _
            myType.DefineMethod("ExampleMethod", _
                MethodAttributes.Public Or MethodAttributes.Static, _
                listOfTFirst, _
                mParamTypes)

        ' Emit the method body. 
        ' The method body consists of just three opcodes, to load 
        ' the input array onto the execution stack, to call the 
        ' List(Of TFirst) constructor that takes IEnumerable(Of TFirst),
        ' which does all the work of putting the input elements into
        ' the list, and to return, leaving the list on the stack. The
        ' hard work is getting the constructor.
        ' 
        ' The GetConstructor method is not supported on a 
        ' GenericTypeParameterBuilder, so it is not possible to get 
        ' the constructor of List(Of TFirst) directly. There are two
        ' steps, first getting the constructor of List(Of T) and then
        ' calling a method that converts it to the corresponding 
        ' constructor of List(Of TFirst).
        '
        ' The constructor needed here is the one that takes an
        ' IEnumerable(Of T). Note, however, that this is not the 
        ' generic type definition of IEnumerable(Of T); instead, the
        ' T from List(Of T) must be substituted for the T of 
        ' IEnumerable(Of T). (This seems confusing only because both
        ' types have type parameters named T. That is why this example
        ' uses the somewhat silly names TFirst and TSecond.) To get
        ' the type of the constructor argument, take the generic
        ' type definition IEnumerable(Of T) (expressed as 
        ' IEnumerable(Of ) when you use the GetType operator) and 
        ' call MakeGenericType with the first generic type parameter
        ' of List(Of T). The constructor argument list must be passed
        ' as an array, with just one argument in this case.
        ' 
        ' Now it is possible to get the constructor of List(Of T),
        ' using GetConstructor on the generic type definition. To get
        ' the constructor of List(Of TFirst), pass List(Of TFirst) and
        ' the constructor from List(Of T) to the static
        ' TypeBuilder.GetConstructor method.
        '
        Dim ilgen As ILGenerator = exMethod.GetILGenerator()
        
        Dim ienumOf As Type = GetType(IEnumerable(Of ))
        Dim listOfTParams() As Type = listOf.GetGenericArguments()
        Dim TfromListOf As Type = listOfTParams(0)
        Dim ienumOfT As Type = ienumOf.MakeGenericType(TfromListOf)
        Dim ctorArgs() As Type = { ienumOfT }

        Dim ctorPrep As ConstructorInfo = _
            listOf.GetConstructor(ctorArgs)
        Dim ctor As ConstructorInfo = _
            TypeBuilder.GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep)

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, ctor)
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret)

        ' Create the type and save the assembly. 
        Dim finished As Type = myType.CreateType()
        myAssembly.Save(myAsmName.Name & ".dll")

        ' Invoke the method.
        ' ExampleMethod is not generic, but the type it belongs to is
        ' generic, so in order to get a MethodInfo that can be invoked
        ' it is necessary to create a constructed type. The Example 
        ' class satisfies the constraints on TFirst, because it is a 
        ' reference type and has a default constructor. In order to
        ' have a class that satisfies the constraints on TSecond, 
        ' this code example defines the ExampleDerived type. These
        ' two types are passed to MakeGenericMethod to create the
        ' constructed type.
        '
        Dim typeArgs() As Type = _
            { GetType(Example), GetType(ExampleDerived) }
        Dim constructed As Type = finished.MakeGenericType(typeArgs)
        Dim mi As MethodInfo = constructed.GetMethod("ExampleMethod")

        ' Create an array of Example objects, as input to the generic
        ' method. This array must be passed as the only element of an 
        ' array of arguments. The first argument of Invoke is 
        ' Nothing, because ExampleMethod is Shared. Display the count
        ' on the resulting List(Of Example).
        ' 
        Dim input() As Example = { New Example(), New Example() }
        Dim arguments() As Object = { input }

        Dim listX As List(Of Example) = mi.Invoke(Nothing, arguments)

        Console.WriteLine(vbLf & _
            "There are {0} elements in the List(Of Example).", _
            listX.Count _ 
        )

        DisplayGenericParameters(finished)
    End Sub

    Private Shared Sub DisplayGenericParameters(ByVal t As Type)

        If Not t.IsGenericType Then
            Console.WriteLine("Type '{0}' is not generic.")
            Return
        End If
        If Not t.IsGenericTypeDefinition Then _
            t = t.GetGenericTypeDefinition()

