Bitmap Storage
Bitmaps should be saved in a file that uses the established bitmap file format and assigned a name with the three-character .bmp extension. The established bitmap file format consists of a BITMAPFILEHEADER structure followed by a BITMAPINFOHEADER, BITMAPV4HEADER, or BITMAPV5HEADER structure. An array of RGBQUAD structures (also called a color table) follows the bitmap information header structure. The color table is followed by a second array of indexes into the color table (the actual bitmap data).
The bitmap file format is shown in the following illustration.
The members of the BITMAPFILEHEADER structure identify the file; specify the size of the file, in bytes; and specify the offset from the first byte in the header to the first byte of bitmap data. The members of the BITMAPINFOHEADER, BITMAPV4HEADER, or BITMAPV5HEADER structure specify the width and height of the bitmap, in pixels; the color format (count of color planes and color bits-per-pixel) of the display device on which the bitmap was created; whether the bitmap data was compressed before storage and the type of compression used; the number of bytes of bitmap data; the resolution of the display device on which the bitmap was created; and the number of colors represented in the data. The RGBQUAD structures specify the RGB intensity values for each of the colors in the device's palette.
The color-index array associates a color, in the form of an index to an RGBQUAD structure, with each pixel in a bitmap. Thus, the number of bits in the color-index array equals the number of pixels times the number of bits needed to index the RGBQUAD structures. For example, an 8x8 black-and-white bitmap has a color-index array of 8 * 8 * 1 = 64 bits, because one bit is needed to index two colors. The Redbrick.bmp, mentioned in About Bitmaps, is a 32x32 bitmap with 16 colors; its color-index array is 32 * 32 * 4 = 4096 bits because four bits index 16 colors.
To create a color-index array for a top-down bitmap, start at the top line in the bitmap. The index of the RGBQUAD for the color of the left-most pixel is the first n bits in the color-index array (where n is the number of bits needed to indicate all of the RGBQUAD structures). The color of the next pixel to the right is the next n bits in the array, and so forth. After you reach the right-most pixel in the line, continue with the left-most pixel in the line below. Continue until you finish with the entire bitmap. If it is a bottom-up bitmap, start at the bottom line of the bitmap instead of the top line, still going from left to right, and continue to the top line of the bitmap.
The following hexadecimal output shows the contents of the file Redbrick.bmp.
0000 42 4d 76 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 76 00 00 00 28 00
0010 00 00 20 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 01 00 04 00 00 00
0020 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 00 00 80
0040 00 00 00 80 80 00 80 00 00 00 80 00 80 00 80 80
0050 00 00 80 80 80 00 c0 c0 c0 00 00 00 ff 00 00 ff
0060 00 00 00 ff ff 00 ff 00 00 00 ff 00 ff 00 ff ff
0070 00 00 ff ff ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0080 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 09 00
0090 00 00 00 00 00 00 11 11 01 19 11 01 10 10 09 09
00a0 01 09 11 11 01 90 11 01 19 09 09 91 11 10 09 11
00b0 09 11 19 10 90 11 19 01 19 19 10 10 11 10 09 01
00c0 91 10 91 09 10 10 90 99 11 11 11 11 19 00 09 01
00d0 91 01 01 19 00 99 11 10 11 91 99 11 09 90 09 91
00e0 01 11 11 11 91 10 09 19 01 00 11 90 91 10 09 01
00f0 11 99 10 01 11 11 91 11 11 19 10 11 99 10 09 10
0100 01 11 11 11 19 10 11 09 09 10 19 10 10 10 09 01
0110 11 19 00 01 10 19 10 11 11 01 99 01 11 90 09 19
0120 11 91 11 91 01 11 19 10 99 00 01 19 09 10 09 19
0130 10 91 11 01 11 11 91 01 91 19 11 00 99 90 09 01
0140 01 99 19 01 91 10 19 91 91 09 11 99 11 10 09 91
0150 11 10 11 91 99 10 90 11 01 11 11 19 11 90 09 11
0160 00 19 10 11 01 11 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 09 99
0170 99 99 99 99 99 99 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0180 00 00 00 00 00 00 90 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
0190 00 00 00 00 00 00 99 11 11 11 19 10 19 19 11 09
01a0 10 90 91 90 91 00 91 19 19 09 01 10 09 01 11 11
01b0 91 11 11 11 10 00 91 11 01 19 10 11 10 01 01 11
01c0 90 11 11 11 91 00 99 09 19 10 11 90 09 90 91 01
01d0 19 09 91 11 01 00 90 10 19 11 00 11 11 00 10 11
01e0 01 10 11 19 11 00 90 19 10 91 01 90 19 99 00 11
01f0 91 01 11 01 91 00 99 09 09 01 10 11 91 01 10 91
0200 99 11 10 90 91 00 91 11 00 10 11 01 10 19 19 09
0210 10 00 99 01 01 00 91 01 19 91 19 91 11 09 10 11
0220 00 91 00 10 90 00 99 01 11 10 09 10 10 19 09 01
0230 91 90 11 09 11 00 90 99 11 11 11 90 19 01 19 01
0240 91 01 01 19 09 00 91 10 11 91 99 09 09 90 11 91
0250 01 19 11 11 91 00 91 19 01 00 11 00 91 10 11 01
0260 11 11 10 01 11 00 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
0270 99 99 99 99 99 90
The following table shows the data bytes associated with the structures in a bitmap file.
| Structure | Corresponding bytes |
|---|---|
| BITMAPFILEHEADER | 0x00 0x0D |
| BITMAPINFOHEADER | 0x0E 0x36 |
| RGBQUAD array | 0x37 0x75 |
| Color-index array | 0x76 0x275 |