Procedimiento para usar la protección de datos
Nota
Este artículo se aplica a Windows.
Para obtener más información sobre ASP.NET Core, vea Protección de datos de ASP.NET Core.
.NET proporciona acceso a la API de protección de datos (DPAPI), que permite cifrar datos mediante la información del equipo o la cuenta de usuario actual. Cuando se usa la DPAPI, se alivia el difícil problema de generar y almacenar explícitamente una clave criptográfica.
Use la clase ProtectedData para cifrar una copia de una matriz de bytes. Puede especificar que los datos cifrados por la cuenta de usuario actual solo puedan ser descifrados por la misma cuenta de usuario o que puedan ser descifrados por cualquier cuenta del equipo. Consulte la enumeración DataProtectionScope para obtener una descripción detallada de las opciones de ProtectedData.
Cifrado de datos en un archivo o una secuencia mediante la protección de datos
Cree una entropía aleatoria.
Llame al método Protect estático mientras pasa la matriz de bytes que se vaya a cifrar, la entropía y el ámbito de la protección de datos.
Escriba los datos cifrados en un archivo o en una secuencia.
Para descifrar los datos de un archivo o secuencia usando la protección de datos
Lea los datos cifrados desde un archivo o una secuencia.
Llame al método Unprotect estático mientras pasa la matriz de bytes que se vaya a descifrar y el ámbito de la protección de datos.
Ejemplo
En el siguiente ejemplo de código se muestran dos formas de cifrado y descifrado. En primer lugar, el ejemplo de código cifra y luego descifra la matriz de bytes en memoria. A continuación, el ejemplo de código cifra una copia de una matriz de bytes, la guarda en un archivo, vuelve a cargar los datos del archivo y, a continuación, descifra los datos. El ejemplo muestra los datos originales, los datos cifrados y los datos descifrados.
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
public class MemoryProtectionSample
{
public static void Main() => Run();
public static void Run()
{
try
{
///////////////////////////////
//
// Memory Encryption - ProtectedMemory
//
///////////////////////////////
// Create the original data to be encrypted (The data length should be a multiple of 16).
byte[] toEncrypt = UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes("ThisIsSomeData16");
Console.WriteLine($"Original data: {UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt)}");
Console.WriteLine("Encrypting...");
// Encrypt the data in memory.
EncryptInMemoryData(toEncrypt, MemoryProtectionScope.SameLogon);
Console.WriteLine($"Encrypted data: {UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt)}");
Console.WriteLine("Decrypting...");
// Decrypt the data in memory.
DecryptInMemoryData(toEncrypt, MemoryProtectionScope.SameLogon);
Console.WriteLine($"Decrypted data: {UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt)}");
///////////////////////////////
//
// Data Encryption - ProtectedData
//
///////////////////////////////
// Create the original data to be encrypted
toEncrypt = UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes("This is some data of any length.");
// Create a file.
FileStream fStream = new FileStream("Data.dat", FileMode.OpenOrCreate);
// Create some random entropy.
byte[] entropy = CreateRandomEntropy();
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine($"Original data: {UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt)}");
Console.WriteLine("Encrypting and writing to disk...");
// Encrypt a copy of the data to the stream.
int bytesWritten = EncryptDataToStream(toEncrypt, entropy, DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser, fStream);
fStream.Close();
Console.WriteLine("Reading data from disk and decrypting...");
// Open the file.
fStream = new FileStream("Data.dat", FileMode.Open);
// Read from the stream and decrypt the data.
byte[] decryptData = DecryptDataFromStream(entropy, DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser, fStream, bytesWritten);
fStream.Close();
Console.WriteLine($"Decrypted data: {UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(decryptData)}");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine($"ERROR: {e.Message}");
}
}
public static void EncryptInMemoryData(byte[] Buffer, MemoryProtectionScope Scope )
{
if (Buffer == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(Buffer));
if (Buffer.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentException("The buffer length was 0.", nameof(Buffer));
// Encrypt the data in memory. The result is stored in the same array as the original data.