        Dim typeParameters() As Type = t.GetGenericArguments()
        Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf & _
            "Listing {0} type parameters for type '{1}'.", _
            typeParameters.Length, t)

        For Each tParam As Type In typeParameters

            Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf & "Type parameter {0}:", _
                tParam.ToString())

            For Each c As Type In tParam.GetGenericParameterConstraints()
                If c.IsInterface Then
                    Console.WriteLine("    Interface constraint: {0}", c)
                Else
                    Console.WriteLine("    Base type constraint: {0}", c)
                End If
            Next 

            ListConstraintAttributes(tParam)
        Next tParam
    End Sub

    ' List the constraint flags. The GenericParameterAttributes
    ' enumeration contains two sets of attributes, variance and
    ' constraints. For this example, only constraints are used.
    '
    Private Shared Sub ListConstraintAttributes(ByVal t As Type)

        ' Mask off the constraint flags. 
        Dim constraints As GenericParameterAttributes = _
            t.GenericParameterAttributes And _
            GenericParameterAttributes.SpecialConstraintMask

        If (constraints And GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint) _
                <> GenericParameterAttributes.None Then _
            Console.WriteLine("    ReferenceTypeConstraint")

        If (constraints And GenericParameterAttributes.NotNullableValueTypeConstraint) _
                <> GenericParameterAttributes.None Then _
            Console.WriteLine("    NotNullableValueTypeConstraint")

        If (constraints And GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint) _
                <> GenericParameterAttributes.None Then _
            Console.WriteLine("    DefaultConstructorConstraint")

    End Sub 

End Class

' This code example produces the following output:
'
'Type 'Sample' is generic: False
'Type 'Sample' is generic: True
'
'There are 2 elements in the List(Of Example).
'
'Listing 2 type parameters for type 'Sample[TFirst,TSecond]'.
'
'Type parameter TFirst:
'    ReferenceTypeConstraint
'    DefaultConstructorConstraint
'
'Type parameter TSecond:
'    Interface constraint: IExampleA
'    Interface constraint: IExampleB
'    Base type constraint: ExampleBase

using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;
using System.Collections.Generic;

// Define a trivial base class and two trivial interfaces 
// to use when demonstrating constraints.
//
public class ExampleBase {}

public interface IExampleA {}

public interface IExampleB {}

// Define a trivial type that can substitute for type parameter 
// TSecond.
//
public class ExampleDerived : ExampleBase, IExampleA, IExampleB {}


public class Example
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        // Define a dynamic assembly to contain the sample type. The
        // assembly will not be run, but only saved to disk, so
        // AssemblyBuilderAccess.Save is specified.
        //
        AppDomain myDomain = AppDomain.CurrentDomain;
        AssemblyName myAsmName = new AssemblyName("GenericEmitExample1");
        AssemblyBuilder myAssembly = 
            myDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly(myAsmName, 
                AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave);

        // An assembly is made up of executable modules. For a single-
        // module assembly, the module name and file name are the same 
        // as the assembly name. 
        //
        ModuleBuilder myModule = 
            myAssembly.DefineDynamicModule(myAsmName.Name, 
               myAsmName.Name + ".dll");

        // Get type objects for the base class trivial interfaces to
        // be used as constraints.
        //
        Type baseType = typeof(ExampleBase);
        Type interfaceA = typeof(IExampleA);
        Type interfaceB = typeof(IExampleB);
                
        // Define the sample type.
        //
        TypeBuilder myType = 
            myModule.DefineType("Sample", TypeAttributes.Public);

        Console.WriteLine("Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}", 
            myType.IsGenericType);

        // Define type parameters for the type. Until you do this, 
        // the type is not generic, as the preceding and following 
        // WriteLine statements show. The type parameter names are
        // specified as an array of strings. To make the code
        // easier to read, each GenericTypeParameterBuilder is placed
        // in a variable with the same name as the type parameter.
        // 
        string[] typeParamNames = {"TFirst", "TSecond"};
        GenericTypeParameterBuilder[] typeParams = 
            myType.DefineGenericParameters(typeParamNames);

        GenericTypeParameterBuilder TFirst = typeParams[0];
        GenericTypeParameterBuilder TSecond = typeParams[1];

        Console.WriteLine("Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}", 
            myType.IsGenericType);

        // Apply constraints to the type parameters.
        //
        // A type that is substituted for the first parameter, TFirst,
        // must be a reference type and must have a parameterless
        // constructor.
        TFirst.SetGenericParameterAttributes(
            GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint |
            GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint);

