Choose whether to use messages or events
- 10 minutes
Suppose you're planning the architecture of a distributed music-sharing application. You want to ensure that the application is as reliable and scalable as possible, and you intend to use Azure technologies to build a robust communication infrastructure.
Before you can choose the right Azure technology, you must understand each individual communication that the components of the application exchange. For each communication, you can choose a different Azure technology.
The first thing to understand about a communication is whether it sends messages or events. This knowledge helps you choose the appropriate Azure service to use.
Communication strategies in Azure (APIs)
What is a message?
In the terminology of distributed applications, messages have the following characteristics:
- A message contains raw data, produced by one component and consumed by another component.
- A message contains the data itself, not just a reference to that data.
- The sending component expects the destination component to process the message content in a certain way. The overall system integrity might depend on both sender and receiver doing a specific job.
For example, suppose a user uploads a new song by using the mobile music-sharing app. The mobile app must send that song to the web API, which runs in Azure. The song media file itself must be sent, not just an alert that indicates that a new song was added. The mobile app expects that the web API stores the new song in the database and makes it available to other users. This one is an example of a message.
What is an event?
Events are more lightweight than messages, and are most often used for broadcast communications. The components sending the event are known as publishers, and receivers are known as subscribers.
With events, receiving components decide in which communications they're interested, and "subscribe" to those events. An intermediary manages the subscription, like Azure Event Grid or Azure Event Hubs. When publishers send an event, the intermediary routes that event to interested subscribers. This pattern is known as a "publish-subscribe architecture." It's not the only way to deal with events, but it's the most common.
Events have the following characteristics:
- An event is a lightweight notification that indicates that something happened.
- The event might be sent to multiple receivers, or to none at all.
- Events are often intended to "fan out," or have a large number of subscribers for each publisher.
- The publisher of the event has no expectation about the action a receiving component takes.
- Some events are discrete units and unrelated to other events.
- Some events are part of a related and ordered series.
For example, suppose the music-file upload is completed, and the new song is added to the database. In order to inform users of the new file, the web API must inform the web front end and mobile app users of the new file. The users can choose whether to listen to the new song, so the initial notification doesn't include the music file but only notifies users that the song exists. The sender doesn't have a specific expectation that the event receivers do anything in particular in response to this event.
This scenario is an example of a discrete event.
How to choose messages or events
A single application is likely to use events for some purposes and messages for others. Before you choose, you must analyze your application's architecture and all its use cases to identify all the different purposes where its components have to communicate with each other.
Events are more likely to be used for broadcasts, and are often ephemeral, which means a communication isn't handled by any receiver if none is currently subscribing. Messages are more likely to be used where the distributed application requires a guarantee that the communication is processed.
For each communication, consider the following question: Does the sending component expect the communication to be processed in a particular way by the destination component?
If the answer is yes, choose to use a message. If the answer is no, you might be able to use events.
Understanding how your components need to communicate helps you choose how your components communicate. Let's start with messages.