ProtectedMemory.Protect(Buffer, Scope);
}
public static void DecryptInMemoryData(byte[] Buffer, MemoryProtectionScope Scope)
{
if (Buffer == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(Buffer));
if (Buffer.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentException("The buffer length was 0.", nameof(Buffer));
// Decrypt the data in memory. The result is stored in the same array as the original data.
ProtectedMemory.Unprotect(Buffer, Scope);
}
public static byte[] CreateRandomEntropy()
{
// Create a byte array to hold the random value.
byte[] entropy = new byte[16];
// Create a new instance of the RNGCryptoServiceProvider.
// Fill the array with a random value.
new RNGCryptoServiceProvider().GetBytes(entropy);
// Return the array.
return entropy;
}
public static int EncryptDataToStream(byte[] Buffer, byte[] Entropy, DataProtectionScope Scope, Stream S)
{
if (Buffer == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(Buffer));
if (Buffer.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentException("The buffer length was 0.", nameof(Buffer));
if (Entropy == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(Entropy));
if (Entropy.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentException("The entropy length was 0.", nameof(Entropy));
if (S == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(S));
int length = 0;
// Encrypt the data and store the result in a new byte array. The original data remains unchanged.
byte[] encryptedData = ProtectedData.Protect(Buffer, Entropy, Scope);
// Write the encrypted data to a stream.
if (S.CanWrite && encryptedData != null)
{
S.Write(encryptedData, 0, encryptedData.Length);
length = encryptedData.Length;
}
// Return the length that was written to the stream.
return length;
}
public static byte[] DecryptDataFromStream(byte[] Entropy, DataProtectionScope Scope, Stream S, int Length)
{
if (S == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(S));
if (Length <= 0 )
throw new ArgumentException("The given length was 0.", nameof(Length));
if (Entropy == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(Entropy));
if (Entropy.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentException("The entropy length was 0.", nameof(Entropy));
byte[] inBuffer = new byte[Length];
byte[] outBuffer;
// Read the encrypted data from a stream.
if (S.CanRead)
{
S.Read(inBuffer, 0, Length);
outBuffer = ProtectedData.Unprotect(inBuffer, Entropy, Scope);
}
else
{
throw new IOException("Could not read the stream.");
}
// Return the decrypted data
return outBuffer;
}
}
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Text
Imports System.Security.Cryptography
Public Module MemoryProtectionSample
Sub Main()
Run()
End Sub
Sub Run()
Try
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'
' Memory Encryption - ProtectedMemory
'
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
' Create the original data to be encrypted (The data length should be a multiple of 16).
Dim toEncrypt As Byte() = UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes("ThisIsSomeData16")
Console.WriteLine("Original data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt))
Console.WriteLine("Encrypting...")
' Encrypt the data in memory.
EncryptInMemoryData(toEncrypt, MemoryProtectionScope.SameLogon)
Console.WriteLine("Encrypted data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt))
Console.WriteLine("Decrypting...")
' Decrypt the data in memory.
DecryptInMemoryData(toEncrypt, MemoryProtectionScope.SameLogon)
Console.WriteLine("Decrypted data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt))
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'
' Data Encryption - ProtectedData
'
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
' Create the original data to be encrypted
toEncrypt = UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes("This is some data of any length.")
' Create a file.
Dim fStream As New FileStream("Data.dat", FileMode.OpenOrCreate)
' Create some random entropy.
Dim entropy As Byte() = CreateRandomEntropy()
Console.WriteLine()
Console.WriteLine("Original data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(toEncrypt))
Console.WriteLine("Encrypting and writing to disk...")
' Encrypt a copy of the data to the stream.
Dim bytesWritten As Integer = EncryptDataToStream(toEncrypt, entropy, DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser, fStream)
fStream.Close()
Console.WriteLine("Reading data from disk and decrypting...")
' Open the file.
fStream = New FileStream("Data.dat", FileMode.Open)
' Read from the stream and decrypt the data.