        // A type that is substituted for the second type
        // parameter must implement IExampleA and IExampleB, and
        // inherit from the trivial test class ExampleBase. The
        // interface constraints are specified as an array 
        // containing the interface types.
        TSecond.SetBaseTypeConstraint(baseType);
        Type[] interfaceTypes = {interfaceA, interfaceB};
        TSecond.SetInterfaceConstraints(interfaceTypes);

        // The following code adds a private field named ExampleField,
        // of type TFirst.
        FieldBuilder exField = 
            myType.DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst, 
                FieldAttributes.Private);

        // Define a static method that takes an array of TFirst and 
        // returns a List<TFirst> containing all the elements of 
        // the array. To define this method it is necessary to create
        // the type List<TFirst> by calling MakeGenericType on the
        // generic type definition, List<T>. (The T is omitted with
        // the typeof operator when you get the generic type 
        // definition.) The parameter type is created by using the
        // MakeArrayType method. 
        //
        Type listOf = typeof(List<>);
        Type listOfTFirst = listOf.MakeGenericType(TFirst);
        Type[] mParamTypes = {TFirst.MakeArrayType()};

        MethodBuilder exMethod = 
            myType.DefineMethod("ExampleMethod", 
                MethodAttributes.Public | MethodAttributes.Static, 
                listOfTFirst, 
                mParamTypes);

        // Emit the method body. 
        // The method body consists of just three opcodes, to load 
        // the input array onto the execution stack, to call the 
        // List<TFirst> constructor that takes IEnumerable<TFirst>,
        // which does all the work of putting the input elements into
        // the list, and to return, leaving the list on the stack. The
        // hard work is getting the constructor.
        // 
        // The GetConstructor method is not supported on a 
        // GenericTypeParameterBuilder, so it is not possible to get 
        // the constructor of List<TFirst> directly. There are two
        // steps, first getting the constructor of List<T> and then
        // calling a method that converts it to the corresponding 
        // constructor of List<TFirst>.
        //
        // The constructor needed here is the one that takes an
        // IEnumerable<T>. Note, however, that this is not the 
        // generic type definition of IEnumerable<T>; instead, the
        // T from List<T> must be substituted for the T of 
        // IEnumerable<T>. (This seems confusing only because both
        // types have type parameters named T. That is why this example
        // uses the somewhat silly names TFirst and TSecond.) To get
        // the type of the constructor argument, take the generic
        // type definition IEnumerable<T> (expressed as 
        // IEnumerable<> when you use the typeof operator) and 
        // call MakeGenericType with the first generic type parameter
        // of List<T>. The constructor argument list must be passed
        // as an array, with just one argument in this case.
        // 
        // Now it is possible to get the constructor of List<T>,
        // using GetConstructor on the generic type definition. To get
        // the constructor of List<TFirst>, pass List<TFirst> and
        // the constructor from List<T> to the static
        // TypeBuilder.GetConstructor method.
        //
        ILGenerator ilgen = exMethod.GetILGenerator();
        
        Type ienumOf = typeof(IEnumerable<>);
        Type TfromListOf = listOf.GetGenericArguments()[0];
        Type ienumOfT = ienumOf.MakeGenericType(TfromListOf);
        Type[] ctorArgs = {ienumOfT};

        ConstructorInfo ctorPrep = listOf.GetConstructor(ctorArgs);
        ConstructorInfo ctor = 
            TypeBuilder.GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep);

        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Newobj, ctor);
        ilgen.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);

        // Create the type and save the assembly. 
        Type finished = myType.CreateType();
        myAssembly.Save(myAsmName.Name+".dll");

        // Invoke the method.
        // ExampleMethod is not generic, but the type it belongs to is
        // generic, so in order to get a MethodInfo that can be invoked
        // it is necessary to create a constructed type. The Example 
        // class satisfies the constraints on TFirst, because it is a 
        // reference type and has a default constructor. In order to
        // have a class that satisfies the constraints on TSecond, 
        // this code example defines the ExampleDerived type. These
        // two types are passed to MakeGenericMethod to create the
        // constructed type.
        //
        Type[] typeArgs = {typeof(Example), typeof(ExampleDerived)};
        Type constructed = finished.MakeGenericType(typeArgs);
        MethodInfo mi = constructed.GetMethod("ExampleMethod");

        // Create an array of Example objects, as input to the generic
        // method. This array must be passed as the only element of an 
        // array of arguments. The first argument of Invoke is 
        // null, because ExampleMethod is static. Display the count
        // on the resulting List<Example>.
        // 
        Example[] input = {new Example(), new Example()};
        object[] arguments = {input};

        List<Example> listX = 
            (List<Example>) mi.Invoke(null, arguments);

        Console.WriteLine(
            "\nThere are {0} elements in the List<Example>.", 
            listX.Count);

        DisplayGenericParameters(finished);
    }

    private static void DisplayGenericParameters(Type t)
    {
        if (!t.IsGenericType)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Type '{0}' is not generic.");
            return;
        }
        if (!t.IsGenericTypeDefinition) 
        {
            t = t.GetGenericTypeDefinition();
        }

        Type[] typeParameters = t.GetGenericArguments();
        Console.WriteLine("\nListing {0} type parameters for type '{1}'.",
            typeParameters.Length, t);

        foreach( Type tParam in typeParameters )
        {
            Console.WriteLine("\r\nType parameter {0}:", tParam.ToString());

            foreach( Type c in tParam.GetGenericParameterConstraints() )
            {
                if (c.IsInterface)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("    Interface constraint: {0}", c);
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("    Base type constraint: {0}", c);
                }
            }

            ListConstraintAttributes(tParam);
        }
    }

    // List the constraint flags. The GenericParameterAttributes
    // enumeration contains two sets of attributes, variance and
    // constraints. For this example, only constraints are used.
    //
    private static void ListConstraintAttributes(Type t)
    {
        // Mask off the constraint flags. 
        GenericParameterAttributes constraints = 
            t.GenericParameterAttributes & GenericParameterAttributes.SpecialConstraintMask;

        if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes.ReferenceTypeConstraint)
            != GenericParameterAttributes.None) 
        {
            Console.WriteLine("    ReferenceTypeConstraint");
        }

        if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes.NotNullableValueTypeConstraint)
            != GenericParameterAttributes.None) 
        {
            Console.WriteLine("    NotNullableValueTypeConstraint");
        }

        if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes.DefaultConstructorConstraint)
            !=GenericParameterAttributes.None) 
        {
            Console.WriteLine("    DefaultConstructorConstraint");
        }
    }
}

/* This code example produces the following output:

Type 'Sample' is generic: False
Type 'Sample' is generic: True

There are 2 elements in the List<Example>.

Listing 2 type parameters for type 'Sample[TFirst,TSecond]'.

Type parameter TFirst:
    ReferenceTypeConstraint
    DefaultConstructorConstraint

Type parameter TSecond:
    Interface constraint: IExampleA
    Interface constraint: IExampleB
    Base type constraint: ExampleBase
 */

using namespace System;
using namespace System::Reflection;
using namespace System::Reflection::Emit;
using namespace System::Collections::Generic;

// Dummy class to satisfy TFirst constraints.
//
public ref class Example {};

// Define a trivial base class and two trivial interfaces 
// to use when demonstrating constraints.
//
public ref class ExampleBase {};
public interface class IExampleA {};
public interface class IExampleB {};

// Define a trivial type that can substitute for type parameter 
// TSecond.
//
public ref class ExampleDerived : ExampleBase, IExampleA, IExampleB {};

// List the constraint flags. The GenericParameterAttributes
// enumeration contains two sets of attributes, variance and
// constraints. For this example, only constraints are used.
//
static void ListConstraintAttributes( Type^ t )
{
   // Mask off the constraint flags. 
   GenericParameterAttributes constraints = 
       t->GenericParameterAttributes & 
       GenericParameterAttributes::SpecialConstraintMask;

   if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes::ReferenceTypeConstraint)
           != GenericParameterAttributes::None)
       Console::WriteLine( L"    ReferenceTypeConstraint");

   if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes::NotNullableValueTypeConstraint)
           != GenericParameterAttributes::None)
       Console::WriteLine( L"    NotNullableValueTypeConstraint");

   if ((constraints & GenericParameterAttributes::DefaultConstructorConstraint)
           != GenericParameterAttributes::None)
       Console::WriteLine( L"    DefaultConstructorConstraint");
}

static void DisplayGenericParameters( Type^ t )
{
   if (!t->IsGenericType)
   {
       Console::WriteLine( L"Type '{0}' is not generic." );
       return;
   }
   if (!t->IsGenericTypeDefinition)
       t = t->GetGenericTypeDefinition();