Dim decryptData As Byte() = DecryptDataFromStream(entropy, DataProtectionScope.CurrentUser, fStream, bytesWritten)
fStream.Close()
Console.WriteLine("Decrypted data: " + UnicodeEncoding.ASCII.GetString(decryptData))
Catch e As Exception
Console.WriteLine("ERROR: " + e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
Sub EncryptInMemoryData(ByVal Buffer() As Byte, ByVal Scope As MemoryProtectionScope)
If Buffer Is Nothing Then
Throw New ArgumentNullException("Buffer")
End If
If Buffer.Length <= 0 Then
Throw New ArgumentException("Buffer")
End If
' Encrypt the data in memory. The result is stored in the same array as the original data.
ProtectedMemory.Protect(Buffer, Scope)
End Sub
Sub DecryptInMemoryData(ByVal Buffer() As Byte, ByVal Scope As MemoryProtectionScope)
If Buffer Is Nothing Then
Throw New ArgumentNullException("Buffer")
End If
If Buffer.Length <= 0 Then
Throw New ArgumentException("Buffer")
End If
' Decrypt the data in memory. The result is stored in the same array as the original data.
ProtectedMemory.Unprotect(Buffer, Scope)
End Sub
Function CreateRandomEntropy() As Byte()
' Create a byte array to hold the random value.
Dim entropy(15) As Byte
' Create a new instance of the RNGCryptoServiceProvider.
' Fill the array with a random value.
Dim RNG As New RNGCryptoServiceProvider()
RNG.GetBytes(entropy)
' Return the array.
Return entropy
End Function 'CreateRandomEntropy
Function EncryptDataToStream(ByVal Buffer() As Byte, ByVal Entropy() As Byte, ByVal Scope As DataProtectionScope, ByVal S As Stream) As Integer
If Buffer Is Nothing Then
Throw New ArgumentNullException("Buffer")
End If
If Buffer.Length <= 0 Then
Throw New ArgumentException("Buffer")
End If
If Entropy Is Nothing Then
Throw New ArgumentNullException("Entropy")
End If
If Entropy.Length <= 0 Then
Throw New ArgumentException("Entropy")
End If
If S Is Nothing Then
Throw New ArgumentNullException("S")
End If
Dim length As Integer = 0
' Encrypt the data and store the result in a new byte array. The original data remains unchanged.
Dim encryptedData As Byte() = ProtectedData.Protect(Buffer, Entropy, Scope)
' Write the encrypted data to a stream.
If S.CanWrite AndAlso Not (encryptedData Is Nothing) Then
S.Write(encryptedData, 0, encryptedData.Length)
length = encryptedData.Length
End If
' Return the length that was written to the stream.
Return length
End Function 'EncryptDataToStream
Function DecryptDataFromStream(ByVal Entropy() As Byte, ByVal Scope As DataProtectionScope, ByVal S As Stream, ByVal Length As Integer) As Byte()
If S Is Nothing Then
Throw New ArgumentNullException("S")
End If
If Length <= 0 Then
Throw New ArgumentException("Length")
End If
If Entropy Is Nothing Then
Throw New ArgumentNullException("Entropy")
End If
If Entropy.Length <= 0 Then
Throw New ArgumentException("Entropy")
End If
Dim inBuffer(Length - 1) As Byte
Dim outBuffer() As Byte
' Read the encrypted data from a stream.
If S.CanRead Then
S.Read(inBuffer, 0, Length)
outBuffer = ProtectedData.Unprotect(inBuffer, Entropy, Scope)
Else
Throw New IOException("Could not read the stream.")
End If
' Return the unencrypted data as byte array.
Return outBuffer
End Function 'DecryptDataFromStream
End Module 'MemoryProtectionSample
Compilar el código
Este ejemplo se compila y se ejecuta solo cuando el destino es .NET Framework y se ejecuta en Windows.
Incluya una referencia a
System.Security.dll
.Incluya el espacio de nombres System, System.IO, System.Security.Cryptography y System.Text.