   array<Type^>^ typeParameters = t->GetGenericArguments();
   Console::WriteLine( L"\r\nListing {0} type parameters for type '{1}'.", 
       typeParameters->Length, t );

   for each ( Type^ tParam in typeParameters )
   {
       Console::WriteLine( L"\r\nType parameter {0}:", 
           tParam->ToString() );

       for each (Type^ c in tParam->GetGenericParameterConstraints())
       {
           if (c->IsInterface)
               Console::WriteLine( L"    Interface constraint: {0}", c);
           else
               Console::WriteLine( L"    Base type constraint: {0}", c);
       }
       ListConstraintAttributes(tParam);
   }
}

void main()
{
   // Define a dynamic assembly to contain the sample type. The
   // assembly will be run and also saved to disk, so
   // AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave is specified.
   //
   AppDomain^ myDomain = AppDomain::CurrentDomain;
   AssemblyName^ myAsmName = gcnew AssemblyName( L"GenericEmitExample1" );
   AssemblyBuilder^ myAssembly = myDomain->DefineDynamicAssembly( 
       myAsmName, AssemblyBuilderAccess::RunAndSave );

   // An assembly is made up of executable modules. For a single-
   // module assembly, the module name and file name are the same 
   // as the assembly name. 
   //
   ModuleBuilder^ myModule = myAssembly->DefineDynamicModule( 
       myAsmName->Name, String::Concat( myAsmName->Name, L".dll" ) );

   // Get type objects for the base class trivial interfaces to
   // be used as constraints.
   //
   Type^ baseType = ExampleBase::typeid; 
   Type^ interfaceA = IExampleA::typeid; 
   Type^ interfaceB = IExampleB::typeid;
   
   // Define the sample type.
   //
   TypeBuilder^ myType = myModule->DefineType( L"Sample", 
       TypeAttributes::Public );
   
   Console::WriteLine( L"Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}", 
       myType->IsGenericType );
   
   // Define type parameters for the type. Until you do this, 
   // the type is not generic, as the preceding and following 
   // WriteLine statements show. The type parameter names are
   // specified as an array of strings. To make the code
   // easier to read, each GenericTypeParameterBuilder is placed
   // in a variable with the same name as the type parameter.
   // 
   array<String^>^typeParamNames = {L"TFirst",L"TSecond"};
   array<GenericTypeParameterBuilder^>^typeParams = 
       myType->DefineGenericParameters( typeParamNames );

   GenericTypeParameterBuilder^ TFirst = typeParams[0];
   GenericTypeParameterBuilder^ TSecond = typeParams[1];

   Console::WriteLine( L"Type 'Sample' is generic: {0}", 
       myType->IsGenericType );
   
   // Apply constraints to the type parameters.
   //
   // A type that is substituted for the first parameter, TFirst,
   // must be a reference type and must have a parameterless
   // constructor.
   TFirst->SetGenericParameterAttributes( 
       GenericParameterAttributes::DefaultConstructorConstraint | 
       GenericParameterAttributes::ReferenceTypeConstraint 
   );

   // A type that is substituted for the second type
   // parameter must implement IExampleA and IExampleB, and
   // inherit from the trivial test class ExampleBase. The
   // interface constraints are specified as an array
   // containing the interface types. 
   array<Type^>^interfaceTypes = { interfaceA, interfaceB };
   TSecond->SetInterfaceConstraints( interfaceTypes );
   TSecond->SetBaseTypeConstraint( baseType );

   // The following code adds a private field named ExampleField,
   // of type TFirst.
   FieldBuilder^ exField = 
       myType->DefineField("ExampleField", TFirst, 
           FieldAttributes::Private);

   // Define a static method that takes an array of TFirst and 
   // returns a List<TFirst> containing all the elements of 
   // the array. To define this method it is necessary to create
   // the type List<TFirst> by calling MakeGenericType on the
   // generic type definition, generic<T> List. 
   // The parameter type is created by using the
   // MakeArrayType method. 
   //
   Type^ listOf = List::typeid;
   Type^ listOfTFirst = listOf->MakeGenericType(TFirst);
   array<Type^>^ mParamTypes = { TFirst->MakeArrayType() };

   MethodBuilder^ exMethod = 
       myType->DefineMethod("ExampleMethod", 
           MethodAttributes::Public | MethodAttributes::Static, 
           listOfTFirst, 
           mParamTypes);

   // Emit the method body. 
   // The method body consists of just three opcodes, to load 
   // the input array onto the execution stack, to call the 
   // List<TFirst> constructor that takes IEnumerable<TFirst>,
   // which does all the work of putting the input elements into
   // the list, and to return, leaving the list on the stack. The
   // hard work is getting the constructor.
   // 
   // The GetConstructor method is not supported on a 
   // GenericTypeParameterBuilder, so it is not possible to get 
   // the constructor of List<TFirst> directly. There are two
   // steps, first getting the constructor of generic<T> List and then
   // calling a method that converts it to the corresponding 
   // constructor of List<TFirst>.
   //
   // The constructor needed here is the one that takes an
   // IEnumerable<T>. Note, however, that this is not the 
   // generic type definition of generic<T> IEnumerable; instead, the
   // T from generic<T> List must be substituted for the T of 
   // generic<T> IEnumerable. (This seems confusing only because both
   // types have type parameters named T. That is why this example
   // uses the somewhat silly names TFirst and TSecond.) To get
   // the type of the constructor argument, take the generic
   // type definition generic<T> IEnumerable and 
   // call MakeGenericType with the first generic type parameter
   // of generic<T> List. The constructor argument list must be passed
   // as an array, with just one argument in this case.
   // 
   // Now it is possible to get the constructor of generic<T> List,
   // using GetConstructor on the generic type definition. To get
   // the constructor of List<TFirst>, pass List<TFirst> and
   // the constructor from generic<T> List to the static
   // TypeBuilder.GetConstructor method.
   //
   ILGenerator^ ilgen = exMethod->GetILGenerator();
        
   Type^ ienumOf = IEnumerable::typeid;
   Type^ TfromListOf = listOf->GetGenericArguments()[0];
   Type^ ienumOfT = ienumOf->MakeGenericType(TfromListOf);
   array<Type^>^ ctorArgs = {ienumOfT};

   ConstructorInfo^ ctorPrep = listOf->GetConstructor(ctorArgs);
   ConstructorInfo^ ctor = 
       TypeBuilder::GetConstructor(listOfTFirst, ctorPrep);

   ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ldarg_0);
   ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Newobj, ctor);
   ilgen->Emit(OpCodes::Ret);

   // Create the type and save the assembly. 
   Type^ finished = myType->CreateType();
   myAssembly->Save( String::Concat( myAsmName->Name, L".dll" ) );

   // Invoke the method.
   // ExampleMethod is not generic, but the type it belongs to is
   // generic, so in order to get a MethodInfo that can be invoked
   // it is necessary to create a constructed type. The Example 
   // class satisfies the constraints on TFirst, because it is a 
   // reference type and has a default constructor. In order to
   // have a class that satisfies the constraints on TSecond, 
   // this code example defines the ExampleDerived type. These
   // two types are passed to MakeGenericMethod to create the
   // constructed type.
   //
   array<Type^>^ typeArgs = 
       { Example::typeid, ExampleDerived::typeid };
   Type^ constructed = finished->MakeGenericType(typeArgs);
   MethodInfo^ mi = constructed->GetMethod("ExampleMethod");

   // Create an array of Example objects, as input to the generic
   // method. This array must be passed as the only element of an 
   // array of arguments. The first argument of Invoke is 
   // null, because ExampleMethod is static. Display the count
   // on the resulting List<Example>.
   // 
   array<Example^>^ input = { gcnew Example(), gcnew Example() };
   array<Object^>^ arguments = { input };

   List<Example^>^ listX = 
       (List<Example^>^) mi->Invoke(nullptr, arguments);

   Console::WriteLine(
       "\nThere are {0} elements in the List<Example>.", 
       listX->Count);

   DisplayGenericParameters(finished);
}

/* This code example produces the following output:

Type 'Sample' is generic: False
Type 'Sample' is generic: True

There are 2 elements in the List<Example>.

Listing 2 type parameters for type 'Sample[TFirst,TSecond]'.

Type parameter TFirst:
    ReferenceTypeConstraint
    DefaultConstructorConstraint

Type parameter TSecond:
    Interface constraint: IExampleA
    Interface constraint: IExampleB
    Base type constraint: ExampleBase
 */

Compiling the Code

The code contains the C# using statements (Imports in Visual Basic) necessary for compilation.
No additional assembly references are required.
Compile the code at the command line using csc.exe, vbc.exe, or cl.exe. To compile the code in Visual Studio, place it in a console application project template.

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How to: Define a Generic Type with Reflection Emit

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Compiling the Code

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